• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.552-557
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• 2007

Salmonella gallinarum로 면역화된 산란계로부터 생산된 계란 난황 중에 들어 있는 anti-S, gallinarum specific IgY를 분리하여 IgY의 효능을 살펴보았다. 또한 면역화 여부, specific IgY 농도별 및 균수별에 따른 항균력을 현미경적 관찰 및 탁도 측정, pH 변화로 검토하였다. 전체 IgY 중 anti-S. gallinarum IgY의 특이항체의 비율은 23%로 나타났다. 또한 anti-S, gallinarum IgY와 Salmonella유사 균주의 항원에 대한 IgY의 선택성을 조사한 결과 생산된 IgY는 S, gallinarum 에만 선택성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. S, gallinarum 배양액에 anti-S. gallinarum specific IgY 0.3%를 첨가한 처리구는 상등액과 침전물에서 S, gallinarum가 응집되는 현상을 보였다. 그러나 면역을 하지 않은 닭에서 생산된 계란으로부터 추출한 IgY와 대조구에서는 응집 반응이 일어나지 않았다. Anti-S, gallinarum IgY를 첨가한 처리구가 대조구보다 S. gallinarum균들이 응집되는 정도에 있어서 확실한 효과를 나타내었다. 현미경 관찰시 균체들의 응집현상은 IgY 0.2% 이상 첨가시에 나타났으며, pH와 탁도에 있어서는 IgY 0.1% 이상 첨가구에서 S. gallinarum 성장 억제의 탁월한 효과를 볼 수 있었다. $10^5CFU/mL$에 Anti-S, gallinarum IgY 0.3%를 첨가한 처리구는 $10^3CFU/mL$와 거의 동일한 탁도를 나타내어 IgY에 의한 성장 억제를 확인할 수 있었다. 현미경적 관찰에서 IgY 첨가량이 증가할수록 더 큰 균괴를 형성하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 위의 결과들을 통해 S. gallinarum로 면역화된 닭으로부터 생산된 계란에서 추출된 IgY를 사용하면 가금티푸스를 예방하는데 이용될 수 있을 가능성을 보여주었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.135-139
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• 2009

Streptomyces (S.) fradiae is a microbe with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, isolated from soil. In the present study, antibacterial effects of S. fradiaea against Salmonella (S.) gallinarum was determined. S. fradiae inhibited growing of S. gallinarum in Luria-Bertani media agar. Moreover, ingestion of S. fradiae markedly inhibited mortality of chickens experimentally infected with S. gallinarum. There is no side effect by S. fradiaeon, in safety of chickens and antibiotic material residues in chicken meat. Taken together, S. fradiae have the antibacterial effects against S. gallinarum. Therefore, we concluded that S. fradiae might be a good microbial candidate for treatment or control of fowl typhoid in chickens.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.353-360
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• 2003

곤충병원세균이 효과적으로 병원력을 발휘하는 데 대상 곤충의 면역저하가 요구될 수 있다. 본 연구는 대상곤충의 면역저하가 병원세균의 살충능력에 직접 연관된다는 가설을 세웠다. 곤충병원세균을 5령 누에(Bombyx mori)의 혈강에 접종하였을 때, X. nematophilus는 다른 곤충병원세균인 Staphyiococcus gallinarum 보다 1,200배 높은 병원력을 보였다. 비록, 두 곤충병원세균은 누에의 혈구세포에 대해서 독성효과를 가지고 있지만, X. nematophiius는 S. gallinarum과 비교해보다 빠르고 높은 세포독성 영향을 보였다. 세포성 면역반응에서 5${\times}$$10^{5}$농도로 세균이 접종되었을 때, 누에는 약 20개 정도의 소낭을 형성하였다. 특히, 살아있는 X. nematophilus가 접종된 누에에서 소낭 형성은 크게 감소하였지만, S. gullinarum은 소낭 형성 감소에 영향을 주지 않았다. 두 세균 모두는 prophenoloxidase (proPO)의 활성화를 억제시켰다. 그러나 X. nematophilus.가 S. gallinarum보다 높게 PO 활성화를 억제시켰다. 라이소자임의 활성유도는 S. gallinarum접종 후 4시간에서 관찰되었으나, X. nematophilus를 접종하였을 때는 라이소자임의 활성이 전혀 관찰되지 않았다 이러한 결과들은 누에에서 X. nematophilus가 S. gallinarum보다 더 큰 면역저하를 유발하여 병원성을 높였다는 것을 보여준다. 따라서 본 연구는 곤충병원세균에 의해서 유발된 면역저하는 곤충병원세균의 병원성과 연관되어 있다는 것을 제시한다.다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2009

