• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2012

In the present study, we investigated the characteristic of growth and the tolerance of cold temperature in small yellow croaker and yellow drum. The results shows that the growth of yellow drum were faster than those of small yellow croaker with high food convergency efficiency. In condition factor (CF), the results shows that the values of yellow croaker and yellow drum were significantly higher in September, respectively. In mortality according to cold shock, two fishes was died under $4.7^{\circ}C$ in slow temperature descending test, but was both died under $9^{\circ}C$ in acute temperature descending test.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.789-796
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding rate on growth performance, blood components and histology of growing olive flounder. The experiment was carried out to determine the optimum feeding rate of the fish (initial fish mean weight of $97{\pm}3.0$ g) at the optimum water temperature. Two replicated groups of fish were fed commercial diet at the feeding rates of 0, 1.0, 1.65 and 2.3% body weight (BW)/day and satiation. Feeding trial was conducted under a flow-through system with ten 1.2 metric ton aquaria receiving filtered seawater at $21{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for three weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) for fish fed to satiation were significantly higher than those for the unfed fish and for fish fed at 1.0 and 1.65% BW/day. There were no significant differences in values of such parameters between fish fed at 1.65% and those fed at 2.3% BW/day and between fish fed at 2.3% and those fed to satiation. Weight gain and SGR for the unfed fish were significantly lower than those for fish in the other treatments. All the tissues (hepatopancreas, kidney and anterior intestine) were in good condition in fish fed the experimental diet at different feeding rates. This result indicates that the optimum feeding rates of olive flounder (97-160 g) was approximately 2.52% BW/day at the optimum water temperature.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.174-185
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effects or abscisic acid (ABA), three concentrations, on growth, activities of antioxidant-related enzymes and grain yield of two rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hwamyungbyeo and cv. Namchunbyeo) exposed to ozone (0.150 ppm) for 6 hours a day for 30 days. The leaf chlorop0hyll contents, plant height, and tillering numbers were not shown significant difference. But ABA 10$^{-5}$ M treatment affects to growth slightly. In all concentrations of ABA, superoxide dismutase (SOB) activities were increased at tillering stage of Namchunbyeo which was exposed to ozone. It is considered that the optimum concentration of ABA is 10$^{-5}$ M for minimizing loss of grain yield loss.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.65-80
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to investigate into the meaning of the New Brutalism sensed in the late church buildings of the Swedish architect Sigurd Lewerentz (1885-1975). St Mark's (1956-64) and St Peter's (1962-66) churches, his grand finale designs, have a unique architectural vocabulary of rough brickwork. The brick treatment is the basis on which Reyner Banham (1966) discussed him concerning the New Brutalism, and the point that this research focuses on. This paper explores the brutalist character of the buildings from two aspects - interpretational level of individual buildings and historical level of a broader view. First, the character of two churches could be interpreted with the phrase of 'play between brutality and sacredness'. The rough surface of brick and mortar in the buildings symbolises brutality and the vault of their chapels' ceiling sacredness. And the two characteristics meet and play on the rough vault surface. Second, in the historical point of view, this paper argues that the buildings made a giant leap for Swedish modern architecture, which had been at a deadlock owing to the compromising attitude of the New Empiricism since 1940s. And the Swedish New Empiricism (or the New Humanism), spread to Britain as "Welfare State architecture" after World War II, brought about reaction of the young British architects such as the Smithsons and became the background that made the new brutalist mood. However, considering that the term of the New Brutalism was first used in Sweden by Hans Asplund, Lewerentz's brutalist late churches - which seemingly had nothing to do with the British nor the Corbusian lineage - are also meaningful in that they confirmed the tendency in its homeland. In conclusion, this paper argues that St Mark's and St Peter's churches with the brutalist characteristics should be regarded as crucial buildings not only in Lewerentz's personal career but also in Swedish and international architectural history.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.23-29
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to evaluate possibility of using indirect composite resin instead of porcelain through the measurement of shear bond strength between zirconia core and indirect composite resin under treatment of $Rocatec^{TM}$ system for improving the adhesion of indirect composite resin. 20 cylindrical zirconia core specimens were divided into 2 groups, according to zirconia surface treatment and attached materials: 1) treated with sandblast and attached with indirect composite resin, 2) treated with sandblast + $Rocatec^{TM}$ system and attached with indirect composite resin. The shear bond strength of each experimental group was measured by MTS and the changes of zirconia core surface according to surface treatments were obtained by SEM observation and measurements of surface roughness. The mean shear bond strength values are $0.55\;{\pm}\;0.11MPa$(Group SC) and $1.16\;{\pm}\;0.46MPa$(Group SRC). The mean Ra values for the surface treatments were follows: $0.39\;{\pm}\;0.13$($100{\beta}_{{\mu}m}$ sandblast) and $0.50\;{\pm}\;0.03$($100{\beta}_{{\mu}m}$ sandblast + $Rocatec^{TM}$ system). In the analysis of EDS, Si element was detected in the Group SC. The shear bond strength between zirconia core and indirect composite resin was improved significantly by using $Rocatec^{TM}$ system.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.455-459
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• 2014

