• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 2018

Red and blue lights are effective wavelengths for photosynthesis in plants. In this study, we determined the effects of various combined ratios of red to blue LEDs on the quality of cherry tomato seedlings prior to transplantation, and their subsequent effects on the yield and quality of tomato fruits after transplanting. Two-week-old cherry tomato seedlings (Solanum lycopersicum cv. 'Cuty') were cultivated under various combined ratios of red (R; peak wavelength 655 nm) to blue (B; 456 nm) LEDs [red:blue = 41:59 (59B), 53:47 (47B), 65:35 (35B), 74:26 (26B), 87:13 (13B), or 100:0 (0B)] and fluorescent lamps and raised for 27 days. The cherry tomato seedlings were subsequently transplanted into a venlo-type greenhouse and cultivated for 75 days. At the seedling stage, the shoot fresh weight of seedlings in all RB combined treatments, except 0B and 59B, was higher than that of the control after 27 days of LED treatment. Shoot dry weight and leaf area also showed trends similar to that of shoot fresh weight. The stem length was significantly higher in 13B, 26B, and 35B treatments compared with the control and other treatments. In particular, the stem length of 26B plants was approximately 3.2 times longer than that of 59B plants. At 37 days after transplanting, the number of nodes was significantly higher in 26B and 47B plants, and the plant height of 26B plants was significantly higher than that of control and 59B plants. Total fruit yield in 26B plants, which was the highest, was approximately 1.6 and 1.8 times higher than that in control and 59B plants, respectively. Thus, the results of this study indicate that various combined ratios of red to blue LEDs directly affected to the growth of cherry tomato seedlings and may also affect parameters of reproductive growth such as fruit yield after transplantation.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.127-139
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• 2017

In recent 10 years the attention to social entrepreneurship has raised increasing among scholars, public sector, and community development. However less research has been conducted on how social entrepreneurship intention create a social enterprise and what factors can be affected to the social entrepreneurial intentions. This paper aims at contributing to identify the antecedents of entrepreneurial behavior and intentions. Especially, we have had a strong interests in compassion factors which haven't been used as important variables to encourage for people to do social entrepreneurial activities. Also, we try to find the moral obligation and perceived social support as antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions. Finding show that compassion and moral obligation affect to the social entrepreneurial intention. Especially this study identify the external factor of society with the variable, perceived social support. Once individuals recognize that the infrastructure and societal positive mood on social entrepreneurship is friendly to social entrepreneurship, people have a tendency to try to do some social entrepreneurial activities. Only few empirical studies exist in this research domain. A study of more than 271 Korean college students has studied which personal traits predict certain characteristics of social entrepreneurs (such as having social vision or looking for social innovational opportunities). In addition to those antecedents, students experience is the critical factor that enabled continued expansion of the social entrepreneurial activities. The results of this research show how we can nurture social entrepreneurs and how we can develop the social environment to promote social entrepreneurship.

• Composites Research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.71-78
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• 1999

To determine the effect of chemical structure of linear amine curing agents on thermal and mechanical properties, standard epoxy resin DGEBA was cured with diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM), diaminodiphenyl sulphone (DDS) in a stoichiometrically equivalent ratio. From this work, the effect of aromatic amine curing agents. In contrast, the results show that the DGEBA/DDS cure system having the sulfone structure between the benzene rings had higher values in the conversion of epoxide, density, shrinkage (%), glass transition temperature, tensile modulus and strength, flexural modulus and strength than the DGEBA/DDM cure system having methylene structure between the benzene rings, whereas the DGEBA/DDM cure system presented higher values in the maximum exothermic temperature, thermal expansion coefficient, and thermal stability. These results are caused by the relative effects of sulfone group having strong electronegativity and methylene group having (+) repulsive property and stem from the effect of the conversion ratio of epoxide group. The result of fractography shows that the each grain size of the DDM/DGEBA system with feather-like structure is larger than that of the DDS/DGEBA system.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.330-340
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• 2014

