• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.746-752
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• 2013

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate three types of squid Sepia esculenta liver powder (SLP) as a dietary protein source for replacement of fish meal (FM) in the juvenile black rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. For replacement of FM, six experimental diets were formulated with 5 or 10% of either of three types (A, B, C) of SLP: SLP-$A_5$, SLP-$A_{10}$, SLP-$B_5$, SLP-$B_{10}$, SLP-$C_5$, and SLP-$C_{10}$. One of the control diets contained 100% FM as the protein source, and the other was a commercial diet (Com). Fish with an average body weight of $6.50{\pm}0.03g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were allocated randomly in triplicate groups of 50 to aquaria and fed the experimental diets until satiation. The weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the FM, SLP-$A_5$, SLP-$A_{10}$, and SLP-$B_5$ diets were higher than those of fish fed the Com, SLP-$B_{10}$, SLP-$C_5$ and SLP-$C_{10}$ diets. No significant differences were observed in WG and SGR among the diet groups, with the exception of the SLP-$C_{10}$ diet group. The feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the SLP-$A_5$, SLP-$A_{10}$, and SLP-$B_5$ diets did not differ from those fed the control diet. However, fish fed SLP-$B_{10}$ and SLP-$C_{10}$ had lower FE and PER than the fish fed the FM, commercial, SLP-$A_5$, SLP-$A_{10}$, and SLP-$B_5$ diets. Both the SLP-A and SLP-B diets, but not the SLP-C diets, replaced up to 10% and 5% of FM for juvenile black rockfish, respectively. The results of this experiment provide information that will assist in formulating an inexpensive and practical diet containing SLP for juvenile black rockfish.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2012

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate three types of squid Sepia esculenta liver powder (SLP) as a dietary protein source replacing fish meal (FM) in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. To replace FM, six experimental diets were formulated with three types (A, B, C) of SLP at the 5 and 10%: SLP-A5, SLP-A10, SLP-B5, SLP-B10, SLP-C5, and SLP-C10. One control diet contained 100% FM as the main protein source and another was a commercial diet (Com). Fish with an average body weight of $22.8{\pm}0.4$ g ($mean{\pm}SD$) were allocated randomly to aquaria in groups of 20 fish and fed the experimental diets in triplicate to satiation. The weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the SLP-C10 diet were lower than those of fish fed the FM and SLP-B5 diets. No significant difference was observed in the WG and SGR among fish fed the diets other than SLP-C10. The feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed each SLP diet did not differ from those fed the control diet. However, fish fed SLP-C5 and SLP-C10 had a lower FE and PER than the fish fed commercial, SLP-A5 and SLP-B5 diets. Each SLP diet except for SLP-C10 could replace up to 10% of FM for juvenile olive flounder. The results of this experiment provide information that will assist in formulating an inexpensive practical diet containing SLP for juvenile olive flounder.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.314-319
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• 2010

This study determined the proper inclusion levels of squid liver powder (SLP) - soy protein concentrate (SPC) premix as a fish meal (FM) substitute in the diet for juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). All the experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (50% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.1 kJ energy $g^{-1}$ diet). Five diets were formulated with SLP-(SPC) replacing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the FM (SLP $(SPC)_0$, SLP $(SPC)_25$, SLP $(SPC)_50$, SLP $(SPC)_75$, and SLP $(SPC)_100$, respectively). Triplicate groups of 12 fish averaging $5.56{\pm}0.10\;g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were fed one of the five experimental diets for 7 weeks. The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_50$, SLP $(SPC)_75$ and SLP $(SPC)_100$, while those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ and SLP $(SPC)_25$ were similar. The whole-body crude protein content of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_50$, SLP $(SPC)_75$, and SLP$(SPC)_100$, while those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ and SLP $(SPC)_25$ were similar. The whole-body crude lipid of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$ was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_50$ and SLP $(SPC)_75$, while those of fish fed SLP $(SPC)_0$, SLP $(SPC)_25$ and SLP $(SPC)_100$ were similar. Based on the fish growth performance results obtained from this study, the SLP (SPC) premix can substitute up to 25% of the FM in the diets of juvenile olive flounder.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.461-467
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to determine the each level of a newly developed squid liver powder (SLP) as a dietary protein source replacing fish meal (FM) in juvenile flounder. A diet excluding SLP (FM diet) and a commercial diet were two control diets. Six experimental diets were formulated to replace FM with three types of SLP at 5 and 10% level, respectively (SLP-A5, SLP-A10, SLP-B5, SLP-B10, SLP-C5, SLP-C10). Prior to the start of a feeding trial, fish were fed the commercial diet for 1 week to adjust to the experimental conditions. Fish with average weight of $22.8{\pm}0.40g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$), were randomly distributed to each aquarium as groups of 20 fish and fed the experimental diets in triplicate at satiation for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed SLP-C10 was lower than those of fish fed FM diet and SLP-B5. Meanwhile, no significant difference was observed in WG and SGR among fish fed diets excluding SLP-C10. Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed each level of three types of SLP were not different from those of fish fed FM diet. However, fish fed SLP-C5 and SLP-C10 has lower FE and PER than those of fish fed a commercial diet, SLP-A5 and SLP-B5. Therefore, these results indicate clearly that dietary SLP-B could be a good protein source to develop inexpensive commercial diet in juvenile flounder.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1176-1183
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• 2009

