• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.405-414
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey to identify school nurses' knowledge, educational needs and providing education about Internet addiction. Method: A total of 198 school nurses working in schools located in Gyunggi Province and the cities of Ulsan, Daegu, and Pohang participated in the study A self-report scale was used to collect data. It included 53 items measuring school nurses' knowledge, their educational needs and performing related to Internet addiction. Results: The mean score for knowledge of Internet addiction was 13.12 (SD=3.13), indicating a moderate level of knowledge. The highest frequency, $24.7\%$ of the school nurses agreed that the computer teacher is the appropriate person to do educate on Internet addiction, followed by the school nurse with another teacher ($24.2\%$). Only $40.4\%$ of the nurses had any experience in providing students with education about Internet addiction. The main reason for not providing education about Internet addiction was that there was no time ($57.6\%$). Education was reported most frequently as being provided by the class teacher ($36.3\%$), followed by school nurse ($31.3\%$). Conclusions: It is important to expand the role of school nurses in preventing and responding to Internet addiction and to develop training programs designed to further develop their abilities in teaching and counseling.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.6 s.59
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• pp.221-228
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• 2006

The purpose of this research is to investigate the tendency of color preference for the elderly in housing. For this, a questionnaire survey was carried out with color chips and 9 photos of the living rooms which were chosen among apartment model houses in Pusan. Preference of color usage was measured by SD scale developed by advertising adjectives for the model houses. The result of this study are as follows: 1) The preferred color image was characterized as soft, warm and simple. The main factors of color image were identified and named as 'dignity factor' and 'personality factor'. 2) The elderly preferred G generally, but R for dominant color of the living room. They distinguished their attitudes about the color by the purpose of color usage. 3) For colors of architectural components of the living room, preferred colors were narrowed Y, YR and R for wall, art wall and floor. Beige was the most popular color in the living room for the elderly. This research can contribute to the basic data of color planning for the elderly housing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.31-34
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• 2009

Large outrigger elements tie the concrete core to perimeter columns, significantly increasing the building's lateral stiffness as well as its resistance to overturning due to wind. The outriggers are deep elements, and large tie forces are resisted by top and bottom heavy longitudinal reinforcing and vertical ties. To reduce construction costs, all primary reinforcing bars in outrigger levels are SD500. Further, concrete strengths of 80MPa have been specified for outrigger elements. However, the reductions in the amount of concrete and reinforcement steel are more increased in tall building. With these backgrounds, 80MPa high strength concrete outrigger system using post tension method is developed. Significant economic savings can be made by reducing the element sizes and material content. The developed outrigger system is designed using strut-and-tie models. In addition, four 1/4-scale test specimens were selected from the same prototype structure. The results from the tests are confirmed that the structural behaviors of the developed outrigger member have better capacities than those of a conventional method.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2000

Men perceive and react around him through the five senses. Also men give rise to the human sensibility and maintain his emotion. This study doesn't limit working environment to VDT environment, but considers the universal working environment acquiring information by eyesight stimulation. In case of forming an abnormal veiling reflection we consider the form ; a vertical(25%, 50%, 75%)and a horizontal(25%, 50%, 75%). The results from the subjective evaluation are analyzed by SD(Semantic Differentical methodology)of 5 point scale for visibility and nuisance when an abnormal veiling reflection forms on target. In addition, the results of the objective evaluation are suggested by measuring and analyzing EEG of bio-signal for visual sensitivity. The results of this study can apply to basic data which create a guideline of a visual operation. In particular, it can be designed as an illumination environment concerning an ergonomic factor on visual operations, mental stress such as a visual inspection operation, visual information search operation, etc. As a result, we can expect to reduce the visual nuisance and contribute to the improvement of the performance and the uplift of the competitive power.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.852-862
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to investigate differences in health behaviors by job stress level in male and female workers in a large-sized company. Methods: Participants were 576 male and 228 female workers who completed questionnaires. Job stress was measured using the 'Short Form Korean Occupational Stress Scale (SF-KOSS)'. Health behaviors included smoking, alcohol consumption, regular exercise, and diet. Frequency, mean, SD, chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression using SAS version 9.1 were used to analyze data. Results: Smoking, drinking and regular exercise rates were not different by job stress level in male or female workers. Only regular diet was significantly different by job stress level in male and female workers. From multivariate analysis, the alcohol consumption rates for female workers differed by marital status. Regular exercise rate was significantly related to age for male workers and type of employment for female workers. After adjusting for demographic and work-related characteristics, regular diet significantly differed by shift work for male workers and marital status and shift work for female workers. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that nursing interventions should be developed to manage job stress to improve diet habits for male and female workers in large-sized companies.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.67-79
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• 2007