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum (S. gallinarum) is the agent of fowl typhoid, and the 9R vaccine is a commercial live vaccine for the prevention of fowl typhoid. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and immunogenicity of different brands of S. gallinarum 9R vaccine used in commercial laying chickens in Korea. All 9R strains originated from three different brands showed the same pattern in the biochemical and serological properties, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile. But, there was a difference in rhamnose fermentaion, agglutination with Salmonella group $D_1$ antiserum and PFGE pattern between 9R vaccine strain and field S. gallinarum isolates. In laboratory and field trials for assesment of safety and immunogenicity of 9R vaccine, all of the three 9R vaccines showed the same safety in commercial laying chickens. In addition, there was a significant difference between the vaccinated and unvaccinated control groups in mortality and the re-isolation rate of the challenge strain from the tissues (p < 0.05), and no difference by the brands of 9R vaccine. The results from this study indicated that all three different brands of S. gallinarum 9R vaccine showed highly protection against mortality and organ invasion in commercial laying chickens exposed to virulent strains of S. gallinarum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.390-395
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• 2005

Reported here are the effects of added formic acid on inhibitory effect of Salmonella gallinarum in poultry feed. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the viability of S. gallinarum and pH of poultry feed using different dietary formic acid levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) on inhibitory effect of S. gallinarum in broiler feed. Experiment one was conducted to investigate the viability of S. gallinarum and pH of artificially contaminated diet at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after treatment in vitro. Formic acid showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the viability for all treatments with time after treatment. Various formic acid levels in vitro showed a reduction in the pH of the diet depending upon the concentration of treated acid, and the diet remained acidic below the growth range of S. gallinarum. This meant that the bacterial cells were exposed to stressful conditions that made them unable to grow. Experiment two was conducted to find out the effect of dietary formic acid levels on S. gallinarum colonization and pH in the contents of crop, small intestine, large intestine and ceca and mortality rate of broiler chicks at 7, 14 and 21 days of age when fed artificially contaminated diet with S. gallinarum. The numbers of S. gallinarum re-isolated from all treated groups except in groups treated with 0.5% formic acid, decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared with the control group. The treatment significantly (p<0.05) lowered the pH of the crop, small intestine, large intestine and ceca contents in all groups except the groups treated with 0.5% formic acid compared with the control. All treated groups showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in overall mortality rate during the experimental period (3 to 21 days) compared with the control. The results indicate that addition of formic acid in a total concentration of 1.5% to the diet of newly hatched broiler chicks significantly decreases the contamination of diet with S. gallinarum.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.357-365
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• 2001

This study was performed to detect the Salmonella genus-specific DNA marker for comparing of polymophisms between S pullorum and S gallinarum by using PCR amplified techniques. A total of ten primers were used to detect DNA polymorphisms from S pullorum and S gallinarum. The number of DAF bands detected per each primer varied from 26 to 45, with an average of 32.7 using 10 primers. A total of 327 DAF bands were generated and among them 123 bands were polymorphic(37.6%). These DNA amplified fingerprinting(DAF) specific bands for S pullorum and S gallinarum were observed from all primers. For S pullorum, GEN 60-04, GEN 70-04 and GEN 70-03 primers showed a high level of polymorphism with 0.79, 0.70 and 0.57, respectively. But GEN 60-05 primer did not show a level of polymorphism. For S gallinarum, GEN 70-03, 60-04, 60-07, 70-05 and 70-04 primers showed a higher a low level of polymorphism from 0.16 to 0.28. Each five strains of S pullorum and S gallinarum were isolated from chickens showed typical clinical signs related with infection of pullorum disease or fowl typhoid at commercial chicken farms. DNA markers of these strains produced by GEN 70-04, GEN 70-05 and GEN 70-08 showed significant difference of band patterns between S pullorum and S gallinarum. These DNA markers could be used for comparison of DNA marker polymorphism between S pullorum and S gallinarum as well as rapid diagnosis of fowl typhoid and pullorum disease of domestic fowls.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.784-792
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• 1998

This study was conducted to select resistant chicken-line between Brown and White layer lines against Salmonella gallinarum infection. The Brown and White layer chickens allocated into different age groups were inoculated with S gallinarum (WJO-126) either orally($1{\times}10^7cfu$) or intramusculaly($5{\times}10^6cfu$) and clinical observations were made for 2 weeks. All dead birds were necropsied and culture was made to recover the inoculated organinsm from liver, spleen, brain, bone marrow and cecal contents. Serum was isolated from all live birds after 2 weeks experiment and these birds were also necropsied and cultured to reisolate S gallinarum. The brown layers showed very high mortality to S gallinarum infection regardless of their ages and routes of inoculation, while white layers did not shown any mortality by the direct effects of S gallinarum. The mortality rate of 2 week old brown layers, in particular, were 82.6% (19/23) in peroral group and 86.9% in intramuscularly inoculated group, while those of white layer groups were only 0.0% in both groups. S gallinarum could be reisolated from all dead birds, especially, from liver and spleen. This result was inferred that the organism is highly invasive on the chicken. The intramuscularly challenged birds showed more seropositive-reactors(86.9%) than orally inoculated groups(61.9%). The overall results of present study suggested that white layers are much more resistant than brown layers against the experimental infection of S gallinarum and shown experimentally that resistance to S gallinarum is a characteristic of the White-line layers.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2002

