• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.49-56
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• 2001

The techniques to make assessment of the structural integrity of underground structures include Infrared thermagraphy, GPR using the reflection of the electromagnetic wave, ultrasonic test, seismic methods using the propagation of elastic wave, and etc These methods have pros and cons in the assessment of the structural integrity in the complex environment of the underground structure, so that a single method alone is not enough to evaluate parameters required for the assessment. In this study, a new seismic method was proposed to improve the existing methods and to provide an additional information like stiffness of concrete. The proposed method combines the advantages of the modified impact-echo test and the SASW method. To verify the validity of the proposed method, a large scale model of a tunnel concrete liner was built and the proposed method was applied to the center of the model and also to the corner of the model which has several distinct reflection boundaries.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.111-122
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• 1997

The calculation of phase velocities in Spectral-Analysis -of-Surface -Waves (SASW) meas urements requires unwrapping phase angles. In case of layered systems with strong stiffness contrast like a pavement system, conventional phase unwrapping algorithm to add in teger multiples of 2n to the principal value of a phase angle may lead to wrong phase volocities. This is because there is difficulty in counting the number of jumps in the phase spectrum especially at the receiver spacing where the measurements are in the transition Bone of defferent modes. A new phase interpretation scheme, called "Impulse Response Fil traction ( IRF) Technique," is proposed, which is based on the separation of wave groups by the filtration of the impulse response determinded between two receivers. The separation of a wave group is based on the impulse response filtered by using information from Gabor spectrogram, which visualizes the propagation of wave groups at the frequency -time space. The filtered impulse response leads to clear interpretation of phase spectrum, which eliminates difficulty in counting number of jumps in the phase spectrum. Verification of the IRF technique was performed by theoretical simulation of the SASW measurement on a pavement system which complicates wave propagation.opagation.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2001

현장지반의 최대전단탄성계수를 신속하고 합리적으로 구할 수 있는 표면파기법에 대해 유한요소법을 이용하여 시뮬레이션 할 경우 적용할 수 있는 효율적인 해석조건에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구결과 파의 전파형상을 효율적으로 묘사하기 위하여는 관심 있는 최소 파장에 대한 유한요소 크기의 비가 매우 중요한 요소임을 확인하였고, 데이터의 측정시간간격도 중요한 요소임을 확인하였다. 또한, 유한요소해석을 이용하여 얻은 반무한체 시스템과 2층 시스템의 분산곡선과 이론적 분산곡선이 비교적 잘 일치함을 볼 수 있었다. 따라서, 유한요소해석을 적절히 적용하는 경우에 표면파기법을 효과적으로 시뮬레이션 할 수 없음을 확인하였다. 현장지반의 최대전단탄성계수를 신속하고 합리적으로 구할 수 있는 표면파기법에 대해 유한요소법을 이용하여 시뮬레이션 할 경우 적용할 수 있는 효율적인 해석조건에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구결과 파의 전파형상을 효율적으로 묘사하기 위하여는 관심 있는 최소 파장에 대한 유한요소 크기의 비가 매우 중요한 요소임을 확인하였고, 데이터의 측정시간간격도 중요한 요소임을 확인하였다. 또한, 유한요소해석을 이용하여 얻은 반무한체 시스템과 2층 시스템의 분산곡선과 이론적 분산곡선이 비교적 잘 일치함을 볼 수 있었다. 따라서, 유한요소해석을 적절히 적용하는 경우에 표면파기법을 효과적으로 시뮬레이션 할 수 없음을 확인하였다.

• KCI Concrete Journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.10-18
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• 2001

The spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method, which is an in-situ seismic technique, has mainly been developed and used for many years to determine the stiffness profile of layered media (such as asphalt concrete and layered soils) in an infinite half-space. This paper presents a modified experimental technique for nondestructive evaluation of in-place cement mortar compressive strength in single-layer concrete slabs of rather a finite thickness through a correlation to surface wave velocity. This correlation can be used in the quality control of early age cement mortar structures and in evaluating the integrity of structural members where the infinite half space condition is not met. In the proposed SASW field test, the surface of the structural members is subjected to an impact, using a 12 mm steel ball, to generate surface wave energy at various frequencies. Two accelerometer receivers detect the energy transmitted through the medium. By digitizing the analog receiver outputs, and recording the signals for spectral analysis, surface wave velocities can be identified. Modifications to the SASW method includes the reduction of boundary reflections as adopted on the surface waves before the point where the reflected compression waves reach the receivers. In this study, the correlation between the surface wave velocity and the compressive strength of cement mortar is developed using one 36"x36"x4"(91.44$\times$91.44$\times$91.44 cm) cement mortar slab of 2,000 psi (140 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$) and two 36"x36"x4"(91.44$\times$91.44$\times$91.44 cm) cement mortar slabs of 3,000 psi (210 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$).

