• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2015

Objective : Optimal treatment decision and estimation of the prognosis in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently based on demographic and clinical predictors. But sometimes, there are limitations in these factors. In this study, we analyzed three central nervous system biomarkers in TBI patients, will discuss the roles and clinical applications of biomarkers in TBI. Methods : From July on 2013 to August on 2014, a total of 45 patients were included. The serum was obtained at the time of hospital admission, and biomarkers were extracted with centrifugal process. It was analyzed for the level of S-100 beta (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1). Results : This study included 33 males and 12 females with a mean age of 58.5 (19-84) years. TBI patients were classified into two groups. Group A was severe TBI with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 3-5 and Group B was mild TBI with GCS score 13-15. The median serum concentration of S100B, GFAP, and UCH-L1 in severe TBI were raised 5.1 fold, 5.5 fold, and 439.1 fold compared to mild injury, respectively. The serum levels of these markers correlated significantly with the injury severity and clinical outcome (p<0.001). Increased level of markers was strongly predicted poor outcomes. Conclusion : S100B, GFAP, and UCH-L1 serum level of were significantly increased in TBI according to severity and associated clinical outcomes. Biomarkers have potential utility as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic adjuncts in the setting of TBI.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2003

Chon-Mun-Ryu-Cho (天文類抄), written (edited) by Lee Sun-Ji (李純之) during the period of King Se-Jong, is a representative astronomy book of Cho-Sun (朝鮮: A.D. 1392-1910) Dynasty. We find and study in the first page of the book; the description of 28 oriental constellations as a Sasin (four mythical oriental animals)-animal sky map which is not widely known yet. The map consists of four groups of constellations, each of which represents the Sasin: Chang-Ryong (蒼龍: dragon), Baek-Ho (白虎: tige.s with Ki-Rin [離隣: Oriental giraffe]), Ju-Jak (朱崔: Chinese phoenix), Hyun-Mu (玄武: a tortoise interwined with a snake). Each group (animals) spans 2 ～ 7 of 28 oriental constellations (宿). As we know from the illustration (論說) of the Chon-Sang-Yol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do (天象列次分野之圖), a representative sky map of Cho-Sun Dynasty, astronomy in Cho-Sun Dynasty is closely related to that in Go- Gu-Rye. (高句麗: B.C. 37 -A.D. 668) Dynasty. Since these Sasin-animals appear in most mural paintings of Go-Gu-Rye. (高句麗) tombs, visualization of sky with these animal constellations could have been established as early as in Go-Gu-Ryer Dynasty. We also reconstruct this ”A Sasin-animal Korean sky map” based on the shapes of the Sasin and Ki-Rin from Go-Gu-Ryer paintings and 28 oriental constellations in Chon- S an g- Yol- C h a- B un- Ya- J i- Do.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.281-288
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• 2010

Total aflatoxin ($B_1+B_2+G_1+G_2$) maximum levels of 15 ${\mu}g/kg$ ($B_1=10\;{\mu}g/kg$) were set for grain, beans, peanut, nuts & their processed food (grinding, cutting etc.), processed cereal product & processed bean product, confectionaries (peanut or nut-containing food), soybean paste, red pepper paste, dried red pepper, processed com products for popcorn and steamed rice. The maximum levels for aflatoxin $M_1$ are 0.5 ${\mu}g/kg$ for raw milk and milks before manufacturing processing. The patulin maximum level is 50 ${\mu}g/kg$ in apple juice and apple juice concentrate (including concentrate to use as raw material and converted by concentration multiple). The ochratoxin A is managed at the maximum levels of 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ in wheat, barley, rye, coffee beans and roasted coffee, 10 ${\mu}g/kg$ in instant coffee and raisin, 2 ${\mu}g/kg$ in Grape juice, concentrated grape juice as reconstituted and wine. The fumonisins ($B_1+B_2$) maximum levels are 4000 ${\mu}g/kg$ in com, 2000 ${\mu}g/kg$ in com processed food (grinding, cutting etc.) and com powder, 1000 ${\mu}g/kg$ in processed com products. Standards for mycotoxins in food have been established and the mycotoxin risk in food is managed reasonably and scientifically, based on risk assessment and exposure analysis.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.91-121
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• 2014

Let X and Y be vector spaces. It is shown that a mapping $f:X{\rightarrow}Y$ satisfies the functional equation ${\ddag}$ $$2df(\frac{x_1+{\sum}_{j=2}^{2d}(-1)^jx_j}{2d})-2df(\frac{x_1+{\sum}_{j=2}^{2d}(-1)^{j+1}x_j}{2d})=2\sum_{j=2}^{2d}(-1)^jf(x_j)$$ if and only if the mapping $f:X{\rightarrow}Y$ is additive, and prove the Cauchy-Rassias stability of the functional equation (${\ddag}$) in Banach modules over a unital $C^*$-algebra, and in Poisson Banach modules over a unital Poisson $C^*$-algebra. Let $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ be unital $C^*$-algebras, Poisson $C^*$-algebras, Poisson $JC^*$-algebras or Lie $JC^*$-algebras. As an application, we show that every almost homomorphism $h:\mathcal{A}{\rightarrow}\mathcal{B}$ of $\mathcal{A}$ into $\mathcal{B}$ is a homomorphism when $h(d^nuy)=h(d^nu)h(y)$ or $h(d^nu{\circ}y)=h(d^nu){\circ}h(y)$ for all unitaries $u{\in}\mathcal{A}$, all $y{\in}\mathcal{A}$, and n = 0, 1, 2, ${\cdots}$. Moreover, we prove the Cauchy-Rassias stability of homomorphisms in $C^*$-algebras, Poisson $C^*$-algebras, Poisson $JC^*$-algebras or Lie $JC^*$-algebras, and of Lie $JC^*$-algebra derivations in Lie $JC^*$-algebras.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2013

