• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.444-450
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• 2013

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated FW-$6^T$ was isolated from a freshwater sample and its taxonomic position was investigated by using a polyphasic approach. Strain FW-$6^T$ grew optimally at $10-42^{\circ}C$ and at pH 7.0 on nutrient and R2A agar. Strain FW-$6^T$ displayed ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity that was responsible for its ability to transform ginsenoside $Rb_1$ (one of the dominant active components of ginseng) to Rd. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain FW-$6^T$ was shown to belong to the family Sphingomonadaceae and was related to Novosphingobium aromaticivorans DSM $12444^T$ (98.1% sequence similarity) and N. subterraneum IFO $16086^T$ (98.0%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 64.4%. The major menaquinone was Q-10 and the major fatty acids were summed feature 7 (comprising $C_{18:1}{\omega}9c/{\omega}12t/{\omega}7c$), summed feature 4 (comprising $C_{16:1}{\omega}7c/iso-C_{15:0}2OH$), $C_{16:0}$, and $C_{14:0}$ 2OH. DNA and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain FW-$6^T$ to the genus Novosphingobium. Strain FW-$6^T$ could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the recognized species of the genus Novosphingobium. The isolate that has ginsenoside converting ability therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Novosphingobium ginsenosidimutans sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain FW-$6^T$ (= KACC $16615^T$ = JCM $18202^T$).

• Carbon letters
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• 제23권
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• pp.38-47
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• 2017

In this study, magnetite ($Fe_3O_4$) nanoparticles were electrochemically synthesized in an aqueous electrolyte at a given potential of -1.3 V for 180 s. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that dendrite-like $Fe_3O_4$ nanoparticles with a mean size of < 80 nm were electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The $Fe_3O_4/GCE$ was utilized for sensing chloramphenicol (CAP) by cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. A reduction peak of CAP at the $Fe_3O_4/GCE$ was observed at 0.62 V, whereas the uncoated GCE exhibited a very small response compared to that of the $Fe_3O_4/GCE$. The electrocatalytic ability of $Fe_3O_4$ was mainly attributed to the formation of Fe(VI) during the anodic scan, and its reduction to Fe(III) on the cathodic scan facilitated the sensing of CAP. The effects of pH and scan rate were measured to determine the optimum conditions at which the $Fe_3O_4/GCE$ exhibited the highest sensitivity with a lower detection limit. The reduction current for CAP was proportional to its concentration under optimized conditions in a range of $0.09-47{\mu}M$ with a correlation coefficient of 0.9919 and a limit of detection of $0.09{\mu}M$ (S/N=3). Moreover, the fabricated sensor exhibited anti-interference ability towards 4-nitrophenol, thiamphenicol, and 4-nitrobenzamide. The developed electrochemical sensor is a cost effective, reliable, and straightforward approach for the electrochemical determination of CAP in real time applications.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2010

연구목적 : 자기신체상은 자아존중감과 체중조절행위와 밀접한 연관이 있고 특히 여자 청소년에서는 중요한 관련이 있다고 알려져있다. 이 연구는 체질량지수로 측정한 신체이미지와 식이장애와 연관된 비정상식이행동이 우울증과 자살사고에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 방 법 : 서울 한 지역의 고등학교 여학생 239명을 대상으로 체질량지수를 측정하고, 청소년을 위한 식이태도검사(Eating Attitude Test for Korean Adolescents), 자아존중감척도, 충동성척도, 벡 우울척도, 벡 자살사고 척도를 시행하였다. 결 과 : 연구대상에서 식이장애 위험군은 총 10%(24명)이었다. 대조군에 비해 우울증상을 강하게 경험하고 있었고 현재 체질량지수와 이상적 체질량지수의 차이가 클수록 우울감, 자살사고, 비정상적 식이행동의 정도가 커지고 자아존중감은 낮아졌다. 그중에서 체질량지수의 차이가 통계적으로 가장 의미있는 예측인자였다. 결 론 : 연구대상군이 전체적으로 정상체중 범위임에도 불구하고, 현재의 체형과 이상적 체형사이의 괴리가 클수록 우울과 자살사고가 컸다. 여자 청소년의 식이장애 발생과 우울, 자살사고의 예방을 위해 체중조절, 정상식이습관에 대한 교육적 접근이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제31호
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• pp.143-171
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• 2011

