• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1584-1592
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• 2014

The objective was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of crossbred heifers finished on a Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture receiving four levels of glycerin in their supplementation. Thirty-six crossbred heifers with average initial weight of $264.83{\pm}3.83kg$ and 20 months of age were distributed into a completely randomized design with four treatments and nine replications: control (0%), 4.82%, 10.12%, and 15.56% glycerin in the dry matter. The grazing time reduced linearly (p<0.05), whereas the time spent on activities like rumination, idleness, trough and total chewing time were quadratically affected (p<0.05). Bite rate and number of bites/day were quadratically influenced (p<0.05). The number of bites/swallowed cud and the number of bites/minute, however, increased linearly (p<0.05). Although the time spent on each cud and number of chews per cud were not affected (p>0.05).The number of rumination periods reduced linearly (p<0.05), whereas the number of grazing, idle and trough periods, and the times per grazing, idle, rumination and trough periods were quadratically affected (p<0.05). The feed and rumination efficiencies of the dry matter, non-fibrous carbohydrates, pasture dry matter and concentrate were quadratically affected (p>0.05) whereas the feed efficiency of neutral detergent fiber reduced linearly (p<0.05). Addition of glycerin in substitution of corn in supplements for animals managed on pastures does not influenced feed intake, but reduces the grazing time and increases the idle time. The supplementation also improves feed and rumination efficiencies.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2002

꽃사슴의 효율적인 사양관리를 위한 기초자료의 제시를 위해 근전도(EMG) Telemetry system을 이용한 사슴의 채식행동 조사가 실시되었다. 사슴은 다른 반추가축에 비해 빈번하고 불규칙한 채식행동 양식이 나타났다. 일중 채식과 반추에 소비한 시간은 각각 261분과 291분이었다. 사슴은 반추행동시에 일중 총 647회의 식괴와 1반추기당 평균 21.6회의 식괴를 토출했으며 1식괴당 26.9초의 반추시간을 나타냈다. 반추기간중 총 저작시간은 245.3분이었다. 총 저작수는 20,405회였으며 식괴당 31.5회, 분당 83.4회의 저작회수를 나타냈다. 시간대별 평균 식괴토출수는 09∼15시 사이에 15.3회로 가장 낮았고 15∼21시 사이에 26회로 가장 높았으며 이후 점차 저하되었다. 매 6시간 간격의 1식괴당 평균 저작회수는 시간이 경과함에 따라 증가되었다. 한편 섭취건물 100g당 채식시간과 반추시간은 각각 23.3분과 26.2분이었다. 결과적으로 사슴은 다소 불규칙하고 빈번한 채식과 반추 그리고 적은 식괴크기와 낮은 저작회수 등으로 인해 타 반추가축과는 다른 행동양식을 갖고 있기 때문에 이에 적합한 사양 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.109-115
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• 1995

2세 10개월된 중증 정신지체아동의 이미증 치료에서 지시따르기 훈련을 통한 장난감 놀이지도(DRO)와 이미증 제재수단으로 얼굴가리개(Facial Screening)가 사용되었다. 이 아동의 이미증은 주로 손가락 빨기, 장난감 입에 넣고 빨기, 주위의 물건에 닥치는 대로 입을 대고 빠는 형태이다 빠는 행위의 발생은 장난감 놀이지도 전에는 15분 당 평균 18.6회였으나, 놀이지도 기간에는 평균 5.4회, 얼굴가리개를 통해 빠는 행위를 제재한 치료기간에는 평균 2.3회로 감소되어, 얼굴가리개의 사용이 이 아동의 이미증 치료에 큰 효과를 보였다. 이 아동은 이미증 이외에 구토행위를 보였는데, 본 연구에서는 구토행위를 치료하지 않았으나, 놀이지도 및 이미증 치료기간 동안 구토행위가 저절로 감소된 현상을 보인 것은 기존 연구에서 밝혀진 바와 같이 한 행동의 치료가 다른 문제행동의 감소에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 증명하고 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.1085-1089
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• 2001

