• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.7 no.6
• /
• pp.841-850
• /
• 2004

This paper proposes a GA and GDM-based method for removing unnecessary rules and generating relevant rules from the fuzzy rules corresponding to several fuzzy partitions. The aim of proposed method is to find a minimum set of fuzzy rules that can correctly classify all the training patterns. When the fine fuzzy partition is used with conventional methods, the number of fuzzy rules has been enormous and the performance of fuzzy inference system became low. This paper presents the application of GA as a means of finding optimal solutions over fuzzy partitions. In each rule, the antecedent part is made up the membership functions of a fuzzy set, and the consequent part is made up of a real number. The membership functions and the number of fuzzy inference rules are tuned by means of the GA, while the real numbers in the consequent parts of the rules are tuned by means of the gradient descent method. It is shown that the proposed method has improved than the performance of conventional method in formulating and solving a combinatorial optimization problem that has two objectives: to maximize the number of correctly classified patterns and to minimize the number of fuzzy rules.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.67-90
• /
• 2010

Electronic discovery refers to the discovery of electronically stored information. The differences between producing paper documents and electronic information can be categorized into seven groups: massive volume, persistence, dynamic and changeable contents, metadata, environment-dependence, dispersion and searchability. Since these differences make the discovery more expensive and less expeditious, it is necessary to limit the scope of discovery. Accordingly, a number of arbitration institutions have already introduced rules, guidelines or protocols on electronic discovery. ICDR guidelines take a minimal approach and address only the proper form of electronic document. CIArb Protocol is intended to act as a checklist for discovery of electronic data. CPR Protocol offers four modes of discovery of electronic documents ranging from minimal to extensive among which the parties may choose the way of electronic discovery. IBA Rules on Evidence and ICC Rules are silent on the issue of electronic discovery, however, working parties of the ICC are considering updates to the rules to deal with electronic discovery. It is disputed whether rules, guidelines or protocols on electronic discovery is necessary or appropriate. Although some have suggested that existing rules can make adequate provision for electronic discovery, it is more desirable to prepare new rules, guidelines or protocols to make arbitrators and counsels be familiar with electronic discovery process, to provide an adequate standard for electronic discovery and to limit the time and cost of electronic discovery. Such rules on electronic discovery should include provisions regarding the form of electronic document production, conference between parties regarding electronic discovery, keyword search, bearing the expenses to reduce disputes over electronic discovery.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.137-148
• /
• 2005

In this paper we outline the evolving process of the cataloguing rules in Korea focused on the standardization. We analyzed the new and updated rules under the KCR4( Korean Cataloguing Rules, 4th edition) in terms of usability of the catalogue. Our findings can be summarized as follows: 1) Since there are the rules of the unlimited number of the statement of responsibility, the access point is expanded and may bring the high searchability as a result, 2) Since the rules of the general material designations are added, the catalogue users may easily identify the material, 3) Since the rules of the material specific details area are added, the catalogue users may easily understand the characteristics and other features of a publication, 4) The KCR4 seems a kind of the integrated cataloguing rules for diverse types of materials including the monographs, 5) Since the rules of choice and forms of the access point treated in the authority control, there seem some Problems in usability of the catalogue, 6) The concept of the uniform heading is eliminated which seems considered only for the convenience of the cataloguers not for usability of the catalogue.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.9
• /
• pp.3835-3838
• /
• 2015

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of IOTA simple rules in predicting malignant adnexal tumors by non-expert examiners. Materials and Methods: Five obstetric/gynecologic residents, who had never performed gynecologic ultrasound examination by themselves before, were trained for IOTA simple rules by an experienced examiner. One trained resident performed ultrasound examinations including IOTA simple rules on 100 women, who were scheduled for surgery due to ovarian masses, within 24 hours of surgery. The gold standard diagnosis was based on pathological or operative findings. The five-trained residents performed IOTA simple rules on 30 patients for evaluation of inter-observer variability. Results: A total of 100 patients underwent ultrasound examination for the IOTA simple rules. Of them, IOTA simple rules could be applied in 94 (94%) masses including 71 (71.0%) benign masses and 29 (29.0%) malignant masses. The diagnostic performance of IOTA simple rules showed sensitivity of 89.3% (95%CI, 77.8%; 100.7%), specificity 83.3% (95%CI, 74.3%; 92.3%). Inter-observer variability was analyzed using Cohen's kappa coefficient. Kappa indices of the four pairs of raters are 0.713-0.884 (0.722, 0.827, 0.713, and 0.884). Conclusions: IOTA simple rules have high diagnostic performance in discriminating adnexal masses even when are applied by non-expert sonographers, though a training course may be required. Nevertheless, they should be further tested by a greater number of general practitioners before widely use.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 2006

