• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.475-482
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• 2014

This study was indicated to enhance the anti-inflammation activities by the fermentation of the fruits of Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott. The extracts by 70% ethanol (EE) showed better biological activities than those by hot water (WE) from campared result of the effect of extraction solvents. Then, the extract from 70% ethanol extraction was further fermented by lactic acid, denoted as FEE. For antioxidant activities, the FEE had showed the highest value as 0.832 of reducing powder, in comparison with those of EE and WE. Cytotoxicity of the water extraction (WE) was measured for 12.06% in addition of $1.0mg/m{\ell}$ of FEE. For anti-inflammation activities, NO production from the macrophage, RAW 264.7 was observed as $7.24{\mu}M$ and $8.52{\mu}M$ from FEE and EE, respectively. Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production from human fibroblast cell, CCD-986sk, was also estimated for $152pg/m{\ell}$ in addition of $1.0mg/m{\ell}$ of the FEE. The lowest production of both IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ were $3.5pg/m{\ell}$ and $865.5pg/m{\ell}$, respectively in addition of $1.0mg/m{\ell}$ of the FEE, whereas $74.5pg/m{\ell}$ and $982.4pg/m{\ell}$ in treated with same concenrations of the EE. It was also found that the FEE was higher amounts than other extracts through HPLC analysis of the anthocyanins. These results strongly indicate that fermentation process of the lactic acid could enhance anti-inflammation activities of extracts by increasing the amounts of the anthocyanins, especially cyanidin-galactoside. Our results suggest that the application of the fermentation process for other medicinal herbs can be improved their biological activities.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two amlodipine maleate tablets, SKAD tablet (SK Pharma. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, reference drug) and A-PINE tablet (Daewon Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male volunteers, $22.79\;{\pm}\;1.86$ years in age and $70.08\;{\pm}\;8.68$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2\;{\time}\;2$ crossover study was employed. After a tablet containing 6.42 mg of amlodipine maleate was orally administrated, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals over a period of 144 hr and concentrations of amlodipine in plasma were monitored using LC-MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$ (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 144 hr), $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$) were calculated and analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, and untransformed $T_{max}$. No significant sequence effect was found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ ratio and the $C_{max}$ ratio for A-PINE/SKAD were $log\;0.9429{\sim}log \;1.1476$ and $log\;0.9l46{\sim}log\;1.1488$, respectively. Since these values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of $log\;0.80{\sim}log\;1.25$, recommended by KFDA, it was concluded that A-PINE tablet was bioequivalent to SKAD tablet, in terms of both rate and extent of absorption.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2008

프랜차이즈업체와 같은 비대칭적인 의존구조 하에서 의존성이 높은 경로구성원은 전적으로 거래 상대방의 행위에 의존할 수 밖에 없으며, 따라서 상호 Win-Win 체제 구축을 위해서는 파트너간 신뢰와 결속을 증가시켜 관계의 질을 향상시킴으로써 거래구성원간 장기적인 협력 관계를 지속시켜야 한다. 프랜차이즈에서 본사와 가맹점간의 관계의 질을 높이기 위해서는 우선 힘의 우위가 큰 본사의 공정성에 대한 가맹점의 지각을 높일 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 취지에서 기본 가설모형과 비교가설모형을 설정하여 힘의 불균형을 특징으로 하는 프랜차이즈 본부와 프랜차이즈 가맹점간 계약관계에서 가맹점이 바라는 본부의 행동이 가맹점의 태도와 행동에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 이러한 연구배경 하에 연구 대상인 외식업 프랜차이즈업체의 가맹점 점장을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 주요한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 프랜차이즈 본사와 가맹점간의 관계규범 차원 중에서 단결규범과 상호성이 분배공정성과 절차공정성에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 반면, 유연성은 부정적 영향을 미치는 것을 알 수 있었고, 둘째는 분배공정성은 계산적 결속과 경제적 결속에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 반면 절차공정성은 사회적 결속에는 유의한 영향을 미쳤지만 경제적 결속에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 못하여 관계 결속에 있어서 분배공정성이 더욱 중요한 요소임을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 절차공정성은 분배공정성 혹은 사회적 결속을 통하여 경제적 결속에 간접적인 효과를 나타내었다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.53-77
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• 2012