Lactobacillus crispatus (L. crispatus) ZJ001 is highly adhesive to epithelial cells and expresses S-layer proteins. In this study, S-S-layer layer genes were sequenced and expressed in E. coli to characterize the function of proteins with this particular strain. L. crispatus ZJ001 harbored two S-layer genes slpA and slpB, and only slpA gene was expressed in the bacterium, as revealed by RT-PCR and immunoassays. The mature SlpA showed 47% amino acid sequence identity to SlpB. The SlpA and SlpB of L. crispatus ZJ001 were highly homologous at the C-terminal region to other Lactobacillus S-layer proteins, but were substantially variable at N-terminal and middle regions. Electron microscopic analysis indicated that His-slpA expressed in E. coli was able to form a sheet-like structure similar to the natural S-layer, but His-slpB formed as disc-like structures. In the cell binding experiments, HeLa cells were able to bind to both recombinant His-slpA and His-slpB proteins to the extent similar to the natural S-layer. The cell binding domains remain mostly in the N-terminal regions in SlpA and SlpB, as shown by high binding of truncated peptides SlpA2-228 and SlpB2-249. Our results indicated that SlpA was active and high binding to HeLa cells, and that the slpA gene could be targeted to display foreign proteins on the bacterial surface of ZJ001 as a potential mucosal vaccine vector.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the proper inclusion levels of squid liver powder (SLP) and dehulled soybean meal (DHSM) as a fish meal (FM) replacement in the diets for olive flounders. All the experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (50% crude protein, CP) and isocaloric (17.1 kJ energy $g^{-1}$ diet). Four diet were formulation of FM with SLP (DHSM) were tested at 0, 25, 50, 75% (SLP(DHSM)$_0$, SLP(DHSM)$_{25}$, SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$, respectively). Triplicate groups of 12 fish with an average body weight of 5.56$\pm$0.1 g (mean$\pm$S.D.) were fed one of three experimental diets for 7 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and the specific growth rate(SGR) of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_0$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{25}$ diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ diets (P<0.05). Also, WG and SGR of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ had significantly higher WG and SGR than that of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ (P<0.05). The feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_0$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{25}$ were significantly higher than those fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ (P<0.05). The whole-body crude lipid content of fish SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ was significantly higher than that of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in whole-body moisture, crude protein and crude ash of fish fed all diets. Based on these growth performance results, the SLP(DHSM) combination replace up to 25% FM protein by the ANOVA test in juvenile olive flounder diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1132-1141
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• 1996

