• Korea Trade Review
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.111-130
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• 2018

In December 2015, the Paris Agreement was adopted to cope with global warming caused by greenhouse gas emission and to prevent the average temperature of the Earth from rising. Renewable energy sources have become important to address environmental problems such as rising sea levels, depletion of forests and fine dust. In order to grow renewable energy, government support is needed. However, excessive government support for the renewable energy industry could pose problems that include undermining fair competition and raising costs. The WTO already has heard cases involving renewable energy subsidies. This article focuses on subsidies and countervailing tariffs as well as examines WTO disputes related to renewable subsidies, and also analyze legal issues that are problematic in granting subsidies for the development of new renewable energy industries. In WTO dispute involving renewable energy subsidies, legal issues are SCM Agreement article 2 Specificity, article 3 (b) import substitution subsidy and GATT article 20. This paper proposes improvement measures such as the reintroduction of article 8 Non-Actionable Subsidies or special provisions on energy subsidy. In addition, it is necessary to clarify the interpretation of Article 3 of the subsidy agreement. However, excessive government subsidies can lead to trade friction, so the WTO rules should be improved in line with the WTO goals of environmental protection, equity in free trade, and sustainable development.

• Proceedings of the Korean DIstribution Association Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.29-51
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• 2005

Brands are important in the consumer market. They are the interface between consumers and the company, consumers may develop loyalty to brands. also, The late development of industrial marketing explains the near absence of research on Brand Equity in business to business. With recent change, industrial companies have shifted from a production focus to a customer focus. industrial brand is fast developing. The basic purpose of this study is to investigate industrial brand trust and loyalty affecting the Result of business relationship between industrial buyers and suppliers. Factors hypothesized to influence trust in a brand include a number of brand characteristics, company characteristics and consumer-brand characteristics. This research presented a comprehensive constructive model consisting of components of industrial brand trust and loyalty, and then propose the research model base on prior researches and studies about relationships among components of industrial brand loyalty. Data were gathered from respondents who work in industrial buying center. For this study, Data were analyzed by SPSS 10.0 and AMOS 4.0. The results of this research analysis were as fallow. Industrial brand trust and loyalty were positively related with a number of industrial brand characteristics, supplier characteristics and buyer-brand characteristics. relationship commitment. This research newly proposed the concept of 'industrial brand trust and loyalty affecting the Result of business relationship between industrial buyers and suppliers'

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.117-128
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• 2021

In order for the users (shipping firms and shippers) and suppliers (stevedoring firms) in the container terminal industry to win-win, it is necessary to have some appropriate diverse market conditions for the industry. This study analyses the basic conditions and demand and supply characteristics of the industry and investigates the market performance of Busan container ports. First, this article analyses the basic characteristics of demand and supply. As the demand characteristics, there are five ones such as 1) exogeneity of demand, 2) function as export/import transportation and hub for transshipment, 3) increase of users' bargaining power, 4) high substituting elasticity, 5) reduction of volume growth. As the supply characteristics, there are seven ones such as 1) inelasticity of supply, 2) homogeneity of stevedoring services, 3) over-supply, 4) adoption of cutting-edge stevedoring technology, 5) scale economy and impossibility of storage, 6) labor market rigidity, 7) enhancing port's role in SCM. In addition, this study conducts the so-called structure-conduct-performance analysis. For the structure analysis, 1) lacks of scale economy in stevedoring companies, 2) high entry barrier, 3) strengthening of shipping firms' bargaining power, 4) transitory permission scheme for tariff are analyzed. For the conduct analysis, 1) price discrimination between export/import and transshipment, 2) mid-term length of terminal use contract, 3) continuous investment in equipment, 4) low level of cooperation among terminal operating firms are derived. For the performance analysis, 1) inequality in profitability, 2) reduction of export/import cost, 3) delay in adopting cutting-edge technology, 4) idle equipment are analyzed. Following this logical flow, the hypothesis that the market structure influences the market conduct is tested based on the actual dataset. As a future agenda in the conclusion, this article recommends the so-called port industrial policy.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.3-29
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• 2016

Recently, the market size of the global electronic-commerce is rapidly growing. The global market size of an overseas direct-purchase is expected to reach 1 trillion won by 2020. This study intends to determine the decision making factors of B2B overseas direct-purchase(DP) and reverse direct-purchase(RDP), and the impact on the vitalization of the small to middle-sized companies'(SMC) overseas DP and RDP. Ultimately, the purpose of this study is to provide a policy insight on the expansion of exports by SMC. For this, we determined the necessary elements for getting good results by Korean SCM in the overseas DP and RDP market through a preceding research based on resource-based theory and industry structure theory. Afterwards, we used the multiple regression model for positive analysis of the survey documents. We were able to confirm through analysis that the company information, logistics delivery, customs process, law and regulations have positive effects on the overseas DP and RDP. This study surveyed the entire overseas DP market, rather than focusing on the cases of harm and responses of the overseas DP, which was the topic for the preceding research, and can be differentiated from the previous study by deducting influence factors for the Korean SMC to succeed in the overseas DP and RDP market. Moreover, the results of this study is meaningful in proposing a strategic direction for the SMC participating in the overseas DP market and the government enacting policies.

