• Korean Security Journal
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• no.30
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• pp.85-115
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• 2012

The private security industry has expanded in proportion to economic developments throughout the world, largely because the existing security services provided by the government do not satisfy demands of various economic entities and people in the society for better security service. Therefore, it would not be unfair to say that security services by private sectors are decided by its quality, price, and customers' needs. A refined management system, however, is essential to assess qualification of security companies and their service quality, given the nature of public goods of security service. Despite the steady growth of private security industry in Korea, however, it has been continuously criticized that its security management system for better qualification of security guards, training, and private security companies have not been fully updated enough to guarantee good quality. This paper aims to gain insights to effective policy formation in the Korean private security industry, through reviewing the licensing system of private security guards and the Approved Contractor Scheme (hereinafter the ACS) in the UK- that has on one hand systematically regulated private security industry, but on other hand has enforced public-private cooperation by laying significant stress on autonomy of private security companies. The distinctive characteristic of the UK policy for the private security is that the Security Industry Authority (hereinafter the SIA), an independent authority, is leading development of the private security industry of the UK through specialized private security regulation and enhanced service quality. In addition, the UK is developing quality of security service with transparent financial management and recruitment of good quality security guards by adopting not only substantially specified regulations and standards, but the voluntary ACS system. Moreover, the SIA analyzes customers' demands for security service specializing the policy for private security through conducting a variety of surveys. With the analysis of the UK private security system, this paper suggests that the Korean government change from a non-specialized private security regulation system by the National Police Agency to an independently specialized private security authority like the SIA and adopt the compulsory licensing and the ACS system of the UK.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2016

Stable Isotope Analysis(SIA) of carbon and nitrogen is useful tool for the understanding functional roles of target organisms in biological interactions in the food web. Recently, mixing model based on SIA is frequently used to determine which of the potential food sources predominantly assimilated by consumers, however, application of model is often limited and difficult for non-expert users of software. In the present study, we suggest easy manual of R software and package SIAR with example data regarding selective feeding of crustaceans dominated freshwater zooplankton community. We collected SIA data from the experimental mesocosms set up at the littoral area of eutrophic Chodae Reservoir, and analyzed the dominant crustacean species main food sources among small sized particulate organic matters (POM, <$50{\mu}m$), large sized POM (>$50{\mu}m$), and attached POM using mixing model. From the results obtained by SIAR model, Daphnia galeata and Ostracoda mainly consumed small sized POM while Simocephalus vetulus consumed both small and large sized POM simultaneously. Copepods collected from the reservoir showed no preferences on various food items, but in the mesocosm tanks, main food sources for the copepods was attached POM rather than planktonic preys including rotifers. The results have suggested that their roles as grazers in food web of eutrophicated reservoirs are different, and S. vetulus is more efficient grazer on wide range of food items such as large colony of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria during water bloom period.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.80-88
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• 2016

In order to reconstruct a benthic foodweb structure and assess the role of benthic microalgaes as a diet source for benthos, we analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of diverse benthos (bivalves, crustaceans, gastropods and fishes) and potential diets (particulate organic matter, sedimentary organic matter, benthic microalgae, seagrass, and macroalgaes) in the intertidal mudflat surrounding Yeongheung Island. The ${\delta}^{13}C$ values of the diets indicated wide ranges (- 26.5‰ to - 8.4‰) while benthos showed a small range of ${\delta}^{13}C$ values (-12.1‰ to - 17.8‰), although they were in the same range. Except for green algaes among the macroalgaes as well as sedimentary organic matter, ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of the diet candidates ($5.7{\pm}1.0$‰) were lighter in comparison to those of the benthos ($11.8{\pm}1.9$‰). Based on the ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{15}N$ data, the benthos were classified into 3 groups, indicating a different diet and trophic position. But benthic microalgae is the most important diet source for all three benthos groups based on their stable isotope ratios, suggesting benthic microalgae should be a main diet to the intertidal ecosystem. Hence this study highlights that the biomass of benthic microalgae as biological resource should be evaluated for the management of the intertidal ecosystem of Yeongheung Island.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.65-80
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• 2008