40여종의 한약재추출물을 제조하여 가금질병에 관련이 있는 세균에 대한 항균활성을 조사하였다. 오미자, 천련자, 소목 및 오배자 추출물은 Salmonella gallinarum에 대해 높은 항균활성을 보였으며 향유, 육두구, 초두구, 지실, 하고초, 소목 및 오배자 추출물은 Staphylococcus aureus에 대해 높은 항균활성을 보였다. 천련자, 소목 및 오배자 추출물의 S. gallinarum에 대한 최소저해농도는 1.2 ㎎/ml이며 오배자 추출물의 S. aureus에 대한 최소저해농도는 0.6 mg/ml로 가장 낮은 농도에서 항균활성을 보였다. 열에 의한 항균활성 변화에 있어서 오미자와 오배자 추출물은 S. gallinarum에 대한 항균럭이 감소하였고 초두구와 소목 추출물은 S. aureus 에 대해 항균력이 안정하였다. pH에 의한 항균활성의 변화에서 S. gallinarum에서 오미자가, S. aureus에서는 향유, 지실 및 오배자는 산성역에서는 비교적 안정하였으나 알칼리역에서 불안정하였으며 소목은 산성과 알칼리역에서 안정하였다. 항균력이 가장 우수한 오배자와 소목 추출물의 미생물 증식억제 효과를 조사하기 위해 증식배지에 0, 100, 300 및 500 ppm의 추출물을 첨가하여 균주의 증식 억제효과를 조사하였다. 배양후 24시간에 무첨가구에 비해 100 ppm이상의 오배자 추출물 첨가시 시험 균의 증식을 현저히 억제하였고, 소목 추출물에서도 무첨가구보다 300 ppm 이상의 추출물 첨가시 시험 균의 증식을 현저히 억제하였다. 이런 결과를 종합하면 가금 질병을 유발하는 S. gallinarum과 S. aureus를 예방 할 수 있는 사료첨가제 개발 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.335-349
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• 2002

The immune response against Salmonella gallinarum infection was investigated in immunosuppresed chickens. Newly hatched chickens were treated with cyclophosphamide at the first and second day after birth and were challenged intraperitoneally with S gallinarum ($1{\times}10^7CFU/m{\ell}$) on day 6. Group 1, Immunosuppresed and Challenged group, was treated with cyclophaiphamide and challenged with S gallinarum; group 2, Immunosuppressed group, was only treated with cyclophsphamide; group 3, Challenged group, was only challenged with S gallinarum; group 4, Control group. In each group, the localization of lymphocytes of the lymphoid organs and intestine was immunohistochemically compared using a variety of monoclonal antiboies ($CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, and B lymphocyte). Also, S gallinarum were assessed by Maccallum-Goodpasture stain and immunohistochemical analysis in the paraffin-embedded intestinal tissues. In S gallinarum challenged chickens, $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ lymphocytes of the intestinal organs such as duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were increased. However, in cyclophophamide treated chickens, $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ lymphocytes and especially B lymphocytes of the lymphoid organs such as thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius were dramatically decreased. These results suggest that cyclophsophamide is an immunosuppressive agent that especially causes depletion of B lymphocytes, suppress humoral immunity and eventually suppresses avian immune responses. Its protection against S gallinarum infection is mainly dependent on both cell-mediated mechanism and the humoral immune response.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2002

The present study was conducted to investigate the antibiotic resistance of 24 Salmonella gallinarum isolated from 48 chicken samples of diagnosed fowl typhoid cases during the period from November 1998 to November 1999. And the isolates of S gallinarum were also tested for their invasion abilities to experimental infection as one of virulence tests, and the presence of virulence-related plasmid in S gallinarum isolates. The results obtained through this study were summarized as follows; 1. All of isolates from 48 cases of 24 farms were identified S gallinarum by biochemical and serological tests.2. Antimicrobial drug resistance test against 24 isolates showed that the isolates were resistant to Colistin(95.8%), and Penicillin(79.2%), Polymyxin B(75.0%), Streptomycin (65.2%), Gentamycin(54.2%), and Tetracycline(33.3%). 3. Mortality in chicken following peroral inoculation of four isolates of S gallinarum during 14-days inoculation pecked at 5 days(40%) after inoculation and all of experimental chickens died within 13 days after inoculation.4. Based on the pattern and number of isolated plasmid from each isolate, plasmid profiles were divided into five groups; group I with 3 plasmids, group II to group IV with 4 plasmids and group V with 5 plasmids.