이 논문은 주로 사서(四書)를 중심으로 유가에서 도덕(義)과 물질적 이재(利財)의 관계를 규명하고, 그 특징을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 우리는 의(義)와 리(利)의 원의를 살펴보고, 이 용어가 사서에서 어떻게 사용되고 규명되고 있는 지를 살피면서 도덕과 물질적 리재에 대한 유가의 입장의 특징을 제시하였다. 유가는 도덕적 행위자를 군자(君子)로 규정한다. 그리고 유가는 행위의 준거에서 옮음과 이익을 대립시키면서, 군자는 항상 '옳음'에 따라야 한다는 것을 주장한다. 이렇게 행위의 동기의 측면에서 대립되는 의와 리는 곧 의리지심(義理之心)과 이욕지심(利欲之心)의 대립이라고 할 수 있다. 그런데 '리(利)'에는 소리(小利, 이욕(利欲))와 대리(大利, 공리(公利), 복리(福利))의 구별 및 '수확물로 삶을 윤택하게 함'과 '순조롭게 조화를 이룸(의지화자(義之和者))'이라는 또 다른 의미가 있다. 그래서 유가는 소리(小利, 사욕(私欲))의 추구는 비판하지만, 모든 백성들에게 이익을 가져다주는 대리(大利)로서의 공리(公利, 복리(福利))를 지향하는 정책을 시행하고, 진정한 리(利)란 치자가 의(義)를 실천했을 때 공평하게 분배되어 조화로운 상태라고 주장한다. 그래서 유가는 치도(治道)의 방법을 제시할 때에는 '선부후교(先富後敎)' 즉 먼저 백성들의 의식주를 충족시켜 준 다음 학교를 통해 오륜(五倫)을 가르쳐 인간다운 삶과 도덕을 추구하도록 가르쳤다. 결론으로 우리는 도덕과 이재(利財)에 대한 유가의 입장을 정리하였다. 그것은 곧 유가는 1)인간적인 덕(德)과 이재를 본말관계(德本財末)로 파악하며, 2) 부의 편중을 비판하고, 신분에 따른 분업과 균등한 부의 분배를 강조하였으며, 3) 부당한 주군) 및 정부를 위해 일하지 말 것을 권고하고 있다는 것 등이다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 1985

Many investigators have been pursuing various attempts so far to produce hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) vaccines using the techniques such as isolation from plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier, recombinant DNA technique or preparation of synthetic peptides specific for immunogenic determinants. Hepatitis B virus can not grow on any cell lines by the tissue culture technique at the present time. The plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier is expensive and its source is limited. The HBsAg from the recombinant DNA technique gave still very low yield. Another approach, therefore, has been initiated to develop a synthetic hepatitis B virus vaccine. The possible use of several distinct synthetic vaccines in prophylaxis can be facilitated by availability of full synthetic immunogens. Peptides synthesized for potential application as antiviral vaccines have been mostly tested in the form of conjugates with carrier proteins, although the free synthetic peptide can be immunogenic. To understand basic knowledges on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide specific for major immunogenic determinant of HBsAg, a nonapeptide, $H_2N^{139}Cys-Thr-Lys-Pro-Thr-Asp-Gly-^{146}Asn-Aba$ COOH, which corresponds to HBsAg amino acid residues 139 to 147, was synthesized by the Merrifield's solid-phase method with a slight modification. The antigenicity and immunogenicity of this specific synthetic peptide were examined comparing with purified plasma-derived natural HBsAg. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The peptide synthesized showed the identical amino acid composition to the theoretical value. The degree of purification and molecular weight were acertained by methods of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 2. Using m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester as a conjugating agent, the synthetic peptide was conjugated to rabbit albumin and ${\gamma}$-globulin, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Their conjugation yields were 8.3, 9.5, 15.8, 13.5, and 11.2%, respectively. 3. The natural HBsAg was purified from plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier. By the electron microscopic observation of the purified natural HBsAg preparation, no Dane particles were observed and the preparation showed negative DNA polymerase activity. 4. Antigenicity of the synthetic peptide and the plasma-derived natural HBsAg was determined by competition radioimmunoassay using $^{125}I$-natural HBsAg. Their 50% inhibitions appeared as $90{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.12{\mu}g/ml$ for the synthetic peptide and the natural HBsAg, respectively. This indicates that the former was about 750-fold less antigenic than the latter. 5. Immunogenicity of the synthetic peptide was determined by administering the peptide-carrier conjugates into rabbits with and without Freund's complete adjuvant. Regardless the carrier proteins and adjuvant, positive immune responses to the synthetic peptide were observed. The higher antibody titers, however, were shown in the groups administered with Freund's complete adjuvant. 6. Immunizing dose 50% in mice of the various peptide-carrier conjugates was 5.47, 6.00, 65.16, 31.25 and $13.03{\mu}g/dose$ for rabbit albumin and ${\gamma}$-globulin, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin, respectively, while the natural HBsAg showed $0.65{\mu}g/dose$. 7. It was postulated that homologous proteins prefer to heterologous ones as the carriers.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.5-22
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• 1997