Financial firms, especially large scaled firms such as KB bank, NH bank, Samsung Card, Hana SK Card, Hyundai Capital, Shinhan Card, etc. should be securely dealing with the personal financial information. Indeed, people have tended to believe that those big financial companies are relatively safer in terms of information security than typical small and medium sized firms in other industries. However, the recent incidents of personal information privacy invasion showed that this may not be true. Financial firms have increased the investment of information protection and security, and they are trying to prevent the information privacy invasion accidents by doing all the necessary efforts. This paper studies how effectively a financial firm will be able to avoid personal financial information privacy invasion that may be deliberately caused by internal staffs. Although there are several literatures relating to information security, to our knowledge, this is the first study to focus on the behavior of internal staffs. The big financial firms are doing variety of information security activities to protect personal information. This study is to confirm what types of such activities actually work well. The primary research model of this paper is based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) that describes the rational choice of human behavior. Also, a variety of activities to protect the personal information of financial firms, especially credit card companies with the most customer information, were modeled by the four-step process Security Action Cycle (SAC) that Straub and Welke (1998) claimed. Through this proposed conceptual research model, we study whether information security activities of each step could suppress personal information abuse. Also, by measuring the morality of internal staffs, we checked whether the act of information privacy invasion caused by internal staff is in fact a serious criminal behavior or just a kind of unethical behavior. In addition, we also checked whether there was the cognition difference of the moral level between internal staffs and the customers. Research subjects were customer call center operators in one of the big credit card company. We have used multiple regression analysis. Our results showed that the punishment of the remedy activities, among the firm's information security activities, had the most obvious effects of preventing the information abuse (or privacy invasion) by internal staff. Somewhat effective tools were the prevention activities that limited the physical accessibility of non-authorities to the system of customers' personal information database. Some examples of the prevention activities are to make the procedure of access rights complex and to enhance security instrument. We also found that 'the unnecessary information searches out of work' as the behavior of information abuse occurred frequently by internal staffs. They perceived these behaviors somewhat minor criminal or just unethical action rather than a serious criminal behavior. Also, there existed the big cognition difference of the moral level between internal staffs and the public (customers). Based on the findings of our research, we should expect that this paper help practically to prevent privacy invasion and to protect personal information properly by raising the effectiveness of information security activities of finance firms. Also, we expect that our suggestions can be utilized to effectively improve personnel management and to cope with internal security threats in the overall information security management system.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.535-543
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• 2013

본 연구에서 국산 낙엽송재의 공학목재로의 이용가능성, 특히 교호집성재 라미나로서의 이용가능성을 확인하기 위하여 열기건조 중과 건조 후 판재 내 잔류응력을 분석하였다. 연구결과를 통해 이쿼라이징 처리에 의한 함수율 동일화 효과가 증명되었고, 컨디셔닝 처리에 의한 잔류응력의 감소효과가 정량화되었다. 건조 중 목재 내 잔류응력 분석을 위하여 프롱법과 슬라이스법을 실시하였다. 프롱 제작 후 표면경화율을 측정하였고, 슬라이스의 절단 후 탄성변형량을 기준으로 표면으로부터 약 10 mm 깊이까지의 건조응력을 정량적으로 분석하였다. T10-C4와 T12-D5 열기건조 스케줄 적용 시 열기건조 중 판재 표면의 인장응력과 압축응력은 모두 2.2 MPa을 넘지 않음을 확인하였다. 낙엽송의 횡단방향 인장강도와 압축강도가 평균 2.65 MPa, 4.60 MPa인 점을 고려하면, 더욱 강한 건조스케줄 적용이 추천된다. 건조 후처리에 의해 폭굽음과 비틀림을 약 40% 줄일 수 있었다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2016

최근 정보통신망의 발전과 스마트 폰의 대량 보급으로 인하여 인터넷 트래픽이 기하급수적으로 증가하고 있다. 이와 관련하여, 본 논문은 증가하고 있는 인터넷 침해사고와 네트워크 공격 중 대표적인 DDoS 공격에 대해서 탐지 및 분석한다. 이를 위해 네트워크 플로우 정보를 바탕으로 동작할 수 있도록 기존의 ATMSim 분석 패키지의 기능과 GUI를 개선하고, 이를 이용하여 캠퍼스 내부 LAN을 통해 대량으로 유입되는 정상적인 트래픽과 DDoS 공격이 포함된 비정상 트래픽을 생성한다. 수집 생성된 정상 비정상 트래픽의 특성을 분석하기 위해서 자기유사성 추정 기법을 이용하여, 그래픽 분석 및 Hurst 파라메터 (자기유사성 파라메터) 추정량 분석결과 정상 트래픽과 비정상 트래픽이 자기유사성 관점에서 추정치 Hurst 값이 높음을 보여 주고 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.884-890
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 대두의 대표적인 생리활성 물질인 genistein의 처리에 따른 암세포의 증식억제에서 telomerase 및 COX-2 활성의 변화 연관성을 조사하였다. 이를 위하여 4가지 종류의 암세포주를 사용하였으며, genistein 처리에 의하여 암세포들의 증식억제에서 백혈병 세포인 U937 세포의 감수성이 감장 높게 나타났으며, genistein 처리에 따라 telomere 조절인자들의 발현이 대부분 억제되었으며, telomerase의 활성도 매우 유의적으로 감소되었다. 또한 genistein처리 농도가 증가함에 따라 COX-2의 발현이 전사 및 번역 수준에서 모두 감소되었으며 이에 따른 $PGE_2$의 생성 역시 현저하게 감소되었으나, COX-1의 발현에는 큰 변화가 없었다. 이러한 결과들은 genistein의 항암 활성을 이해하는 귀중한 자료로서 활용될 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1446-1457
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• 2016