Objective : In recent years, many investigators have questioned whether the analgesic effect of acupuncture is simply related to the stress-induced analgesia (SIA). However, there has been lack of studies on this issue. In this study, the stress levels induced by manual acupunctures are compared with the stress in animal experiment models. The experiments have been carried out with Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Method : For stress level evaluation, Hot plate test has been used. Maximum Possible Effect (MPE) has been measured by checking the pre-test time and post-test time. Cortisol and corticosterone concentrations in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results : In the hot plate test, MPE values of post-test time were significantly decreased after 10 minutes than after 5 minutes. Therefore, optimal time interval was chosen as 10 minutes. There was significant difference of MPE values between Suspension group and all other treatment groups. However, there were no significant differences of MPE values between Sham group and all other treatment groups. However, MPE values showed tendency to decrease when acupuncture needle diameter increased. MPE values of ST040, ST040(lido), NAP040(lido) groups were markedly decreased than that of Suspension group, while that of NAP040 group was substantially increased than that of Sham group increased in acupoint and nonacupoint models. Serum cortisol concentrations of treatment groups were not significantly different from that of Suspension and Sham groups. Serum corticosterone concentration of 0.25 mm group was substantially increased than that of compared with Sham group. Serum cortisol and corticosterone concentrations of treatment groups were not significantly different from those of Suspension and Sham groups in acupoint and nonacupoint models. Conclusion : From hot plate test and serum stress hormones concentrations, it is found that manual acupuncture treatment induces negligible stress or SIA on ST36. And the stress induced by manual acupuncture is more closely related to acupuncture point needlings than diameters of acupuncture needles.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.12-22
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• 2014

In recent, many Korean contractors have tried to extend their business area into the overseas construction market, mainly as a result of a reduction in their domestic construction market. However in terms of risk, overseas construction projects are likely to face a number of unpredictable problems, many of which occur as a result of differences in contract cultures and construction environments between Korea and other countries. One key issue facing overseas construction projects in particular, is that of sub-contracting and control, and the way in which many countries of Commonwealth of Nations operate a unique subcontracting method well known as a nominated sub-contractor(NSC). This paper introduces the NSC system and differences as comparing among standard construction contract forms, such as JCT, SIA, HKIA and PAM. in UK and Asian Commonwealth of Nations. Also, we attempt to classify the type of the NSC system through the consideration of NSC clauses in accordance with the objection and termination of NSC contracting respectively.

• Lettere Italiane
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• no.26
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• pp.175-231
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• 2009

Questa tesi tratta di due aspetti. Primo, i giullari erano coloro che hanno fatto la satira sulle contraddizioni della societa medievale quasisempre da soli. Gli oggetti della satira erano in gran parte la classe dominate e gli ecclesiastici. Particolarmente chi governa, opprime e sfrutta il popolo come i padroni, i ricchi, gli aristocratici, i mercanti, i re, i sindaci, i militari, e chi rappresenta i sovrani come il papa, i vescovi, e i cardinali. Anche la satira del Fo moderno si rivolge contro gli stessi. Perché anche se il tempo passa, la situazione non è quasi cambiata. Quei soggetti fanno azioni ipocrite in un ambito schematico e dogmatico, e non fanno conoscere al popolo la loro situazione d'inuguaglianza. Perciò Fo ritiene che la situazione disperata del popolo è la stessa, sia nel medievo sia oggi. Secondo, voglio fare vedere che i giullari fanno la satira pungente della classe dominante, e degli ecclesiastici ma non rinnegano la cristianità. E anche gli estremisti che talvolta erano i monaci diventati giullari, dicono che se vogliamo dare dignità alla Chiesa di Cristo dobbiamo distruggere la Chiesa. E per distruggere la Chiesa dobbiamo distruggere chi la governa, il papa, i vescovi, e i cardinali. Ma anche loro, in quel caso, non rinnegano la cristianità in sè stessa. Poiché Dio (il Padreterno) rappresenta i padroni e i sovrani è odiato, mentre e' sempre amato Gesù Cristo da tutti i giullari, gli estremisti e anche il popolo, ché egli è Dio che viene sulla terra a cercar di ridare la primavera agli uomini e si sacrifica come Dioniso. E soprattutto è considerato come il simbolo della resistenza contro la inugualglianza, e dell'amore e della dignità fondamentale degli uomini. Nei nove testi di Mistero Buffo, i giullari e Fo considerano sempre molto importante la dignità degli uomini. E Cristo è il simbolo di questa dignità. Così i testi in Mistero Buffo hanno sempre una forte connotazione, non sono soltanto una satira sulla classe dominante e gli ecclesiastici ma contengono anche in definitiva la volontà di ricercare la restaurazione della dignità degli uomini e dello spirito di Cristo.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.140-145
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• 2005