Objectives : The Purposes of this study were to investigate payment system for oriental medical treatment as supplier of medical services, and to estimate reasonable levels of medical fee. Methods : This study made these following results by reviewing the answers which were given by 172 Korea traditional doctors from March 1 to April 15, 2006. Results : General satisfaction of payment system for oriental health insurance was $2.17{\pm}1.01$ $(mean{\pm}SD)$ on a 1-7 scale (median 4) as very low level. Reasonable medical fees which were answered by 172 Korea traditional doctor are higher than present fees, thus Korea traditional doctors think that present fees should be increased. And according to the survey, current insurance fees have a problem of disparity between each treatment fee. Conclusions : According to results of this study, current fees of oriental medical treatment are not rational. And this problem leads to distortion of medical treatment. Additional studies in thls field are needed.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.460-468
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between adolescents' internet addiction and mental health. Methods: The Internet addiction level was measured with K-Scale developed for Korean adolescents by Korea Agency Digital Opportunity & Promotion (2006) and the mental health level was measured with SCL-90-R developed by Derogatis (1977) and adapted for Korean adolescents by Kim, Kim. & Won (1984). Collected data was analyzed by the mean${\pm}$SD, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient (SPSS 12.0) Results: 1. The Internet addiction level appeared to be 'Addiction' in 19%, 'Latency addiction' in 27% and 'Normal' in 54%. 2. The Internet addiction level was different according to sex, use, frequency and using time per day. The mental health level was different according to grade, sex, the father's education, the mother's education, frequency and using time per day. 3. The correlation between Internet addiction and mental health was found significant. Conclusion: The Internet addiction level was confirmed to have an influence on mental health. We offered basis data for preventing and treating Internet addiction in adolescents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.385-394
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to stimulate the satisfaction on food color sensitivity through objectifying the color sensitivities on customer's foods. The preference analysis on food sensitivity adjectives is measured on 5-point scale by preferring degree on each adjectives. And it is calculated on the sensitivities for the SD method that is used for finding whether it is strong or not on food image stimulus which was photographed on the 8 restaurants in Seoul. We found the outcome as follows. The most preferred sensitivity adjective is 'cleanness', and the worst preferred one is 'unshapliness'. It is differed on genders by $95\%$ confidence interval. The attractiveness, simplicity, richness, comfort and elegance are derived from the result of factor analysis for food color sensitivity. The yellow or orange color foods are main one for the simplicity and comfort. The orange color food are fit on richness and elegance factor, and it will be most effective if choosing the color more similar to brown one.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.357-375
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find out methods to control, regulate and prevent sexual violence and provide guidelines for sex education in middle school. This study was conducted to examine factors in relation to sexuality, attitudes toward women, experience of sexual contact, frequencies and kinds of pornography with which they had contact, and sex education. For the data collection, a survey was conducted from September 25 to October 1, 1997 by using prepared questionnaires. Questionnaires were given to 503 students from three different kinds of middle schools in Seoul, Boys, Girls, and Coeducation schools. The data analyses used a PC-SAS. Each item was examined by frequencies and percentage. To compare Boys with Girls, I applied a T-test. In addition, with the kinds of school type, I applied anANOVA, ${\chi}^2$. Moreover, For investigating and analyzing each category, I categorized knowledge and attitude of sexuality, with precautionary measures of sexual violence. After that I applied T-test, ANOVA, and a Pearson's correlation for each category. The instruments of this study consisted of 9 domains. (1) General characteristics of the respondents (2) 9 questions about the interaction between he/she and his/her parent. (3) 12 questions, concerning A Scale for Attitudes of Adolescents Toward women(AWSA). (4) 26 questions related to sexual knowledge. (5) 25 questions about sexual attitude (6) strategies for prevention of sexual violence-33 questions (7) 5 questions related to sexual behavior (8) the experience of contact with pronography. (9) the experience of sex-education. The major results were summarized as follows; 1. Like many researches, This study shows that the girls are more eqalitarian than boys. The girls mean ($40.90{\pm}3.67$) is significantly higher than boys ($34.72{\pm}3.77$). Most Koreans have believed that there are many differences between men's roles and women's ones, because of confucianism which had been implied in most thought and ideas since the Lee dynasty. Therefore, the result is not surprising at all. 2. Most students answered correctly the questions of sexual knowledge. The girl's score was higher ($Mean{\pm}SD$ : $48.88{\pm}2.39$) than the boys' ($Mean{\pm}SD$ : $46.95{\pm}3.90$)(p 0.001). Nevertheless, the hypothesis that sexual knowledge influences sexual attitude and its behavior was rejected. 3. When twenty-five questions were asked about sexual attitude, the girl students investigated were found to have a more propre sexual attitude than that of the boys. A significant difference was found between boys and girls(p=0.001). The result shows that a person who has more experience in viewing pornography and who smokes will have a more distorted view of sexuality. 4. There are many students who have experienced of sexual contact. They need to take a sex education program about contraception and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Systematic and concrete sex education is one way to lead them to proper sexual behavior. 5. Most respondents rejected stereotyped attitudes towards women. Boys, however, were more likely to accept stereotypes of Women. The girl's mean($Mean{\pm}SD$ : $40.90{\pm}3.67$) is higher than the boys($Mean{\pm}SD$ : $34.72{\pm}3.77$)(p=0.0001). 6. Many boys ignored the rules for prevention of sexual violence. A boy or a girl who has more experience of sexual contact over kiss and sex-typed neglected the rules, too(p=0.001). Today, there is increasing juvenile delinquency related to sexuality. This study provided the basic material for a preventive education system. I believe that a systematic and concrete sex education system can be helpful for adolescents and promote their responsibility as well as cultivate morality about sexuality. As a result, juvenile delinquency can be decreased. This study is basically aimed to provide information for a prevenative education system of sexual violence. Further research is recommended to evaluate programs in schools.

