• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

This study aimed to investigate the effects of various mixtures of the chicken skin and wheat fiber on the properties of chicken nuggets. Two skin and fiber mixtures (SFM) were prepared using the following formulations; SFM-1: chicken skin (50%), wheat fiber (20%), and ice (30%); and SFM-2: chicken skin (30%), wheat fiber (20%), and ice (50%). Chicken nugget samples were prepared by adding the following amounts of either SFM-1 or SFM-2: 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The water content for samples formulated with SFM-1 or SFM-2 was higher than in the control (p<0.05), and increased with increasing the concentrations of SFM-1 and SFM-2. The addition of SFM-1 and SFM-2 had no significant effect on the pH of the samples. The lightness value of uncooked chicken nuggets was higher than that of cooked chicken nuggets for all the samples tested. Chicken nuggets formulated with SFM-1 and SFM-2 displayed higher cooking yields than the control sample. The hardness of the control sample was also lower than the samples containing SFM-1 and SFM-2. The sensory evaluation showed no significant differences between the control and the samples containing SFM. Therefore, the incorporation of a chicken skin and wheat fiber mixture improved the quality of chicken nuggets.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제37권
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• pp.32.1-32.5
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• 2015

Background: The aims of present study were (1) to evaluate new bone formation among the 4-hexylresorcinol (4HR)-incorporated silk fabric membrane (SFM), conventional SFM, and uncovered control groups and (2) to compare the amount of residual membrane between the 4HR-incorporated SFM and conventional SFM in a rabbit parietal defect model. Methods: Nine New Zealand white rabbits were used for this animal study. After the formation of a bilateral parietal bone defect (diameter 8.0 mm), either 4HR-incorporated SFM or conventional SFM was grafted into the defect. The defect in the control was left uncovered. New bone formation and the amount of residual membrane were evaluated by histomorphometry at 8 weeks after the operation. Results: The total amount of new bone was $37.84{\pm}8.30%$ in the control, $56.64{\pm}15.74%$ in the 4HR-incorporated SFM group, and $53.35{\pm}10.52%$ in the conventional SFM group 8 weeks after the operation. The differences were significant between the control and 4HR-incorporated SFM group (P = 0.016) and between the control and conventional SFM group (P = 0.040). The residual membrane was $75.08{\pm}10.52%$ in the 4HR-incorporated SFM group and $92.23{\pm}5.46%$ in the conventional SFM group 8 weeks after the operation. The difference was significant (P = 0.039). Conclusions: The 4HR-incorporated SFM and conventional SFM groups showed more bone regeneration than the control group. The incorporated 4HR accelerated the partial degradation of the silk fabric membrane in a rabbit parietal defect model 8 weeks after the operation.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1575-1584
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• 2022

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with sunflower meal (SFM) with added exogenous multienzymes (MEs) on various biological parameters in broilers. Methods: One week-old, 400 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatments (control, 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM) with 5 replicates/treatment (20 chicks/replicate). Control diet was without SFM and MEs, while diets of 3SFM, 6SFM, and 9SFM treatments were prepared by replacing SBM with SFM at levels of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively, and were supplemented with MEs (100 mg/kg). Feeding trial was divided into grower (8 to 21 day) and finisher phases (22 to 35 day). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. At the end of trial, twenty birds (one birds per replicate) with similar body weight were slaughtered for samples collection. Results: No significant effect of dietary treatments was found on all parameters of growth performance and carcass characteristics, except relative weight of bursa. Weight (25.0 g) and length (15.80 cm) of duodenum were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. Lowest (p<0.05) villus height/crypt depth ratio was found in 3SFM and 9SFM than control. Most of meat quality parameters remained unaffected, however, highest pH of breast meat (6.16) and thigh meat (6.44) were observed in 9SFM and 3SFM, respectively. Lowest (p<0.05) cook loss of thigh meat was found in 6SFM (31.76%). Ileal digestibility of crude protein was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM (72.35%) than control (69.46%). In addition, amylase (16.87 U/mg) and protease (85.18 U/mg) activities were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 3SFM than control. However, cecal microbial count remained unaffected. Conclusion: Partial replacement (up to 9%) of SBM with SFM, with added MEs can help to improve the nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities without affecting cecal microbial count and growth performance in broilers.

• 센서학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

This paper describes a novel concept of a chemically sensitive scanning force microscope (CS-SFM). It consists of the conventional SFM and the time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). A switchable cantilever (SC) fabricated by the micromachining technology combines each advantage of two completely different systems, SFM and TOF-MS. The CS-SFM offers to produce both images of topography and chemical information simultaneously. First we employed a rotatable tip holder based on 4 piezotube actuators for demonstration of the possibility of the CS-SFM concept. Second the CS-SFM concept is optimized with the micromachining technology. The micromachined SC with an integrated bimorph actuator and a piezoresistive strain sensor provides a reasonable switching speed of ${\sim}10$ ms which is very attractive for the CS-SFM application. The SC is currently being integrated in an ultra-high-vacuum system to perform various experiments.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate fish cake made from salmon Oncorhynchus keta frame muscle (FC-SFM) in terms of taste, flavor, and nutritional characteristics. FC-SFM was significantly higher in moisture and lower in ash and carbohydrate than commercial fish cake (CFC). There were no significant differences in protein and lipid contents between FC-SFM and CFC (P<0.05). The total amino acid content of FC-SFM was higher than that of CFC. The major amino acids found in FC-SFM were aspartic acid and glutamic acid. The mineral content based on 100 g of FC-SFM was 76.7 mg calcium, 126.3 mg phosphorus, 19.1 mg magnesium, and 88.7 mg potassium. The total fatty acid content of FC-SFM was 1,833 mg/100 g, which was lower than that of CFC. The major fatty acids found in FC-SFM were 16:0, 18:1n-9, and 18:2n-6. The eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content of FC-SFM was higher than that of CFC. The results suggest that FC-SFM has different nutritional characteristics to CFC, and FC-SFM could be commercialized.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2009

