• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.221-225
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• 2005

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of monensin or fish oil addition on bio-hydrogenation of $C_{18^-} unsaturated fatty acids and CLA production by mixed ruminal bacteria when incubated with safflower oil. Commercially manufactured concentrate (1%, w/v) with safflower oil (0.2%, w/v) were added to mixed solution (600 ml) of strained rumen fluid and McDougalls artificial saliva (control). Monensin $Rumensin^{(R)}$, 10 ppm, w/v, MO), mixed fish oil (0.02%, w/v, absorbed to 0.2 g alfalfa hay, FO) or similar amounts of monensin and fish oil (MO+FO) to MO and FO was also added into the control solution. All the culture solutions prepared were incubated in the culture jar anaerobically at $39^{\circ}C$ up to 12 h. Higher pH (p<0.047) and ammonia concentration (p<0.042) were observed from the culture solution containing MO at 12 h incubation than those from the culture solutions of control or FO. The MO supplementation increased (p<0.0001-0.007) propionate proportion of culture solution but reduced butyrate proportion at 6 h (p<0.018) and 12 h (p<0.001) of incubations. Supplementation of MO or MO+FO increased (p<0.001) the proportions of $C_{18:2}$. The MO alone reduced (p<0.022-0.025) the proportion of c9,t11-CLA compared to FO in all incubation times. The FO supplementation increased the proportion of c9,t11-CLA. An additive effect of MO to FO in the production of c9,t11-CLA was observed at 6 h incubation. In vitro supplementation of monensin reduced hydrogenation of $C_{18^-}$UFAs while fish oil supplementation increased the production of CLA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1381-1388
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• 2012

An in vitro experiment was conducted to examine the effects of defaunation (removal of protozoa) on ruminal fermentation characteristics, $CH_4$ production and degradation by rumen microbes when incubated with cereal grains (corn, wheat and rye). Sodium lauryl sulfate as a defaunation reagent was added into the culture solution at a concentration of 0.000375 g/ml, and incubated anaerobically for up to 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. Following defaunation, live protozoa in the culture solution were rarely observed by microscopic examination. A difference in pH was found among grains regardless of defaunation at all incubation times (p<0.01 to 0.001). Defaunation significantly decreased pH at 12 h (p<0.05) when rumen fluid was incubated with grains. Ammonia-N concentration was increased by defaunation for all grains at 6 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.05) incubation times. Total VFA concentration was increased by defaunation at 6 h (p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.01) for all grains. Meanwhile, defaunation decreased acetate and butyrate proportions at 6 h (p<0.05, p<0.01) and 12 h (p<0.01, p<0.001), but increased the propionate proportion at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h incubation (p<0.01 to 0.001) for all grains. Defaunation increased in vitro effective degradability of DM (p<0.05). Production of total gas and $CO_2$ was decreased by defaunation for all grains at 1 h (p<0.05, p<0.05) and then increased at 6 h (p<0.05, p<0.05) and 12 h (p<0.05, p<0.05). $CH_4$ production was higher from faunation than from defaunation at all incubation times (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.188-199
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• 2015

Nineteen tanniferous browse plants were collected from South Africa to investigate their digestibility, gas production (GP) characteristics and methane production. Fresh samples were collected, dried in forced oven, and ground and analyzed for nutrient composition. In vitro GP and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined using rumen fluid collected, strained and anaerobically prepared. A semi-automated system was used to measure GP by incubating the sample in a shaking incubator at $39^{\circ}C$. There was significant (p<0.05) variation in chemical composition of studied browses. Crude protein (CP) content of the species ranged from 86.9 to 305.0 g/kg dry matter (DM). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ranged from 292.8 to 517.5 g/kg DM while acid detergent fiber (ADF) ranged from 273.3 to 495.1 g/kg DM. The ash, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrate, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen and CP were negatively correlated with methane production. Methane production was positively correlated with NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemi-cellulose. Tannin decreased GP, IVOMD, total volatile fatty acid and methane production. The observed low methanogenic potential and substantial ammonia generation of some of the browses might be potentially useful as rumen manipulating agents. However, a systematic evaluation is needed to determine optimum levels of supplementation in a mixed diet in order to attain a maximal depressing effect on enteric $CH_4$ production with a minimal detrimental effect on rumen fermentation of poor quality roughage based diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2001