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein requirement of young far eastern catfish Silurus asotus. Five isocaloric diets were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (35, 40, 45, 50, and 55%). Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 44 g) were hand-fed to apparent satiation for 9-weeks. Weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed 55% protein diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed 35 and 40% protein diets, but not significantly different from those of fish fed 45 and 50% protein diets. The feed efficiency of fish fed 50 and 55% protein diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed 35, 40 and 45% protein diets. The protein efficiency ratio of fish fed 40% protein diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed 45, 50 and 55% protein diets, but not significantly different from that of fish fed 35% protein diet. The dietary protein level significantly affected whole body lipid and moisture contents. The results of this study suggest that the 45% protein in the diet is optimal for maximum growth of young far eastern catfish weighing in the range of 44 to 227 g.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of practical diets containing different seaweed powders on the growth and body composition of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 40% of the following seaweed powders: Sargassum thunbergii (ST), Undaria pinnatifida (UP), Ascophyllum nodosum (AN), Hizikia fusiformis (HF), fermented Laminaria japonica (FLJ), and fermented Hizikia fusiformis (FHF). Sea cucumbers (30 per tank; initial mean weight $0.4{\pm}0.01g$) in three replicates of six groups were fed one of the six experimental diets for 15 weeks. Survival in all groups was 83-93%, with no significant differences among the experimental groups. The specific growth rates of the sea cucumbers fed the ST and UP diets were significantly higher than those of sea cucumbers fed the HF, FLJ, and FHF diets, but did not significantly differ from those of sea cucumbers fed the AN diet. The results of this study suggest that S. thunbergii, U. pinnatifida, and A. nodosum could be useful sources of seaweed powder for practical diets of juvenile sea cucumber.

• Mycobiology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.512-520
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• 2019

Statistical experimental methods were used to optimize the medium for mass production of a novel laccase3 (Lac3) by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae TYEGLAC3-1. The basic medium was composed of glucose, casamino acids, yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (YNB w/o AA), tryptophan, and adenine. A one-factor-at-a-time approach followed by the fractional factorial design identified galactose, glutamic acid, and ammonium sulfate, as significant carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources, respectively. The steepest ascent method and response surface methodology (RSM) determined that the optimal medium was (g/L): galactose, 19.16; glutamic acid, 5.0; and YNB w/o AA, 10.46. In this medium, the Lac3 activity (277.04 mU/mL) was 13.5 times higher than that of the basic medium (20.50 mU/mL). The effect of temperature, pH, agitation (rpm), and aeration (vvm) was further examined in a batch fermenter. The best Lac3 activity was 1176.04 mU/mL at 25 ℃, pH 3.5, 100 rpm, and 1 vvm in batch culture.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.366-371
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• 2017

Six experimental diets for juvenile sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus were evaluated and compared with current commercial diets. Sea cucumbers (50 per tank; initial mean weight $2.3{\pm}0.1g$) in three replicates of seven groups were fed one of six experimental diets (ED1, 20% wild-harvested Sargassum thunbergii powder; ED2, 20% commercial S. thunbergii powder; ED3, 20% Undaria pinnatifida and Ascophyllum nodosum powders; ED4, 40% U. pinnatifida and A. nodosum powders; ED5, 10% brewer's yeast; and ED6, 10% sea shell powder) or a commercial diet (CD) for 28 weeks. The survival rate in all groups was 85-94%, with no significant difference among the experimental groups. The mean body weight of the sea cucumbers was significantly different among the experimental groups 6 weeks after the feeding trial. The final mean weight of the sea cucumbers was highest in ED1, ED3, and ED4, followed by ED6, ED5, ED2, and CD, in decreasing order. The results of this study suggest that U. pinnatifida and A. nodosum powders could provide a substitute for the S. thunbergii powder commonly used in commercial sea cucumber diets. Thus, the EP4 diet formulation, which contains no S. thunbergii, could be used as a practical feed for juvenile sea cucumbers.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.29.1-29.8
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of tuna by-product meal (TBM) as a substitute for fishmeal in juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) diets. Five isonitrogenous (52% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.9 kcal/g) diets were prepared. Control diet (Con) was formulated to contain brown fishmeal, whereas 25, 50, 75, and 100% of fishmeal was substituted with the same percentage of TBM in the TBM25, TBM50, TBM75, and TBM100 diets, respectively. Three replicate groups of fish (initial weight, $29.5{\pm}0.6g$) were fed one of the five diets for 12 weeks. The mean weight gain of fish fed the Con and TBM25 diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the TBM100 diet (P < 0.05), but it was not significantly different from the weight gain of fish fed the TBM50 and TBM75 diets. The feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratios of fish fed the Con diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the TBM100 diet (P < 0.05), but were not significantly different from those fed the TBM25, TBM50, and TBM75 diets. The TBM25, TBM50, TBM75, and TBM100 diets had significantly (P < 0.05) lower incidence cost and higher profit index than the Con diet. These results suggest that the tuna by-product meal used in this study could replace up to 75% of fishmeal protein in the diet without reducing growth and feed utilization in juvenile Korean rockfish weighing 29-53 g. By considering feed cost, the TBM 75 diet is recommendable for Korean rockfish farming.