이 논문은 무제치늪에서 채집한 기장대풀(Isachne globosa Kuntze), 솔방울고랭이(Scirpus karuisawensis Makino), 이삭귀개(Utricularia racemosa Wall.), 좀개수염(Eriocaulon decemflorum Maxim.)등 4종의 식물 뿌리에서 서식하는 내생곰팡이의 분포 및 다양성을 확인하기 위해 조사하였다. 총 226 균주가 분리되었고, 3문(Phyla), 7강(Class), 10목(Order), 22과(Family), 31(genera)속으로 분리되었다. 내생진균에서 가장 많이 분리된 속은 Acephala (19.9%), Tolypocladium (16.3%), Neopestalotiopsis (11.5%), Perenniporia (7.1%) 순으로 확인하였다. 다양성지수 분석에 있어서, 이삭귀개(Ur)가 다른 식물 종에 비해 종 풍부도 (Menhinick's index = 2.37), (Margalef's index = 4.46)와, 종 균등도 (Simpson's index diversity = 0.91), 그리고 종 다양성(Shannon's indx = 2.57)로 높게 나왔다. 이러한 분석 결과를 봤을 때, 이삭귀개(Ur)에서 내생진균이 가장 다양하게 서식할 수 있는 것으로 보여진다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2017

Cryopreservation of oocytes by vitrification technique may contribute a lot in the field of reproductive biotechnology. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effectiveness of two cryo-devices for vitrification of immature oocytes of indigenous zebu cows. Slaughter house derived immature cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) of cows were vitrified using 15% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) as cryoprotective agent (CPA) with 0.5 mol sucrose in TCM 199 supplemented with 20% FBS. Vitrification of COCs was completed after immediate plunging of COCs loaded cryotop or French mini straw into the liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$). Then the COCs containing cryotop or French mini straws were warmed in 0.25 mol sucrose and 20% FBS supplemented TCM 199 followed by in vitro culture in $50{\mu}l$ droplets of bicarbonate buffered TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FBS, pyruvate, FSH and oestradiol for 24 hrs at $39^{\circ}C$ with 5% CO2 in humidified air. After maturation culture, oocytes were denuded and examined under inverted microscope for presence of polar body as the indication of maturation. Denuded oocytes were also stained by whole mount technique using 1% orcein to examine the maturation by presence of MII chromosomes. The in vitro maturation rate was significantly (p<0.05) higher in oocytes vitrified and warmed using crytop ($47.1{\pm}6.9%$) than that of French mini straw ($15.9{\pm}12.5%$). Moreover, in vitro maturation rate was significantly (p<0.05) highe r in control oocytes (not vitrified) ($84.5{\pm}14.2%$) than that of vitrified oocytes. In conclusion, cryotop is better than French mini straw as cryo-device for vitrification of bovine immature oocytes.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.293-299
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• 2014

Objectives: The main objective of this study is to investigate domestic usage amount of insecticide for vegetable cultivation to provide fundamental data for establishing job-exposure matrix(JEM) related to farmers treating agricultural insecticide. Materials and Methods: The survey on domestic usage amount of insecticide for vegetable cultivation was conducted by two research methods. The first method is to utilize agricultural pesticides published annually from Korea Crop Protection Association(KCPA). The second method is to apply cultivation area of vegetable announced officially from Statistics Korea(SK). An estimation of domestic usage amount of insecticide for vegetable cultivation through the second method was done by multiplying total cultivation area of vegetable($m^2$) with optimal spray amount of insecticide for vegetable cultivation per unit cultivation area of vegetable ($kg/m^2$). Results: As a result of analysis of public data related to insecticide for vegetable cultivation, it was found that its domestic usage amount has decreased gradually from the first sale year(1969) to current year(2012). There is, however, a considerable difference of annual usage trend of insecticide for vegetable cultivation between shipments and estimation. The annual usage trends of insecticide for vegetable cultivation based on regional classification were different from those based on total aspect. Conclusions: The region which used insecticide for vegetable cultivation the most in Korea was Jeolla-do, followed by Gyeonsang-do, Chungcheong-do, Seoul/Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do and Jeju-do. Substantially, mean ratio of usage amounts of insecticide based on shipments and those based on estimation by cultivation area was $281{\pm}115%$, which indicates that usage amounts of insecticide estimated by cultivation area are three times lower than those based on shipments.