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 1999

In order to assess the quality and depth of ground densification by compaction, SPT and/or CPT are performed before and after compaction. Both methods are intrusive and one point tests, require a substantial time to evaluate a large area, and their results are quite dependent on the operation technique and soil type. In this paper, the quality and extent of ground densification by compaction was evaluated by using in situ SASW test and laboratory resonant column (RC) test results. SASW test was used to determine the shear wave velocity profiles before and after compaction, and RC test was adopted to determine the correlation between the normalized shear wave velocity and the density of the site, which is almost uniquely independent of confinement. Testing and data reduction procedures of both tests were discussed, and a simplified evaluation procedure of ground densification was proposed. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method was verified by performing field study at Inchon International Airport Project. Field densities determined by the proposed method matched well with those determined by sand cone tests.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.504-512
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• 2003

Simulation programs have been developed and used as an attempt to improve the accuracy of Non-Destructive Evaluation(NDE) techniques. The applicability of these programs is very limited, however, because it is difficult to describe the delicacy of the propagation of stress waves. To investigate the applicability of the finite element analysis for stress wave-based NDE techniques numerical simulation for Impact-Echo method and SASW method is performed. The numerical studies are performed to determine the essential parameters such as contact time of impact load, mesh size and time step size. These studies show that the choice of parameter is very important for improving the accuracy and confidence of the numerical procedure and, thereby, the applicability of the numerical analysis for stress wave-based NDE techniques

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.209-218
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• 2009

In this study, properties of shear wave velocity of core zone in filldams are analyzed. Shear wave velocity is derived using analysis of surface wave method that can be used nondestructively on the surface of filldams. These values are acquired through the tests for the core zone of six filldams by SASW and HWAW methods. Existing 2 more results are added. Shear wave velocity according to the depth and confining pressure are estimated, respectively. These analytical results are compared with the frequently used empirical method by Sawada and Takahashi.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.101-106
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• 2008

It is very important to measure reliable properties of each zones in dam for seismic design. But, rock-fill zone which have 80% of total volume and support maintenance mainly during earthquake has little property by field test and seismic design was performed using assumed value. So, it is required that reliable properties have to be evaluated by in-situ test. In this study, surface wave method, which is nondestructive such as SASW and HWAW, was applied to dam to evaluate rock-fill zone of dam. In 2 dams, Vs profiles were evaluated reliably and possibility of suggestion of D/B was verified.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.51-59
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• 2004

The evaluation of shear modulus is very important in various fields of civil engineering. In this paper, the site characterization method using HWAW method is applied to determine shear wave velocity profile of two test sites in order to verify the field applicability of HWAW method. Shear wave velocity profiles by HWAW method are compared with shear wave velocity profiles by SASW test and PS-Suspension Logging test. Through field applications, it is shown that HWAW method can minimize the effect of noise and lateral non-homogeneity of the site and determine detailed local shear wave velocity profile of site.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.1C
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• pp.45-51
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• 2010

In urban area, design and construction of civil engineering structures such as subway tunnel, underground space and deep excavation is impeded by unreliable site investigation. Variety of embedded objects, electric noises and traffic vibrations degrades the quality of site investigation, whatever the site-investigation technique would be. In this research, a preliminary research was performed to develop a dedicated site investigation technique for urban geotechnical sites, which can overcome the limitations of urban sites. HiRAS (Hybrid Integration of Surface Waves and Resistivity) technique which is the first outcome of the preliminary research was proposed in this paper. The technique combines surface wave as well as electrical resistivity. CapSASW method for surface-wave technique and PDC-R technique for electrical resistivity survey were incorporated to develop HiRAS technique. CapSASW method is a good method for evaluating material stiffness and PDC-R technique is a reliable method for determination of underground stratification even in a site with electrical noise. For the inversion analysis of HiRAS techniuqe, a site-specific relationship between stress-wave velocity and resistivity was employed. As for outgrowth of this research, the 2-D distribution of Poisson's ratio could be also determined.