• IE interfaces
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.241-254
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• 2012

This paper studies the relationship between SCM(Supply Chain Management) metrics and corporate value (Tobin's Q) for manufacturing and wholesale/retail firms in Korea. Specifically, the multiple regression analysis is used to investigate the relationships 1) between inventory level, inventory turns, and days of inventory and Tobin's Q and 2) between cash-to-cash (C2C) cycle time including its components such as days of inventory, days sales outstanding, and days payable outstanding and Tobin's Q. The results indicate that there exist statistically significant negative relationships between inventory levels and days of inventory (DOI) and Tobin's Q. Also, we found that there exist commonly known negative correlations between days of raw materials inventory and days of work in process (WIP) inventory and Tobin's Q. For the C2C cycle time, we found that there -exists a statistically significant negative relationship between the C2C cycle time and Tobin's Q. Also, we found that there exist commonly known correlations between the two components of C2C cycle time and Tobin's Q such as the negative for DOI and days sales outstanding. This study clearly shows the negative relationship in general between inventory levels and corporate value and between C2C time and corporate value, and this kind of result has not been found by previous studies in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Industrial Systems Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.369-392
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• 2003

최근 물류환경의 변화로 제품의 신속한 수송과 고객 지향적 물류서비스 제공의 극대화를 꾀하려는 기업들은 제3자 물류의 활용에 커다란 관심을 가지게 되었다. 기업이 제3자 물류업체 활용을 통한 성과를 높이기 위해서는 고객서비스의 향상, 물류관련 비용의 절감 및 물류활동에 대한 운영효율의 향상을 수행할 수 있는 물류업체를 선정하는 것이 중요하다 할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 제3자 물류업체 선정과 관련한 주요 선행연구의 종합적인 고찰을 통하여, 제3자 물류업체 선정에 대한 평가기준들을 도출하였다. 선정을 위한 기준으로 비용, 물류서비스, 업체평가, 정보시스템의 4가지 항목으로 나누었고, 이를 계층화하여 AHP기법을 통하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 상위기준의 상대적 중요도는 물류서비스가 0.425로 가장 높게 나타났고, 비용(0.232), 정보시스템(0.224), 업체평가(0.120) 순으로 나타났다. 비용의 항목에 포함되어 있는 하위기준의 중요도는 경제성이 0.710, 안정성이 0.290으로 나타났다. 물류서비스 항목에 포함되어 있는 하위기준의 중요도는 신뢰성이 0.780, 유연성이 0.220로 나타났다. 업체평가 항목에 포함되어 있는 하위기준의 중요도는 기업역량이 0.507, 관계지향성이 0.493로 나타났다. 정보시스템 항목에 포함되어있는 하위기준의 중요도는 정보인프라가 0.471, 정보활용도는 0.529로 나타났다. 분석에 있어 추가적으로 학계와 실무계 전문가 집단으로 나누어 그 중요도를 산출하였는데, 학계 전문가 집단과 실무계 전문가 집단 모두 상위기준에 있어 물류서비스가 가장 높게 나타났다. 주목할만한 점은 학계 전문가 집단의 경우 정보시스템이 비용보다 더 높게 나타난 반면에, 실무계 전문가 집단은 비용이 정보시스템 보다 더 높게 나타났다는 것이다.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 1997

고분자 Polyimide (PI) film 표면을 반응성 가스 분위기에서 1KeV의 에너지를 가지 는 여러 종류의 이온빔으로 조사하여 표면을 개질하였다. PI표면의 친수성과 표면에너지를 측정하기 위해 접촉각 측정기를 사용하였으며 개질 된 표면의 화학적 변화를 측정하기 위해 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)를 사용하였다. 표면 개질을 위한 이온조사량은 5 $\times$1014 -1$\times$1017 ions/cm2이며 반응가스는 0-8scm까지 변화시켰다. 아르곤 이온빔으로 표면 개질시에는 67。에서 40。까지 감소하였고 표면에너지는 46 dyne/cm에서 64dyne/cm까지 증가하였다. 산소를 6sccm 주입하면서 산소 이온빔으로 표면 개질시 물과의 접촉각은 67。 에서 최대 12。까지 감소하였으며 표면에너지는 46dyne/cm에서 72dyne/cm까지 증가하였고 이때의 이온조사량은 5$\times$1014 -1$\times$1017 ions/cm2 이였다. 여러 종류의 반응성 가스와 이온을 사용하여 개질하여 본 결과 산소분위기에서 산소 이온을 이용하여 개질 하였을 때 접촉각이 8。인 표면을 얻을수 있었다, 산소분위기에서 아르곤 이온빔으로 1$\times$1017 ions/cm2 의 이온 조사량으로 개질 된 Pi 시료를 대기 중에 보관하였을 때에는 110시간 후 65。로 증가하였고 물속에서 보관하였을 때에는 46。로 증가하였다. 그러나 산소 이온빔에 산소분위기에서 개 질 된 시료의 경우 물속에 보관할 경우 접촉강의 증가없이 일정한 값을 나타내었다. 이온조 사로 개질된 시료의 화학적 변화를 확인하기 위하여 XPS 사용하였다. 표면 개질 전의 PI 시료와 산소 분위기에서 1$\times$1017 ions/cm2의 아르곤 이온빔으로 개질한 XPS peak 결과로 보아 Cls의 spectra를 보면 C-C, C-N 그리고 C=O의 결합들은 intensity가 감소하였고 C-O 의 intensity는 증가하였다. Nls peak로 보아 imide N 성분은 이온빔의 조사로 인하여 감소 하였고 C-O의 intensity는 증가하였다. Nls peakk로 보아 imide N성분은 이온빔의조사로 감소하였고 Ols peak로 보아 C-O는 증가하였고 C=O는 약간의 감소가 나타났다. 또한 이온 보조 반응법을 이용하여 처리한 시료의 경우 접착력이 증가하는데 이는 주로 C-O 결합의 산소와 Cu와의 상호작요에 의한 것임을 알수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.77-88
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• 2021