Metabolites, such as isopropyl alcohol (IPA) produced by rumen fermentation, were intravenously infused into a jugular vein of goats during feeding to explore the mechanism and roles of IPA in ruminating behavior (number of boli and ruminating time). Three female goats were confined in metabolism cages with a stanchion, The ruminating behavior measured by the number of ruminations, ruminating time, number of remastications, and remasticating time decreased (p<0,05) with intravenous IPA infusion. The IPA concentrations and VFA concentrations increased in the blood circulation. Our data suggest that sensitive receptors of rumination to IPA are more likely to be in an area such as the brain stem where they can respond to blood metabolite levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1134-1138
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• 2002

Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), produced from acetone by rumen bacterial action, was infused into the rumen of three female goats kept in a climatically controlled experimental room during feeding to investigate the mechanism and roles of IPA in ruminating behavior (number of boli and ruminating time). The ruminating behavior measured by the number of boli, ruminating time, number of remastications, and remasticating time increased (p<0.05) with intraruminal IPA infusion. The concentrations of IPA and acetone in the rumen and the plasma significantly increased (p<0.05) during intraruminal IPA infusion. These data suggest that rumination receptors sensitive to IPA and acetone may be in an area such as the rumen epithelium and the brain stem where they can respond to metabolite levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.803-810
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• 2001

This study examined the behavior of dairy heifers and the factors affecting the performance of them on pasture. Behavior of 10 Holstein heifers in a herd of 25 animals that rotationally grazed five 8-ha pastures was observed and recorded every 5 minutes during 24 hours; body weights were measured once a month from June to October. Blood and rumen fluid samples were collected from 5 of them bimonthly. Chemical composition was analyzed for the forage samples collected each month. CP content (DM basis) of herbage ranged from 12.2 (June) to 17.2% (October) and ADF from 31.1 (October) to 39.1% (July). Standing (posture) time was different significantly among months (p<0.001) ranging from 48.3 to 61.3% of 24 hours and was longer in July and August (61.3% and 58.3%, respectively) when ADF content of herbage was higher than in the other months. Grazing time which significantly differed among months (p<0.001) ranged from 29.1 to 41.6% of 24 hours and was shorter in June and September (29.1% and 33.0%, respectively) when ADF content was lower than in the other months. Average DG through the experiment period was 0.74 kg/day. August was the lowest in DG (0.41 kg/day) and the longest in rumination time and standing-rumination time among months. Animals of higher DG had a shorter standing time (r=-0.36, p<0.01) and a longer lying-rumination time (r=0.55, p<0.001) throughout the experiment. Total protein concentration in blood ranged from 9.04 to 9.64 g/dl and was negatively correlated with DG (r=-0.65, p<0.05). Phospholipid concentration of blood ranged from 119.66 to 156.40 mg/dl and was negatively correlated with DG (r=-0.57, p<0.05). VFA in rumen fluid, acetic acid proportion (ranging from 69.35 to 74.76%) and butyric acid proportion (ranging from 7.18 to 12.05%) showed significant differences among months (p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). Butyric acid proportion was significantly related with DG (r=0.60, p<0.05).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2004