To provide approprate nutrition informatios and guidelines for the healthy school lunch program(SLP) menus, the nutritional quality of the SLP and the nutrients that affect the food cost of SLP were evaluated after analysis of recipes and food price lists of 776 menus collected from 10 elementary SLP schools in Seoul and Kyunggi province in Korea in the year of 1995. Index of nutritional quality of SLP menus were good enough, showing over 1.0 in all nutrients except vitamin A(0.86) in kyunggi province. The percent of calories from carbohydrates, protein and fat was 52%, 16% and 32%, while the polyunsaturated fatty acid/monousaturate fatty acid/saturated fatty acid(P/M/S) ratio was 1.0/0.95/1.15. On the other hand, the nutrient-cost evaluation showed that the most expersive nutrient for the RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowance) standard of SLP was origined from the cost of energy and vitamin A. In Pertary correlation analyses, the cost of SLP meals was positively asociated with energy(r=0.244, p<0.001), protein(r=0.306, p<0.001) and carbohydrate(r=0.159, p<0.001) in diet, while the most important predictor of the cost of SLP meal provides sufficient nutrients with enough calories, but fat level is somewhat higher than the suggested value from Dietary Guidelines for Koreans. These data also suggest that meals which could offer enough vitamin A might be included in SLP menus and the cost of a SLP meal can be reduced when choosing the cheap protein source food.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2020

Recently, market demands of miniaturization, high interconnection density, and fine pitch of PCBs continuously keep increasing. Therefore, SLP (substrate like PCB) technology using a modified semi additive process (MSAP) has attracted great attention. In particular, SLP technology is essential for the development of high-capacity batteries and 5G technology for smartphones. In this study, the reliability of the microvia of hybrid SLP, which is made of conventional HDI (high density interconnect) and MSAP technologies, was investigated by experimental and numerical analysis. Through thermal cycling reliability test using IST (interconnect stress test) and finite element numerical analysis, the effects of various parameters such as prepreg properties, thickness, number of layers, microvia size, and misalignment on microvia reliability were investigated for optimal design of SLP. As thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of prepreg decreased, the reliability of microvia increased. The thinner the prepreg thickness, the higher the reliability. Increasing the size of the microvia hole and the pad will alleviate stress and improve reliability. On the other hand, as the number of prepreg layers increased, the reliability of microvia decreased. Also, the larger the misalignment, the lower the reliability. In particular, among these parameters, CTE of prepreg material has the greatest impact on the microvia reliability. The results of numerical stress analysis were in good agreement with the experimental results. As the stress of the microvia decreased, the reliability of the microvia increased. These experimental and numerical results will provide a useful guideline for design and fabrication of SLP substrate.

• BMB Reports
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.323-328
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• 2011

We screened four B. thuringiensis strains whose parasporal inclusions contained the S-layer protein (SLP), and cloned two slp genes from each strain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated these SLPs could be divided into two groups, SLP1s and SLP2s. To confirm whether SLPs were present in the S-layer or as a parasporal inclusion, strains CTC and BMB1152 were chosen for further study. Western blots with isolated S-layer proteins from strains CTC and BMB1152 in the vegetative phase showed that SLP1s and SLP2s were constituents of the S-layer. Immunofluorescence utilizing spore-inclusion mixtures of strains CTC and BMB1152 in the sporulation phase showed that SLP1s and SLP2s were also constituents of parasporal inclusions. When heterogeneously expressed in the crystal negative strain BMB171, four SLPs from strains CTC and BMB1152 could also form parasporal inclusions. This temporal and spatial expression is not an occasional phenomenon but ubiquitous in B. thuringiensis strains.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.163-173
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• 2005

School Lunch Program (SLP) should provide adequate and qualitative nutritional food for student's growth and proper food habit. With this fact, this study divided 524 middle school students who resided in Jeonju, Jellabukdo into two groups, SLP or non SLP according to whether they were provided SLP or not. Then this research estimate each group's nutritional knowledge, nutritional attitude, dietary behavior, balance of three meals, and health checking their clinical symptom to investigate the effects of the SLP. This research applied anthropometric data, questionnaires and food intake data using 24 hours recall method. Each group's age average was same as 14.0 years old respectively. The average score of nutritional knowledge and condition of balance of lunch were significantly higher in SLP group than those of non-SLP group, although, there were no significant differences in the scores of nutritional attitude, dietary behavior, and balance of breakfast and dinner within both groups. This research showed that SLP had positive role on nutritional knowledge and balanced lunch. However, current SLP is not sufficient to cause change the nutritional attitude and dietary behavior. To make more applicable and effective result of SLP leading nutritional attitude changes and development of appropriate dietary behavior, certain level of nutritional education to the student may be important.