The development history of China's big data is relatively short, and it has only been ten years so far. Although the application level of big data in real life is not high, some achievements have been made in the supply chain. Various kinds of data will be generated in the actual operation of the supply chain. If these data can be effectively classified and used, the "bullwhip effect" of the operation of the supply chain can be also effectively improved. Thus this paper proposes the development of a supply chain collaborative inventory management model and application framework using big data. In this study, we analyzed the supply chain of beer industry, which is the most prominent consumption industry with "bullwhip effect", and further established a big data collaborative inventory management model for the supply chain of beer industry based on system dynamics. We used the Vensim software for simulation and sensitivity test and after appling our model, we found that the inventory fluctuations of the participants in the beer industry supply chain became significantly smaller, which verified the effectiveness of the model. Our study can be also applied to the possible problems of the large data supply chain collaborative inventory management model, and gives certain countermeasures and suggestions.

• Korean small business review
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.79-105
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• 2020

While individual enterprises with different objectives each other within supply chains require a variety of resources to achieve their own seeking goals and performances, it is necessary to form interdependent relationships among the enterprises to secure the resources what they need, as the individual enterprises are supposed to have limitations on such as time, space and cost to secure all the resources. In this process, conflict possibilities rise and opportunistic behaviors increase due to those environmental factors such as unbalanced information among enterprises, limited rationality, pursuit of interests, and risk aversion. Those existing studies on conflicts in the field of supply chains have limitations in that they failed to present specific conflict management strategies based on the conflict types from the perspective of the conflict resolution mechanism as the studies have made only focused on investigating the causes of conflicts and the impact of conflicts on performance. In this study, therefore, it used the TKI model of Kilmann and Thomas(1977) to subdivide the conflict management strategies in the process of transactions within supply chains by enterprises, and looked into the impact on partnership and performance according to each strategy. As the results, it showed that those types of conflict management strategies such as concession type and cooperation type had a positive(+) impact on the relationship commitment as a factor of partnership, and it was identified that the relationship commitment had a positive(+) impact on performance. In other words, it can be considered that the enterprises making use of the concession type & the cooperation type conflict management strategies under the situation of conflict would be able to have a very positive impact on their performances if they can make good relationship commitment such as investments in and efforts for the sustainable relationship along with the conflict management, while recognizing the importance of relationship. The most important meaning of this study lies on in terms of that it would be contributable to strengthening the partnership between enterprises and minimizing the risk of supply chains caused by conflicts through these results from the study.

• Journal of Venture Innovation
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2018

The 4th Industrial Revolution is making a big change for our company like the tsunami. The CPS system, which is represented by the digital age, is based on the data accumulated in the physical domain and is making business that was not imagined in the past through digital technology. As a result, the business model of the 4th Industrial Revolution era is different from the previous one. In this study, we analyze the trends and the issues of business innovation theory research. Then, the business innovation model of the digital age was compared with the previous period. Based on this, we have searched for a business model suitable for the 4th Industrial Revolution era. The existing business models have many difficulties to explain the model of the digital era. Even though more empirical research should be supported, Michael Porter's diamond model is most suitable for four cases of business models by applying them. Type A sharing outcome with customer is a model that pay differently according to the basis of customer performance. Type B Value Chain Digitalization model provides products and services to customers with faster and lower cost by digitalizing products, services and SCM. Type C Digital Platform is the model that brings the biggest ripple effect. It is a model that can secure profitability by creating new market by creating the sharing economy based on digital platform. Finally, Type D Sharing Resources is a model for building a competitive advantage model by collaborating with partners in related industries. This is the most effective way to complement each other's core competencies and their core competencies. Even though numerous Unicorn companies have differentiated digital competitiveness with many digital technologies in their respective industries in the 4th Industrial Revolution era, there is a limit to the number of pieces to be listed. In future research, it is necessary to identify the business model of the digital age through more specific empirical analysis. In addition, since digital business models may be different in each industry, it is also necessary to conduct comparative analysis between industries