Coprinellus micaceus, belongs to family Psathyrellaceae of Agaricales, Basidiomycota, has been used for edible purposes in the world. This study was initiated to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-cholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, and nitric oxide inhibitory activities of fruiting bodies from C. micaceus extracted with methanol and hot water. The HPLC analysis of phenolic compounds from the mushroom extracts identified 4 phenolic compounds including procatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and naringin. In 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the scavenging activities of methanol and hot water extracts were lower than that of positive control, BHT. The chelating effects of methanol and hot water extracts were significantly higher than that of BHT, the positive control at the all concentrations tested. In the reducing power assay, methanol and hot water extracts exhibited the lower activities compared with positive control at the 0.125-0.2 mg/ml. The methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity by 62.26% and 67.59%, respectively at the 2.0 mg/ml, while acarbose, the positive control, inhibited the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity by 81.81% at the same concentration. In the acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitory activity assay, methanol and hot water extracts of the mushroom inhibited the AChE by 94.64% and 74.19%, respectively at 1.0 mg/ml, whereas the galanthamine, standard drug, inhibited the AChE activity by 97.80% at the same concentration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of methanol and hot water extracts were 91.33% and 91.99% at 2.0 mg/ml, while the inhibitory activity of kojic acid, the positive control, was 99.61% at the same concentration. Nitric oxide(NO) production in lipopolysaccahride (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 cells were inhibited by the methanol and hot water extracts in a concentration dependent manner. Therefore, it is concluded that fruiting bodies of C. micaceus contained natural antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase substances which might be used for promoting human health.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the feeding effects of dietary supplementation of fermented spent mushroom substrates (F-SMS) from Pleurotus eryngii with Bacillus subtilis CS21 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on Hanwoo steers. The cellulase and xylanase producing bacteria, designated CS21, was isolated from freshly spent mushroom substrates from Pleurotus eryngii and used as probiotics to fermented spent mushroom substrates. Twenty Hanwoo steers were allocated into two feeding groups and assigned equally to two dietary treatments; Control (TMR) and TMR including 30% F-SMS (30% F-SMS TMR). Total gain and feed intake was significantly greater in the 30% F-SMS TMR than control (p<0.05), but carcass grades were not influenced by the experimental diets. Based on this study, fermented spent mushroom substrates from Pleurotus eryngii with B. subtilis CS21 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to use as an ingredient feed in TMR for Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2015

This study was carried out to characterize the chemical components of Flammulina velutipes during storage by different packaging film application for developing export winter mushroom to south east asia area. Changes of weight and growth rate from Flammulina velutipes were the lowest in testing packaging film at $15^{\circ}C$ among the films. The pH changes of Flammulina velutipesg was the highest in imported packaging film at $25^{\circ}C$. The changes of colors was measured by Hunter's color value, L value and yellowness (+b) were slightly decreased during storage. But the L value and yellowness (+b) were not affected by packaging films. Six organic acids were detected such as oxalic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, acetic acid and succinic acid. The content of total organic acids were increased by storage period.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2014

The primary objective of the present study is the characterization of the hybrids of monokaryon- monokaryon (mono-mono) crosses in mushroom breeding. We employed this technique for developing superior strains from Pleurotus species strains with 85 mono-mono intraspecific hybrids of 7 combinations between six Pleurotus ostreatus strains and one Pleurotus florida strain. In this study, the results of analysis on hybridization rate, nuclear DNA patterns, and colors and yields of fruit-bodies, are presented as follows. The crossability between mono-mono crossing ranges between 50 and 93.75%. The results of the analysis on the nuclear DNA patterns of 85 hybrid strains of mono-mono crosses share the nuclei of both parents, but their genetic similarities were predominated by either parent. The hybrid strain between P. florida and P. ostreatus showed patterns more similar to P. florida, while the hybrid strain between P. ostreatus and P. ostreatus either had patterns predominated by either parent strain. The fruiting body colors of the mono-mono crosses mostly had combined colors of both parents but showed the tendency of being more similar to that of either parent. 82% of the hybrid strain indicated similar fruiting body yields compared to both parent strains, while 0% was higher and 18% were lower than both parents. The present study was able to find out and suggest superior hybrid trains by identifying the nuclear DNA patterns of hybrids between Pleurotus species as well as the characteristics of their fruiting bodies. This study expects that the advantages of the mono-mono crossing are needs to be fully utilized in mushroom breeding and it is better to develop superior strains of Pleurotus species strains together with the mono-mono crossing.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.85-100
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• 1986