The purpose of the study was to development an information delivery system for the home nursing service, to demonstrate and to evaluate the efficiency of it. The period of research conduct was from September 1996 to August 31, 1997. At the 1st stage to achieve the purpose, Firstly Assessment tool for the patients with cerebral vascular disease who have the first priority of HNS among the patients with various health problems at home was developed through literature review. Secondly, after identification of patient nursing problem by the home care nurse with the assessment tool, the patient's classification system developed by Park (1988) that was 128 nursing activities under 6 categories was used to identify the home care nurse's activities of the patient with CAV at home. The research team had several workshops with 5 clinical nurse experts to refine it. At last 110 nursing activities under 11 categories for the patients with CVA were derived. At the second stage, algorithms were developed to connect 110 nursing activities with the patient nursing problems identified by assessment tool. The computerizing process of the algorithms is as follows: These algorithms are realized with the computer program by use of the software engineering technique. The development is made by the prototyping method, which is the requirement analysis of the software specifications. The basic features of the usability, compatibility, adaptability and maintainability are taken into consideration. Particular emphasis is given to the efficient construction of the database. To enhance the database efficiency and to establish the structural cohesion, the data field is categorized with the weight of relevance to the particular disease. This approach permits the easy adaptability when numerous diseases are applied in the future. In paralleled with this, the expandability and maintainability is stressed through out the program development, which leads to the modular concept. However since the disease to be applied is increased in number as the project progress and since they are interrelated and coupled each other, the expand ability as well as maintainability should be considered with a big priority. Furthermore, since the system is to be synthesized with other medical systems in the future, these properties are very important. The prototype developed in this project is to be evaluated through the stage of system testing. There are various evaluation metrics such as cohesion, coupling and adaptability so on. But unfortunately, direct measurement of these metrics are very difficult, and accordingly, analytical and quantitative evaluations are almost impossible. Therefore, instead of the analytical evaluation, the experimental evaluation is to be applied through the test run by various users. This system testing will provide the viewpoint analysis of the user's level, and the detail and additional requirement specifications arising from user's real situation will be feedback into the system modeling. Also. the degree of freedom of the input and output will be improved, and the hardware limitation will be investigated. Upon the refining, the prototype system will be used as a design template. and will be used to develop the more extensive system. In detail. the relevant modules will be developed for the various diseases, and the module will be integrated by the macroscopic design process focusing on the inter modularity, generality of the database. and compatibility with other systems. The Home care Evaluation System is comprised of three main modules of : (1) General information on a patient, (2) General health status of a patient, and (3) Cerebrovascular disease patient. The general health status module has five sub modules of physical measurement, vitality, nursing, pharmaceutical description and emotional/cognition ability. The CVA patient module is divided into ten sub modules such as subjective sense, consciousness, memory and language pattern so on. The typical sub modules are described in appendix 3.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2010