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of sources and the addition levels of carbohydrates on fermentation characteristics, bacterial growth, and hydrogenation of linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) by mixed ruminal bacteria. Starch and cellobiose were added to the 200 ml non-selective basal media at the levels of 0.20 and 0.35% (w/v), respectively. Linoleic acid (66.8~79.6 mg) in the absorbed form into the pieces of nylon cloth was also added to the media of 5 treatments including control which was not added with carbohydrate. Three mls of rumen fluid strained through 12 layers of cheese cloth were added to each medium, and were incubated anaerobically in the shaking incubator of $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. During 24 h incubation the pH in incubation media of all treatments was maintained above 6.6 by the addition of sodium bicarbonate. The pH and ammonia concentration of incubation media were not clearly influenced by the sources and addition levels of carbohydrates while additions of carbohydrates increased (p<0.0001) VFA concentration at the 24 h incubation. Molar proportions of acetate were reduced (p<0.0004) while those of propionate were increased (p<0.0006) by the addition of carbohydrates. But the differences in concentration and molar proportions of the VFA were small between the sources or the addition levels. Bacterial growth was faster (p<0.0004) in the starch added treatments than in the cellobiose added ones and control, but no differences were found between addition levels. Increased (p<0.0487) hydrogenation was observed from the starch added treatments compared to the cellobiose added ones, but there was no difference between addition levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.495-504
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• 2017

Objective: Manipulating the fermentation to improve the performance of the ruminant has attracted the attention of both farmers and animal scientists. Propionate salt supplementation in the diet could disturb the concentration of propionate and total volatile fatty acids in the rumen. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of calcium propionate supplementation on the ruminal bacterial community composition in finishing bulls. Methods: Eight finishing bulls were randomly assigned to control group (CONT) and calcium propionate supplementation (PROP) feeding group, with four head per group. The control group was fed normal the total mixed ration (TMR) finishing diet, and PROP group was fed TMR supplemented with 200 g/d calcium propionate. At the end of the 51-day feeding trial, all bulls were slaughtered and rumen fluid was collected from each of the animals. Results: Propionate supplementation had no influence the rumen fermentation parameters (p>0.05). Ruminal bacterial community composition was analyzed by sequencing of hypervariable V3 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The most abundant phyla were the Firmicutes (60.68%) and Bacteroidetes (23.67%), followed by Tenericutes (4.95%) and TM7 (3.39%). The predominant genera included Succiniclasticum (9.43%), Butyrivibrio (3.74%), Ruminococcus (3.46%) and Prevotella (2.86%). Bacterial community composition in the two groups were highly similar, except the abundance of Tenericutes declined along with the calcium propionate supplementation (p = 0.0078). Conclusion: These data suggest that the ruminal bacterial community composition is nearly unchanged by propionate supplementation in finishing bulls.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.155-162
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Cynanchum wilfordii (CW) on cell viability, anti-oxidant activity, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and methane gas production. Collected rumen fluid incubated with CW powder (1% w/v) for 12 and 24 hours were analyzed for pH, VFAs and methane. Alamar blue assay showed no significant difference on the viability of 3T3-L1 and C2C12 cells treated with CW for 24 hours. TBARS data showed a dose dependent increase on the antioxidant activity of CW. VFAs increased in the CW-treated groups compared to the control group. In addition, propionate increased more than other VFAs by the treatment with CW. There was a significant decrease in methane gas production in batch culture treated with CW in 12hrs. In conclusion, it was suggested that Cynanchum wilfordii could manipulate rumen fermentation considered by increasing VFA production and inhibition of methanogenesis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.379-386
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• 2012

In this study, the in vitro fermentation parameters of whole crop barley (WCBS-TMR) and Italian ryegrass (IRGS-TMR) silage total mixed rations were compared. A rice straw based diet (RSBD), which was a mixture of rice straw and concentrate (60:40), was used as the control. The feeds were incubated in buffered rumen fluid for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours at $39^{\circ}C$. At the end of each incubation period the following parameters were determined, total gas, pH, ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and then the acetate to propionate ratio (A/P) was calculated. The dietary treatments did not affect (p>0.05) the overall production of $NH_3$-N, gas, total VFA and all the individual VFA, with the exception of n-butyrate (p<0.001). The treatment diets significantly affected the A/P ratio (p<0.01). The control diet resulted in the lowest A/P ratios, followed by WCBS-TMR and lastly IRGS-TMR had the highest ratios. Gas production was not different between treatments, suggesting a probable similar level of digestibility when treatments are fed to animals. It can therefore be concluded from the present study that WCBS and IRGS are of almost an equivalent nutritional value when incubated in a TMR form. WCBS-TMR however resulted in lower A/P ratios than IRGS-TMR, which is indicative of a more energy efficient diet.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.79-85
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• 2012