The biosynthesis study of antibiotics saframycin (SFM) in Streptomyces lavendulae and safracin (SAC) in Pseudomonas fluorescens demonstrated that 3-hydroxy-S-methyl-O-methyltyrosine (3hSmOmTyr), a nonproteinogenic amino acid, is the precursor of the tetrahydroisoquinoline molecular core. In the biosynthetic gene cluster of SAC/SFM, sacD/sfmD encodes a protein with high homology to each other but no sequence similarity to other known enzymes; sacF/sfmM2 and sacG/sfmM3 encode methyltransferases for C-methylation and O-methylation; and sacE/sfinF encodes a small protein with significant sequence similarity to the MbtH-like proteins, which are frequently found in the biosynthetic pathways of non ribosomal peptide antibiotics and siderophores. To address their function, the biosynthetic cassette of 3h5mOmTyr was heterologously expressed in S. coelicolor and P. putida, and an in-frame deletion and complementation in trans were carried out. The results revealed that (i) SfmD catalyzes the hydroxylation of aromatic rings; (ii) sacD/sacF/sacG in the SAC gene cluster and sfmD/sfmM2/sfmM3 in the SFM cluster are sufficient for the biosynthesis of 3h5mOmTyr; and (iii) the mbtH-like gene is not required for the biosynthesis of the 3h5mOmTyr precursor.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.293-298
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone regeneration ability of 1% tetracycline (TC)-loaded silk fibroin membrane (SFM), in a rabbit calvarial defect model. Methods: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were used for this study. Bilateral round defects were made on the rabbit parietal bone, using trephine bur with an 8 mm diameter. TC-loaded SFM or SFM was covered on the right parietal bone defect, and the left parietal bone defects were uncovered for the control. The animals were humanely sacrificed at 4 or 8 weeks postoperatively. A micro-computerized tomography (${\mu}$-CT) of each specimen was taken for analysis of bone regeneration. Hematoxylin and Eosin stain were done to observe histological findings. Results: From the ${\mu}$-CT results, regenerated bone volume ($mm^3$) of 1% TC-loaded SFM, SFM, and control were $7.80{\pm}5.87$, $8.79{\pm}3.44$, and $10.61{\pm}5.3$ at 4 weeks postoperatively, respectively (P>0.05). Regenerated bone volume ($mm^3$) of 1% TC-loaded SFM, SFM, and control were $36.56{\pm}8.50$, $25.86{\pm}8.17$, and $19.09{\pm}5.07$ at 8 weeks postoperatively, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: The 1% TC-loaded SFM showed more bone regeneration than the SFM and the uncovered control, in guided bone regeneration.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2004

In this paper, we propose a new multi-purpose Scanning Force Microscope (SFM) system. The system can be used for nano/micro-scratching, in-process profile measurement, and observation of potential surface defects which occur during the scratching in air or liquid. Experimental results of nano/micro-scratching show that the smallest scratching depth can be controlled to be 10nm, which corresponds to the stability of the SFM system. Profile measurements of nano/micro-scratching surfaces have also been performed by the method of on-machine measurement and in-process measurement. Two measurement results were in good agreement with each other. The maximum difference was approximately 10 nm, which was mainly caused by the sampling repeatability error that influences the measurement accuracy Also, micro-defects on the micro-scratching surface were successfully detected by the SFM system. It was confirmed that the number of micro-defects increases when the surface is subjected to a cyclic bending load. The maximum depth was less than 100nm.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.373-379
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 계피 초임계 추출물(SFE oil)과 박 추출물(SFM), 80% methanol 추출물, cinnamaldehye의 항균, 항산화력을 비교하였다. 그 결과 추출조건에 따라 뚜렷한 효과의 차이를 나타내었으며, 80% methanol 추출물과 SFM이 강력한 항산화능 보였다. 반면에 항균효과에서는 cinnamaldehyde와 SFE oil에서 식중독균에 대한 항균효과가 뛰어났으며, 초임계를 이용한 추출에서 cinnamaldehyde 이외에 다른 camphene, cineole, eugenol 등의 정유성분들이 항균효과에 영향을 미친 것으로 생각된다. 이러한 결과로부터, 초임계 추출법이 항균물질 및 정유성분 추출에 매우 용이할 뿐만 아니라, 초임계 추출 후 폐기되고 있는 박에서도 유용성분이 함유되어 있음을 확인하였으므로 계피의 초임계 추출물 및 박 추출물 모두 기능성 천연소재로의 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

• 음성과학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2003

In this research, we seek the beginning of the speech and detect the stationary speech region using lip information. Performing running average of the estimated speech signal in the stationary region, we reduce the effect of musical noise which is inherent to the conventional MlMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) speech enhancement algorithm. In addition to it, SFM (Spectral Flatness Measure) is incorporated to reduce the speech signal estimation error due to speaking habit and some lacking lip information. The proposed algorithm with Wiener filtering shows the superior performance to the conventional methods according to MOS (Mean Opinion Score) test.