In this paper, an experimental investigation for return loss and a software-based prediction for interference level of single-packaged filtering antenna composed of dielectric waveguide filter and PCB(Printed Circuit Board) slot antenna in transceiver module have been carried out with several different feeding structures in millimeter-wave regime. The implementation and embedding method of the existing air-filled waveguide filters working at millimeter-wave frequency on general PCB substrate have been described. In a view of the implementation of each components, the dielectric waveguide embedded in PCB and LTCC(Low Temparature Co-fired Ceramic) substrates has employed the via fences as a replacement with side walls and common ground plane to prevent energy leakage. The characteristics of several prototypes of filtering antenna embedded in PCB substrate are considered by comparing the wideband and transmission characteristics as a function of bent angle of transmission line connecting two components. In addition, as an essential to the packaging of transceiver module working at millimeter-wave, miniaturization technology maintaining the performances of independent components and the important problems caused by integrating and connecting the different components in different layers are described in this paper.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.679-700
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• 2013

Two new predictive design methods are presented in this study. The first is a hybrid method, called neuro-fuzzy, based on neural networks with fuzzy learning. A total of 280 experimental datasets obtained from the literature concerning concentric punching shear tests of reinforced concrete slab-column connections without shear reinforcement were used to test the model (194 for experimentation and 86 for validation) and were endorsed by statistical validation criteria. The punching shear strength predicted by the neuro-fuzzy model was compared with those predicted by current models of punching shear, widely used in the design practice, such as ACI 318-08, SIA262 and CBA93. The neuro-fuzzy model showed high predictive accuracy of resistance to punching according to all of the relevant codes. A second, more user-friendly design method is presented based on a predictive linear regression model that supports all the geometric and material parameters involved in predicting punching shear. Despite its simplicity, this formulation showed accuracy equivalent to that of the neuro-fuzzy model.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.65-71
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• 2004

This paper describes a new adaptive algorithm which can reduce the required computation quantities in the adaptive filter. The proposed S-LMS algorithm uses only the signs of the normalized input signal rather than the input signals when coefficients of the filter are adapted. By doing so, there is no need for the multiplications and divisions which are mostly responsible for the computation quantities. To analyze the convergence characteristics of the proposed algorithm, the condition and speed of the convergence are derived mathematically. Also, we simulate an echo canceller adopting this algorithm and compare the performances of convergence for this algorithm with the ones for the other algorithm. As the results of simulations, it is proved that the echo canceller adopting this algorithm shows almost the same performances of convergence as the echo canceller adopting the SIA algorithm.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2007

IT outsourcing becomes one of the important shills for managing diverse and complex information systems, SIA is considered as an one of the success factors for the successful outsourcing management. Since it helps to establish common goal and provides better visibility of trends and performance, the SLA process must go beyond mere measurement to include a methodology for the ongoing management of service levels, and for the continuous improvement of service activities, functions and processes. Despite SLA is one of the most important skills for the successful outsourcing, few studies have been conducted for academic as well as practical purpose. For this reason, The objective of this study is to develop an SLA's maturity model and empirically demonstrate how SLA's maturity level affects its Performance through SLA's maturity model. The major contributions of this study are in two areas. This study contributes to academicians as well as practitioners. First, from the academic perspectives this study tries investigating the maturity level of the SLA based on empirical data. Second, practitioners can self-test their firms' maturity level using the proposed model. The results of this study show that the SLA's maturity level affected positively SLA's performance. It is founded that the SLA's maturity level had a significant impact on SLA's performance.