This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary n-3/n-6 fatty acid (FA) ratio on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), fermentation indices and FA profile. Rice bran was mixed with oil sources (cotton seed oil and linseed oil) to make the diets at 0.02, 0.29 and 0.61 of dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio. These diets (0.5g) were placed into the incubation bottles with 40 ml of anaerobic culture medium, which contained rumen fluid and Van Soest medium at 1:2 ratio. Five replicates of each diet and two blanks were incubated at $39^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours. After incubation, the incubated contents were centrifuged. The residues were freeze-dried for DMD and FA analyses. The supernatant was used for pH, $NH_3-N$ and volatile fatty acid analyses. The concentrations of lactate (p<0.001) and iso-valerate (p<0.001) decreased linearly with increasing dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio, but acetate concentration (p=0.056) and the ratio of acetate to propionate (p=0.005) was increased linearly. The concentrations of n-3, n-6 FA and the ratio of n-3/n-6 FA in residues increased (p<0.001) linearly with increasing dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio, but C18:1n-9 FA concentration was decreased (p<0.001) linearly. With these results, it could affect fermentation characteristics and FA profile of rumen content by dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2019

Objective: Ensiling of tannin-rich fruit byproducts (FB) involves quantitative and qualitative changes in the tannins, which would consequently change the rumen fermentation characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate whether ensiled FBs are effective in mitigating methane emission from ruminants by conducting in vitro assessments. Methods: Fruit byproducts (grape pomace, wild grape pomace, and persimmon skin) were collected and subjected to four-week ensiling by Lactobacillus buchneri inoculant. A defined feed component with or without FB samples (both fresh and ensiled material) were subjected to in vitro anaerobic culturing using rumen fluid sampled from beef cattle, and the fermentation parameters and microbial populations were monitored. Results: Reduced methane production and a proportional change in total volatile fatty acids (especially enhanced propionate proportion) was noted in bottles containing the FBs compared with that in the control (without FB). In addition, we found lower gene copy number of archaeal 16S rRNA and considerably higher levels of one of the major fibrolytic bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes) in the bottles containing FBs than in the control, particularly, when it was included in a forage-based feed. However, in the following cultivation experiment, we observed that FBs failed to exhibit a significant difference in methane production with or without polyethylene glycol, implying that tannins in the FBs may not be responsible for the mitigation of methane generation. Conclusion: The results of the in vitro cultivation experiments indicated that not only the composition but also ensiling of FBs affected rumen fermentation patterns and the degree of methane generation. This is primarily because of the compositional changes in the fibrous fraction during ensiling as well as the presence of readily fermented substrates, whereas tannins in these FBs seemed to have little effect on the ruminal fermentation kinetics.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.238-247
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• 2023

Objective: Recently, indigenous Korean grass Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai (SQ) has garnered much interest as a roughage source for livestock to mitigate its adverse effects on habitat diversity. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the ruminal fermentation, palatability, and nutrient digestibility of SQ for Korean native beef cattle (Hanwoo) using in vitro rumen fermentation, in situ rumen degradability, and in vivo feeding trials. Methods: Using in vitro tests with rumen fluid as the inoculum for 48 h, ruminal fermentation of SQ was evaluated and compared with that of other roughage sources commonly used in Korea (i.e., rice straw, Timothy hay, and Italian ryegrass [IRG]). Additionally, an in situ trial 96 h was performed using three cannulated Hanwoo steers. Further, an in vivo trial was performed using eight Hanwoo steers to compare the palatability of SQ with rice straw in total mixed ration (TMR) and forage-concentrate separate feeding conditions. Finally, an in vivo digestibility trial of SQ fed as TMR of two particle sizes was performed with four Hanwoo steers. Results: In vitro and in situ trials revealed that SQ was comparable or superior to rice straw in terms of the ruminal fermentation characteristics of pH, gas production, total volatile fatty acid content, and effective ruminal dry matter digestibility (DMD), although its fermentability was lower than that of Timothy hay and IRG. In the palatability test, steers showed a greater preference for SQ when given as TMR. The total tract DMD of SQ fed as TMR was 75.9%±1.37%, and it did not differ by particle size. Conclusion: The feed value of SQ as a roughage source for Hanwoo steers is comparable or superior to that of rice straw, particularly when provided as TMR.