To evaluate the clinical and pathogenetic roles of TSH receptor antibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases, TBII were measured by TSH-radioreceptor assay methods in 352 patients with Graves' disease, 108 patients with other thyroid diseases and 69 normal persons. The normal range of TBII activity was less than 15%. The frequencies of detectable TBII in 169 patients with untreated Graves' disease, 31 patients with hyperthyroidism under treatment and 70 patients with euthyrodism under treatment were 92.4%, 87.1% and 54.3% respectively. However 12 (21.8%) out of 55 patients who have been in remission more than one year after discontinuation of antithyroid drugs treatment had detectable TBII activities in their sera. In 196 patients with untreated Graves' disease, the frequency of TBII increased by increasing size of goiter and the frequency of proptosis was significantly high in patients whose TBII activities were more than 60%. TBII activities were roughly correlated with total $T_3,\;T_4$ and free $T_4$ index but low $\gamma^2$ value(less than 0.1). In 67 patients with Graves' disease who were positive TBII before antithyroid drugs treatment, TBII activities began to decrease from the third months and it was converted to negative in 35.8% of patients at 12 months after treatment. There were no significant differences of the declining and disappearing rates of TBII activities between high dose and conventional dose groups. TBII activities were significantly increased initially (2-4 months) and then began to decrease from 5-9 months after $^{131}I$ treatment. There were two groups, one whose TBII activities decreased gradually and the other did not change untill 12 months after subtotal thyroidectomy. Although preoperative clinical and laboratory findings of both groups were not different, TBII activities of non-decreasing group were significantly higher than those of decreasing group$(74.6{\pm}18.6%\;vs\;39.2{\pm}15.2%;\;P<0.01)$. Thirty three(55.9%) out of 59 patients with Graves' disease relapsed within 1 year after discontinuation of antithyroid drugs. The positive rate of TBII at the end of antithyroid drug treatment in relapse group(n=33) was significantly higher than those in remission group (n=26) (63.6% vs 23.1%; P < 0.05). The mean value of TBII activities at the end of antithyroid drug treatment in relapse group was significantly elevated $(29.7{\pm}21.4%\;vs\;14.7{\pm}11.1%,\;P<0.05)$. Positive predictive value of TBII for relapse was 77.8%, which was not different from those of TRH nonresponsiveness(78.6%). The frequencies of detectable TBII in 68 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 10 patients with painless thyroiditis and 5 patients subacute thyroiditis were 14.7%, 20% and 0%, respectively. However in 25 patients with primary nongoitrous myxedema, 11 patients(44%) showed TBII activities in their sera. 9 out of 11 patients who had TBII activities in their sera showed high TBII activities(more than 70% binding inhibition) and their IgG concentrations showing 50% binding inhibition of $^{125}I-bTSH$ to the TSH receptor were ranges of 0.1-2.6 mg/dl. One patient who had high titer of TBII in her serum delivered a hypothyroid baby due to transplacental transfer of maternal TBII. These findings suggested that 1) TSH receptor antibodies are closely related to a pathogenetic factor of Graves' hyperthyroidism and of some patients with primary non-goitrous myxedema, 2) measurement of TSH receptor antibodies is helpful in evaluating the clinical outcome of patients with Graves' disease during antithyroid drug treatment and in predicting the neonatal transient hypothyroidism of baby delivered from primary myxedema patients. 3) there are 2 or more different types of TSH receptor antibodies in autoimmune thyroid diseases including one which stimulates thyroid by binding to the TSH receptor and another which blocks adenylate cyclase stimulation by TSH.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2010

