• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.568-584
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• 1994

Bacteria have been regarded as major etiolgic factors in root canal infections. Infected root canal flora from thirteen patients who had visited to conservative department of Wonkwang dental hospital were cultured on blood agar plates. Cultued microorganisms were isolated and identified with Gram stain and biochemical tests using Vitek Systems(BioMeriux, MO, USA); Antibiotic susceptibillity was performed with disk diffusion and broth microdilution using Vitek Systems. Gram positive cocci(65 %) were predominant, which were composed of 6 Streptococcus viridans group, 5 Staph. spp., and 4 Enterococcus faecium, in the isolatd 23 strains. Gram negative rods (26 %) were the next common bacteria, which were composed of 5 non - fermentative Gram negative rods, and 1 Enterobacter cloacae. Most strains of S. viridans group and E. faecium were susceptible to antibiotics including penicillin. But strains of Staphylococcus spp. and non - fermentative Gram negative rods showed marked resistance to antibiotics except tetrancyclin and cefotaxime. Most results between disk diffusion and microdilution were all agreed, but the results of non - fermentative Gram negative rods were susceptible to cefotaxime in disk diffusion method but resistant in microdilution.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.621-632
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize bacteriocin-producing bacteria from the intestine of duck to use as probiotics for livestock. A total of 416 strains were isolated from the small intestine and cecum of ducks and 13 isolates were finally selected after determinging inhibitory activity against pathogenic indicators by spot-on-lawn method. The selected strains were identified as Lactobacillus salivarius JWS 58, Lactobacillus plantarum JWS 1354, Pediococcus pentosaceus JWS 939, 7 strains of enterococci, and 3 strains of Escherichia coli. Lact. salivarius JWS 58, Ent. faecium JWS 833, and Ped. pentosaceus JWS 939 showed a strong inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes. E. coli JWS 108 inhibited the growth of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Lact. salivarius JWS 58 strain survived almost 50% in pH 2.5 phosphate buffer for 2 hr. Ped. pentosaceus JWS 939 and Lact. plantarum JWS 1354 showed strong amylolytic activity. These results suggest that a combination of bacteriocins or multispecies probiotics of the selected strains has a strong potential of alternative to antibiotics in livestock production.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.167-178
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• 2011

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has long history of reputed value and actual use for its medicinal, antimicrobial and pesticidal properties. This study was conducted to find possible developments to natural food preservatives and natural antimicrobials from garlic extracts. The antimicrobial activities of raw garlic extract, heat, pH, temperature against pathogenic bacteria were investigated. E. coli, S. Enteritidis, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus exhibited antimicrobial activities at 20% garlic extract, but no antimicrobial activity was seen in E. faecium. Raw garlic extract and garlic extract heated for 2 min at $95^{\circ}C$ showed strong antimicrobial activities, but the antimicrobial activity of garlic extract heated for 10 min at $95^{\circ}C$ was much less. The antimicrobial activities of 50% garlic extract adjusted pH 4.0~7.0 showed much the same, but the antimicrobial activities decreased at pH 8.0 or higher. The antimicrobial activities by storage $-18^{\circ}C$ of garlic extract showed much the same. When five strains were cultured for 72 hr at $35^{\circ}C$ in the TSB containing 1~10% garlic extract, viable cell number of five strains were decreased to $10^0{\sim}10^4$ CFU/ml even at 1% or 2.5% (E. faecium) after 24 hr, but later increased to $10^4{\sim}10^9$ CFU/ml after 72 hr. When five strains were cultured for 21 day at $4^{\circ}C$ in the TSB containing 1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% garlic extract, viable cell number of E. coli, S. Enteritidis, and S. aureus were decreased to $10^3$, $10^0{\sim}10^2$, $10^1{\sim}10^4$ CFU/ml after 21 day, respectively, but L. monocytogenes and E. faecium increased to $10^8$ and $10^6$ CFU/ml after 21 day.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 1985

A simple procedure for rapid isolation of plasmid DNA from lactobacillus species and streptococcus species is described. Lactic acid bacteria were cultured in the TCM broth containing 0.5％ glycine and plasmid DNA was isolated from cells treated with mutanolysin by alkaline-detergent lysis method. Good results for releasing and isolating plasmid DNA from lactobacillus species were obtained by treatment of cells with 30$\mu\textrm{g}$ of mutanolysin per ml at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 5 to 10 min. For the streptococcus species, the optimum conditions were slightly different. The procedure could be used for rapid characterization of plasmid DNA in Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus faecium, and Streptococcus cremoris strains. Using this procedure, plasmids isolated from $1.5m\ell$ cultures could readily be visualized in agarose gel.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.194-198
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• 2015

Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive and facultative anaerobic bacterium that causes many hospital-acquired infections. Novel E. faecalis specific bacteriophage (phage) ECP3 that had been isolated from thirty-four environmental samples and characterized phenotypically and genotypically. ECP3 phage belongs to the family Myoviridae with contractile tail and lysed E. faecalis specifically but other bacteria including Enterococcus faecium. The genome was double-stranded linear DNA and its size was 145,518 bp comprising of 220 open reading frames. The GC content was 35.9%. The genome sequence showed 97% identity in 90% coverage region with Myoviridae phage PhiEF24C. ECP3 is the first E. faecalis-specific Myoviridae phage isolated in Korea which can be a promising antimicrobial agent against E. faecalis infections.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2015

This study was conducted to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from dog intestine and identify potential probiotic strains for canine use. One hundred and one LAB were isolated from feces of 20 healthy dogs. Acid, bile, and heat resistance along with adherence to Caco-2 cells and antimicrobial activity against pathogens were examined. To analyze immunomodulative effects, the production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ was measured using RAW 264.7 macrophages. Additionally, RAW BLUE cells were used to evaluate nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) generation. Ultimately, three strains were selected as canine probiotics and identified as Lactobacillus reuteri L10, Enterococcus faecium S33, and Bifidobacterium longum B3 by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The L10 and S33 strains showed tolerance to pH 2.5 for 2 h, 1.0% Oxgall for 2 h, and $60^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. These strains also had strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli KCTC 1682, Salmonella Enteritidis KCCM 12021, Staphylococcus aureus KCTC 1621, and Listeria monocytogenes KCTC 3569. All three strains exerted better immunomodulatory effects than Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a well-known commercial immunomodulatory strain, based on NO, NF-${\kappa}B$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$ production. These results suggested that the three selected strains could serve as canine probiotics.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2011

Recently, antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms has been a major concern of its relation to food safety and national health, therefore, customer's needs to organic animal food is still increasing. In this study, we reviewed the usage of antimicrobials in animal farms and antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms isolated from organic dairy farm environments. The isolates from dairy farms were Acinetobacter sp., A. lwoffi, A. johnsonii, A. towneri, Aerococcus viridans, Aeromonas media, A. veronii, Bacillus pseudofirmus, B. pumilus, B. licheniformis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Paenibacillus illinoisensis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. hominis, Streptococcus equinus, S. lutetiensis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Indicator microorganisms isolated from organic dairy farms were tested for susceptibility to 20 types of antimicrobials. E. coli (ATCC 25922) isolated from dairy farm fence showed resistance to 8 types of antimicrobials, such as oxacillin, penicillin, vancomycin, etc., and E. faecium isolated from feces showed resistance to 9 types of antimicrobials, such as cephalothin, oxacillin, streptomycin, etc., respectively. However, these results showed less antimicrobial resistance compare with customary dairy farm.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.229-234
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• 2007

Pure Bombus ignitus venom samples were submitted to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A total of 64 excised spots were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Three main proteins resulted in the identification have not been described in other bee venoms before. Dose-dependence against human carcinoma (Hep3B, BT-20, A549 and AGS) were observed from 1ng/ml to 100ng/ml. Expecially, the treatment of 100ng/ml B. ignitus venoms showed the highest cytotoxicity with 55% against hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B). The B. ignitus venoms showed strong antimicrobial activities against Enterococcus faecium and Shigella sonnei, and practically antimicrobial activity against the other microorganisms tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of E. faecium and S. sonnei, were 0.256ug/ml, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1985

File fish fillets collected from markets were analyzed for their microbial load and microflora, resulting in the level of aerobic mesophiles ranged from $3.5{\times}10^3$ to $1.1{\times}10^8CFU/g$, total coliforms from less than 2.3 to $4.6{\times}10^5MPN/g$, fecal coliforms from 1ess than 2.3 to $1.1{\times}10^5MPN/g$, Enterobacteriaceae from $3{\times}10$ to $4.4{\times}10^5CFU/g$ and fecal Streptococci from $1.6{\times}10^2$ to $7.6{\times}10^6CFU/g$ having Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus hemolyticus, Micrococcus varians, Micrococcus luteus and Streptococcus cremoris as constituent microorganisms of aerobic mesophiles, Escherichia coli and Proteus rettgeri of Family Enterobacteriaceae, and Streptococcus faecium and Streptococcus avium of fecal Streptococci.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.373-377
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• 2009

From April 2008 to January 2009, a total 458 raw milk samples were randomly collected from 15 stock raising farms located in northern area of Kyunggi province and cultured for the presence of Enterococci spp. A total 170 enterococcal isolates were recovered from the raw milk samples. Enterococcus faecalis was predominant species recovered (64.7%), followed by E. faecium (18.8%), E. avium (5.9%), E. gallinarum (5.9%) and E. durans (4.7%). Antimicrobial resistance patterns of 170 Enterococci spp. against ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin and streptomycin were tested. According to the result, they showed high level resistance to erythromycin and streptomycin (82,9% and 93,5% respectively), moderately resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracyclin (50%, 45.9% and 32%, respectively) but fortunately, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin are still effective against this species.