농후사료와 조사료의 비율이 한우의 반추행동, 저작시간 및 저작빈도에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여, 반추위 누관이 장착되고, 턱 주위에 트랜스듀서가 설치된 한우 성우 5두를 공시하였다. 사료는 농후사료와 볏짚의 급여비율을 50 : 50, 60 : 40, 70 : 30, 80 : 20과 90 : 10으로 급여하면서 사료섭취와 반추행동의 변화를 조사하였다. 사료 중 조사료의 비율을 전체 건물량의 10, 20, 30, 40과 50%로 증가시켰으F 때 일일 총 저작시간은 286.99분에서 423.30분/일로 직선적으로 증가하였는데, 이것은 반추시간이 204.91에서 342.80분/일로 증가한 것에 주로 기인하였다. 그러나 농후사료의 급여수준에 따른 사료 섭취 시간의 차이는 없었으며, 일일 반추시 저작횟수와 반추당 저작횟수는 농후사료의 급여 비율의 증가에 의하여 감소되었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.759-769
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of stocking density on the behavior, productivity, and metabolism of periparturient Holstein cows as well as calf performance. Methods: A total of 48 periparturient cows were randomly assigned into three groups at 28 days (±3 days) before their expected calving date. The stocking densities of the groups, relative to the standard cubicle and feed bunk number, were i) 80% (13 cows), ii) 100% (16 cows), and iii) 120% (19 cows). Lying and rumination behavior was recorded using electronic data loggers and HR-Tags from d -21 ("d-" means days before calving) until the calving date, d 0. Lying time was assessed to determine the diurnal total hours spent lying per day. Rumination time was averaged in 2 hours interval periods over 24 hours during the experimental period. Results: Cows in the 80% group spent more time lying and ruminating between d -21 and d -7 and tended to ruminate more between d -14 and d 0. Calcium levels tended to be higher for cows in the 80% group, no other observable differences were found in monitored blood parameters. Moreover, 3.5% fat corrected milk and energy corrected milk yields were higher in 80% group in the first month of lactation. No other observable differences were found in the yield and composition of colostrum and milk in the first 10 months of lactation. The growth and performance of calves in the first week of life was not affected by stocking density of the dams. Conclusion: We concluded that lower stocking density may increase lying and ruminating behavior of prepartum Holstein cows. However, this did not translate into improved productivity and metabolism.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.810-817
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• 2023

Objective: The aim was to compare the behavioral response to full separation of cows and calves maintained together for 100 days or 24 h. Methods: Twelve Holstein-Friesian cow-calf pairs were enrolled into either treatment or industry groups (n = 6 cow-calf pairs/group). The treatment cows and calves were maintained on pasture together for 106±8.6 d and temporarily separated twice a day for milking. The Industry cows and their calves, were separated within 24 h postpartum. Triaxial accelerometer neck-mounted sensors were fitted to cows 3 weeks before separation to measure hourly rumination and activity. Before separation, cow and calf behavior was observed by scan sampling for 15 min. During the separation process, frequency of vocalizations and turn arounds were recorded. At separation, cows were moved to an observation pen where behavior was recorded for 3 d. A CCTV camera was used to record video footage of cows within the observation pens and behavior was documented from the videos in 15 min intervals across the 3 d. Results: Before separation, industry calves were more likely to be near their mother than Treatment calves. During the separation process, vocalization and turn around behavior was similar between groups. After full separation, treatment cows vocalized three times more than industry cows. However, the frequency of time spent close to barrier, standing, lying, walking, and eating were similar between industry and treatment cows. Treatment cows had greater rumination duration, and were more active, than industry cows. Conclusion: These findings suggest a similar behavioral response to full calf separation and greater occurrence of vocalizations, from cows maintained in a long-term, pasture-based, cow-calf rearing system when ompared to cows separated within 24 h. However, further work is required to assess the impact of full separation on calf behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the demographic characteristics, responses to negative emotions, and difficulties in emotion regulation between self-harming adolescents and control individuals aged 12-14 years from the community. Methods: Data were collected from adolescents in Chungcheong Province, South Korea, between September 2021 and November 2022. Demographic characteristics and responses to the Depressed Mood Questionnaire and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-16 (DERS-16) were compared between the self-harm and control groups. Results: The self-harm group exhibited a higher prevalence of child abuse (odds ratio [OR]=4.787, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.591-14.409, p=0.005) and school bullying victimization (OR=4.495, 95% CI=2.353-8.588, p<0.001) than those in the control group. The self-harm group displayed higher levels of rumination (t=7.88, p<0.001) and reduced distraction responses (reverse score t=2.25, p=0.025) than those of the control group. Additionally, the self-harm group scored higher on all subscales and the total DERS-16 score (t=7.61, p<0.001). Conclusion: Interventions for self-harming adolescents should address child abuse and bullying victimization. Prevention programs for self-harming adolescents should focus on reducing rumination responses, increasing distractive responses, and addressing difficulties in emotion regulation using dialectical behavior therapy-skill training.