这是一家私人, 第三代家族拥有的公司, Boom Technologies 公司(BTI). 对电力设施提供产品和服务的供应商, 通信和承包商的市场,不断进步的出口. 尽管在2008年出口销售只占总收入的5%, BTI已形成了一个完整的出口部门. 他们的出口部门的执行董事揭示了一家私营公司的试验和错误以及他们对成功的海外市场的疑问. 自成立以来, BTI始终相信它最大的资产是它的雇员. 当出口销售因为缺乏战略和方向而挣扎时, BTI为其出口部门雇了一位董事总经理. 在BTI总裁和总经理的领导下, 他们很好的利用了这个部门的技能和知识. 为向海外扩展他们的市场份额, 增加出口销售他们进行了机构调整. 结果就是, 出口销售增加了4倍, 国家的地区经理增加了, 同时成功养成了分销渠道网络. 有时, 由于公司的结构, 收入形成很难决定. 因此, 在1996年, 出口部门重组为有限责任公司. 这使得公司改进收入和费用. 最初, 80%的BTI出口销售来自两个国家;因此,最初在海外出售的方法并没有达到预期目标. 然而, 所做的修改, 使得现在公司 经营, 销售超过80个国家. 总经理指出主要有三个出口扩张挑战 1. 产品和船运—BTI主要障碍是产品装配. 最初, 大多数的产品被聚集在美国, 这增加了运输包装费用. 有这么多的部分指定订购, 很多次定的东西到的时候有些零部件都丢失了. 失踪的零件价值上万美元. 装运这些失踪的部分也花费成千上万的美元, 外加一个延迟交货时间六到八周, 所有的费用都由BTI出. 2. 产品适应—在BTI80个出口国家中, 每个国家的安全, 产品标准都不同. 重量, 特殊证, 产品的规格要求, 测量系统的稳定性, 卡车都会因国别而不同. 作为一种准入障碍,以致很难使产品适应. 技术和安全标准的障碍, 作为一种保护国内产业的方法, 可以阻碍成功的进入外国市场 3. 市场的挑战—分销的重要性给BTI带来了很多挑战,因为他们试图根据他们的分销系统来确定每个国家如何操作. 有些国家已经从一个小的竞争对手, 只生产一种具有竞争力的产品而极具竞争力. 而BTI制造超过100种的产品. 营销资料是另一个BTI所关心的, 因为他们试图对经销商推动销售成本. 从翻译和文化差异的角度, 合适的市场营销资料可能会花费很多. 此外, 美国的纸张大小不同于别的一些国家, 当试图复制相同的布局和设计时, 就会出现许多问题. 分销已经成为BTI所面临的挑战之一, 公司宣称他们的分销网络是他们的竞争优势之一, 因为他们的分销商的位置和名字都是保密的. 另外, BTI每年有两次奉献: 培训分销商一年, 另一个是分销商会议. 产品, 航运, 产品适应性, 营销这些挑战,这些海外市场错综复杂需要时间和耐心. 另一个竞争优势是BTI的摇篮到坟墓的策略, 他们遵循产品销售到它的最终安息地, 无论卡车是出租或购买新的或用过的. 他们对该公司购买或租赁之前的产品都提供服务和设备维护计划和一份详细的费用分析. 扩大海外总是会面临挑战. 如总经理说, "如果你没有耐心(出口业务), 你最好做别的事." 知道如何快速适应提供必要的技能, 适应每个国家的不同需求, 以及独特的挑战, 使他们能够保持竞争力.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.591-597
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• 2008

배경: 만성 폐동맥 색전증에 의한 폐동맥고혈압은 내막제거술에 의해 효과적으로 치료할 수 있는 질환으로서 본원에서의 수술 경험을 분석하여 질환에 대한 이해와 이를 토대로 향후 수술적 예후를 향상시킬 수 있는 방안에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 1998년 1월부터 2008년 3월까지 본원에서 만성 폐동맥 색전증에 의한 폐동맥 고혈압으로 내막제거술을 받은 20명을 대상으로 후향적으로 분석하였다. 주증상은 주로 호흡곤란이었고 페동맥 색전증의 원인으로는 심부혈전증 11명(55%)이 가장 많았다. 17명(85%)의 환자에서 하대정맥 필터를 삽입하였다. 수술은 완전 순환 정지하(n=13) 또는 low flow (n=7)를 유지한 상태에서 시행하였고 수술 전 삼첨판 폐쇄부전이 grade IV/IV 이상인 환자들 중 6명(66%)에서 삼첨판륜 성형술을 함께 시행하였다. 평균 추적 관찰 기간은 $45{\pm}32$개월이었다. 결과 University of California, San Diego (UCSD)분류에 따른 폐동맥 색전증의 종류는 type I이 4명 (20%), type II, III가 각각 8명(40%)씩이었고 우심실 수축기압은 수술 전 평균 $77{\pm}29$ mmHg에서 수술 직후 $37{\pm}19$ mmHg로 감소하였으며(p<0.001) 삼첨판 폐쇄부전의 정도 및 NYHA functional class 모두 수술 후 호전을 보였다. 재관류 손상은 7예(35%)로 UCSD type I, II인 환자군에 비해 type III인 환자에서 재관류 손상의 발생률이 더 높았고(25% vs 50%, p=0.25) 중환자실 재원기간도 길었다($5{\pm}2$일 vs $9{\pm}7$일, p=0.07). 조기사망은 2명(10%)이었고 만기사망은 기저질환의 악화 1명, 폐동맥 색전증의 재발 1명, 그리고 지속된 폐동맥 고혈압 1명, 모두 3명(15%)이었다. 결론: 내막제거술은 만성 폐동맥 색전증의 효과적인 수술적 치료 방법으로서 정확한 진단을 통해 적극적으로 시행하여야 하며, 수술적 예후를 향상시킬 수 있도록 더욱 노력해야 할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.1197-1206
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• 2016