Purpose: Intussusception is one of the most common causes of an acute abdomen in infancy. The majority of pediatric cases of intussusception are of the ileocolic type and usually idiopathic. Small bowel intussusception is rarely diagnosed in children, and few cases have been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical features and causes of small bowel intussusception in children. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiologic findings of 21 children with small bowel intussusception who were admitted to Seoul National University Children's Hospital between March 2005 and January 2010. Results: The clinical presentation of small bowel intussusception included abdominal pain or irritability (85%), vomiting (23%), fever (14%), bloody stools (14%), and abdominal masses (4%). Six patients required surgical management. Ultrasonography showed that the mean diameter of the lesions and mean thickness of the outer rims were 1.6${\pm}$0.7 and 1.7${\pm}$1.8 mm, respectively. Eleven lesions were located in the left abdominal or paraumbilical regions. Children who underwent surgical management were older than children with transient small bowel intussusception (mean age, 51 vs. 109 months). The mean diameter of the lesions and mean thickness of the outer rims were greater in the surgically-managed group. The location of intussusception was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Small bowel intussusception was spontaneously reduced in a large number of pediatric patients. However, sonographic demonstration of larger size, older age, and pathologic lead point warrant surgical intervention.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.3 s.54
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• pp.617-637
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• 1996

Occupational dermatosis is one of the most prevalent occupational disorders. However, the extent of the occupational dermatoses including incidences and prevalencies of each disease entity, and etiologic materials are not yet welt stated in Korea. Authors reviewed the literatures on the statistic data and reports on the occupational dermatoses, and surveyed on the occupational dermatoses in two factories, and surveyed the physicians responsible to the occupational dermatoses with formed questionnaire. The results are as follows; 1. Among medical journals published since 1964, there were 31 articles on the occupational dermatoses. Of 31 articles, 18 were case reports and all others were review articles. Of 18 case reports, 9 were epidemiologic survey. The Workers' Periodic Health Examinations revealed that prevalence of the occupational dermatoses was highest(4.36 per 10,000 workers) in 1974, but number of the cases reported were decreased sharply since 1978 with some tendency to increase since 1981. There were 2,240 reported cases of occupational dermatoses between 1966 and 1992, which is 1.90% of all the reported occupational diseases. Skin infection and injuries due to chemicals were most frequent and there were 6 cases of skin cancer. 2. In an epidemiological survey on the dermatoses among 995 workers in a metal product manufacturing factory and 225 workers in a coal chemical factory, there were 794 with dermatomycosis, 296 workers with acne, 130 workers with scar, 123 workers with deformity of toe nails. Scars, photosensitivity dermatitis, deformity of finger and toe nails, and acne were more prevalent in the metal product manufacturing factory(p<0.05). In the metal prouct manufacturing factory, workers treating organic solvents and oils had more dermatoses than those without treating the materials(p<0.05). On the skin patch performed on 16 workers in the metal product manufacturing factory, there were 8 cases of irritation dermatitis and 5 cases of contact dermatitis. Prevalence of contact dermatitis in the metal product manufacturing factory was 1.3%. 3. On the questionnaire survey, 34 dermatologists, 29 doctors of preventive medicine, and 22 family physician replied. The proportion of occupational etiology among all dermatoses assumed by the physicians were below 9%, and the most important occupational dermatosis in Korea was contact dermatitis. Main etiologic materials related to the occupational dermatosis were organic solvent, acid and alkali, and metals. The reason for the scarcity of report of occupational dermatoses were difficulty in diagnosis and physician's ignorance of the occupational etiology. They replied that to prevent the occupational dermatoses in the workplace, the use of protective devices was most important, and development of diagnostic criteria on the occupational dermatoses is urgent. Above results shows us that there is many workers with occupational dermatoses, but they are mostly unreported. Measures to prevent and manage the occupational dermatoses are not satisfactory at present. Hence, authors suggest measures for the precise diagnosis, report and prevention of the occupational dermatoses. a. Dermatologist, preventive physician, and industrial hygienist should work as a team to examine the high risk group and establish the preventive measures. b. Disease entities, diagnostic criteria of occupational dermatoses should be listed, criteria for the compensation and job fitting at recruitment should be established, and manual for the proper treatment and effective prevention of each occupational dermatosis should be developed. c. Patch test antigens against each occupational category should be developed and it should be available to any physicians responsible. d. To facilitate the diagnosis of occupational dermatoses by the doctors responsible for the Workersr Periodic Health Examination, development of standardized questionnaire, education on the techniques of the patch test, and cooperation with the dermatologist in diagnosis of occupational dermatoses is essential.