• International Journal of Vascular Biomedical Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 2006

Background: Pulse wave velocity (PWV), which is inversely related to the distensibility of an arterial wall, offers a simple and potentially useful approach for an evaluation of cardiovascular diseases. In spite of the clinical importance and widespread use of PWV, there exist no standard either for pulse sensors or for system requirements for accurate pulse wave measurement. Objective of this study was to assess the reproducibility of PWV values using a newly developed PWV measurement system in healthy subjects prior to a large-scale clinical study. Methods: System used for the study was the PP-1000 (Hanbyul Meditech Co., Korea), which provides regional PWV values based on the measurements of electrocardiography (ECG), phonocardiography (PCG), and pulse waves from four different sites of arteries (carotid, femoral, radial, and dorsalis pedis) simultaneously. Seventeen healthy male subjects with a mean age of 33 years (ranges 22 to 52 years) without any cardiovascular disease were participated for the experiment. Two observers (observer A and B) performed two consecutive measurements from the same subject in a random order. For an evaluation of system reproducibility, two analyses (within-observer and between-observer) were performed, and expressed in terms of mean difference ${\pm}2SD$, as described by Bland and Altman plots. Results: Mean and SD of PWVs for aorta, arm, and leg were $7.07{\pm}1.48m/sec,\;8.43{\pm}1.14m/sec,\;and\;8.09{\pm}0.98m/sec$ measured from observer A and $6.76{\pm}1.00m/sec,\;7.97{\pm}0.80m/sec,\;and\;\7.97{\pm}0.72m/sec$ from observer B, respectively. Between-observer differences ($mean{\pm}2SD$) for aorta, arm, and leg were $0.14{\pm\}0.62m/sec,\;0.18{\pm\}0.84m/sec,\;and\;0.07{\pm}0.86m/sec$, and the correlation coefficients were high especially 0.93 for aortic PWV. Within-observer differences ($mean{\pm}2SD$) for aorta, arm, and leg were $0.01{\pm}0.26m/sec,\;0.02{\pm}0.26m/sec,\;and\;0.08{\pm}0.32m/sec$ from observer A and $0.01{\pm}0.24m/sec,\;0.04{\pm}0.28m/sec,\;and\;0.01{\pm}0.20m/sec$ from observer B, respectively. All the measurements showed significantly high correlation coefficients ranges from 0.94 to 0.99. Conclusion: PWV measurement system used for the study offers comfortable and simple operation and provides accurate analysis results with high reproducibility. Since the reproducibility of the measurement is critical for the diagnosis in clinical use, it is necessary to provide an accurate algorithm for the detection of additional features such as flow wave, reflection wave, and dicrotic notch from a pulse waveform. This study will be extended for the comparison of PWV values from patients with various vascular risks for clinical application. Data acquired from the study could be used for the determination of the appropriate sample size for further studies relating various types of arteriosclerosis-related vascular disease.