Adipose tissue in the loin muscle area of beef cattle as a marbling factor is directly associated with beef quality. To elucidate whether properties of proteins involved in depot specific adipose tissue were sex-dependent, we analyzed protein expression of intramuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and omental adipose tissue (OMAT) from Hanwoo cows, steers, and bulls of Korean native beef cattle by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based proteomic analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis. Two different adipose depots (i.e. intramuscular and omental) were collected from cows (n = 7), steers (n = 7), or bulls (n = 7). LC-MS/MS revealed a total of 55 and 35 proteins in IMAT and OMAT, respectively. Of the 55 proteins identified, 44, 40, and 42 proteins were confirmed to be differentially expressed in IMAT of cows, steers, and bulls, respectively. In OMAT of cows, steers, and bulls, 33, 33, and 22 were confirmed to be differentially expressed, respectively. Tropomyosin (TPM) 1, TPM 2, and TPM3 were subjected to verification by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis in IMAT and OMAT of Hanwoo cows, steers, and bulls as key factors closely associated with muscle development. Both mRNA levels and protein levels of TPM1, TPM2, and TPM3 in IMAT were lower in bulls compared to in cows or steers suggesting that they were positively correlated with marbling score and quality grade. Our results may aid the regulation of marbling development and improvement of meat quality grades in beef cattle.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.221-233
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• 2000

무비구 고추 및 연초의 생산력 검정으로 밭 토양의 비옥도를 평가하기 위하여 토양의 화학성 이외에 지형 및 토양도 조사자료가 포함된 지리정보시스템의 활용 가능성이 검토되었다. 고추재배 포장 64개소(96년 22개, 97년 20개, 98년 22개)와 연초재배 포장 67개소(96년 23개, 97년 25개, 98년 19개)를 포함한 전체 131개 경작지에서 포장이 1996년부터 1998년까지 3년 동안 충북 청원군, 음성군, 보은군, 괴산군, 진천군, 충주시 등 6개 군에서 다양한 비옥도 특성을 갖도록 선정되어 고추와 연초 각각에 대한 포장시험이 수행되었다. 무비구 고추 건물중과 연초 건엽중 및 양분(질소, 인산, 칼륨) 흡수량은 토양의 비옥도로 고려하여 13개 화학성과 12개 지리정보시스템 자료를 포함한 25개 독립 변수들로 평가하였다. 25개 독립변수들은 15개의 정량적 변수들과 10개의 정성적 변수들로 구분하여 SAS의 REG와 GLM 모델에 의한 다중선형회귀분석으로 비옥도를 평가하였다. 매년 선정된 시험포장의 무비구 고추 건물중과 연초 건엽중은 최대치와 최소치가 약 5배의 차이를 보이며 다양한 비옥도를 나타냈다. 비옥도에 대한 다중선형회귀 평가는 단일 지표에 의한 평가 신뢰도보다 양호하였으며 화학적 지표들 이외에 정량적 및 정성적 GIS 지표들을 포함시킴에 따라 더욱 증진되었다. 그러나 고추와 연초 두 작물간의 다중선형회귀 분석에 의한 평가결과는 차이를 보였으며 고추보다 연초의 평가에서 양호하였다. 실례로 다중선형회귀에 의한 무비구 연초 건엽중의 변이성 예측은 화학성들에 의해 34.2%, 정량적 GIS 변수들의 추가의 35% 그리고 정량적 및 정성적 변수들의 추가로 72.5%까지 설명되어 단일지표 $NO_3-N$에 의한 21.7%에 비하여 크게 증가되었다. 따라서 정량적 및 정성적 변수 둘다를 평가에 포함할 수 있는 다중선형회귀 분석에 의한 비옥도 평가는 보다 신뢰성 있는 접근방법으로 확인되었다.