Hesperidin (HES), a flavonone glycoside isolated from the citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges, has been reported to have many biological properties including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antiallergy activities. In this study, we focused on the action of HES modulating Th2-associated cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 expression in PMA/ionomycin (PI)-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. The production of IL-4 and IL-13 was quantified by ELISA and the mRNA expression was detected by using RT-PCR assay. In addition, western blot analysis was performed to determine the transcription factors involved in the cytokine expression. We found that HES significantly decreased PI-induced IL-4 and IL-13 productions and also decreased the level of mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, western blot analysis of the transcription factors implied that HES down-regulated the protein level of c-Jun and c-Fos, which are the activating protein 1 (AP-1) family and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) characterized as a transcription factors related to the Th2-associated cytokine expression. Taken together, our data showed that the action of HES responsible for antiallergy activities is based on suppression of Th2-associated cytokines through inhibition of AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ transcription factors.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.11B no.6
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• pp.625-632
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• 2004

Since the H.264 encoding adopts both forward prediction and hi-direction prediction modes and exploits Variable Length Coding(VLC), the amount of data generated from video encoder varies as Flaying time goes by. The fixed bit rate encoding system which has limited transmission channel capacity uses a buffer to control output bitstream It's necessary to control the bitstream to maintain within manageable range so as to protect buffer from overflow or underflow. With existing bit amount control algorithms, the $\lambda_{MODE}$ which is relationship between distortion value and quantization parameter often excesses normal value to end up with video error. This paper proposes an algorithm to protect buffer from overflow or underflow by introducing a new quantization parameter against distortion value of H.264 video data. The test results of 6 exemplary data show that the proposed algorithm has the same PSNR as and up to 8% reduced bit rate against existing algorithms.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.10B no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2003

In transmitting compressed video bit-stream over Internet, packet loss causes error propagation in both spatial and temporal domain, which in turn leads to severe degradation in image quality. In this paper, a new approach for the recovery of lost or erroneous Motion Vector(MV)s by classifying the movements of neighboring blocks by their homogeneity is proposed. MVs of neighboring blocks are classified according to the direction of MVs and a representative value for each class is determined to obtain the candidate MV set. By computing the distortion of the candidates, a MV with the minimum distortion is selected. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits better performance in many cases than existing methods.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.13B no.3 s.106
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• pp.245-254
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• 2006

In this work, a new rate control algorithm for transmission of H.264/AVC video bit stream through CBR(constant bit rate) channel is proposed. The proposed algorithm predicts target bit rate and MAD(mean of absolute difference) for current frame considering image complexity variance between neighboring backward and current images. In details, respective linear regression analysis for MAD and encoded bit rate against image complexity variance produce correlation parameters. Additionally, it uses frame skip technique to maintain bit stream within a manageable range and protect buffer from overflow or underflow. Implementation and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can provide accurate bit allocation, and can effectively visual degradation after scene changes. Also our proposed algorithm encodes the video sequences with less frame skipping compared to the existing rate control for H.264/AVC.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.12B no.7 s.103
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• pp.755-760
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• 2005

To transmit a video bit stream over low bandwith, such as mobile, channels, encoding algorithms for high bit rate like H.263+ are used. In transmitting video bit-streams, packet losses cause severe degradation in image quality. This paper proposes a new algorithm for the recovery of missing or erroneous motion vectors when H.263+ bit-stream is transmitted. Considering that the missing or erroneous motion vectors are closely related with those of neighboring blocks, this paper proposes a temporal-spatial error concealment algorithm. The proposed approach is that missing or erroneous Motion Vectors(MVs) are recovered by clustering the movements of neighboring blocks by their homogeneity. MVs of neighboring blocks we clustered according to ALA(Average Linkage Algorithm) clustering and a representative value for each cluster is determined to obtain the candidate MV set. By computing the distortion of the candidates, a MV with the minimum distortion is selected. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits better performance in subjective and objective evaluation than existing methods.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.151-166
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions on youth's family role salience. The participants in this research were 526 university students(male 200, female 326). All respondents submitted their answers on a self-report questionnaire. The measurement instruments were Family Role Salience Scale(Hong, 2001), Self-esteem Scale(Rosenberg, 1979), and Gender Role Attitudes Scale(Kang, 2000). The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-tests, and multiple regressions. The major results of this study were twofold. (a) The young male exhibited higher levels of family role salience (marital role salience, parental role salience, and homecare role salience) perceptions than the young female did. (b) Self-esteem showed a significant influence on the perceptions of youth's family role salience, whereas family socioeconomic status was a non-significant factor. However, gender role attitudes, parental relationship satisfaction, and religion showed different influences on the perceptions of family role salience for young male and female. Implications for educators and directions for future research are discussed.