There are many counting rules for analyzing man-made mineral fibers. The representatives are the NIOSH Method 7400 A and B counting rules. The two rules have different rules of length-to-width ratio(aspect ratio) and diameter. The A rule counts only fibers $>5{\mu}m$ in length, and only fibers with aspect ratio >3:1. The B rule counts only ends of fibers $>5{\mu}m$ in length and $<3{\mu}m$ in diameter, and only fibers with aspect ratio ${\geq}5:1$. The A counting rule had been used before the B counting rule was introduced. The purpose of this study is to compare the A and B counting rules for airborne fibers from various man-made mineral fibers(glass wool fibers, rock wool fibers, refractory ceramic fibers, and continuous filament glass fibers) industries. There were significantly differences between the paired counts of A and B rules in all types of fibers(p<0.05). A rule counts/B rule counts(A/B ratios) were 1.52 for glass fibers, 1.53 for rock wool fibers, 1.19 for RCF, and 1.82 for continuous filament glass fibers. The counting results by A and B counting rules were highly correlated in glass wool fibers, rock wool fibers and refractory ceramic fibers(RCF) samples (r=0.96 for all types of fibers) except continuous filament glass fibers(r=0.82). Regression equations to correct for the differences between counting rules were presented in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2013

The purpose of the study was to make an improvement of residential management regulations so that the inhabitants of rental housing can manage their housing in efficient and transparent manners by comparing and analyzing in standard management rules of rental housing. The research method were as follows: 1) The analysis framework utilized result of preceding research composed 6 types of management works and 36 items of subcategories by researcher 2) The standard management rules of rental housing used analysis utilized to draw up after a revision of Rental Housing Act in 2000 and to operate in management of rental housing now. 3) The analysis method used content analysis. The management rules of rental housing utilized a total of 5 rules such as management rules of SH corporation (2011), LH corporation (2000), peoples' solidarity for participatory democracy (2000), Citizens' Alliance (2000) and Gyeonggi-do (2001). The research result were as follows: 1) Overall, the management rules of rental housing included faithfully works of operation management and administration management 2) The type of operation management regulated centrally items related resident committee. and The type of administration management regulated centrally items related accounting management. 3) The management rules of SH corporation and LH corporation regulated centrally operation management, maintenance management and etiquette for the basic living as compared with the other rules.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.21-54
• /
• 2011

International commercial arbitration has established itself as the primary dispute resolution mechanism for international business transactions. Certainly, there are commonly-accepted standards that have evolved to reflect an internationally-harmonized approach to issues relating to the taking of evidence. This is reflected in International Bar Association("IBA") Rules for Taking of Evidence in International Evidence("IBA Rules"). This IBA Rules were revised in 2010. Designed to assist parties in determining what procedures to use in their particular case, IBA Rules present some of the methods for conducting international arbitration proceedings. Parties and arbitral tribunals may adopt IBA Rules in whole or in part - at the time of drafting the arbitration clause in a contract or once an arbitration commences - or they may use them as guidelines. They supplement applicable national laws and institutional or ad hoc rules. The IBA Rules were an ambitious undertaking, designed to overcome fundamental cultural differences relating to the taking of evidence under different national court systems. While it is difficult to assess how frequently the IBA Rules are actually adopted by parties, it is fair to say that they have had a considerable influence on the practice of taking evidence in international arbitration. This article mainly describes the essential provisions of IBA Rules, as revised in 2010, including but not limited to production of document, witnesses of fact, party-appointed experts, and tribunal-appointed experts. It also provides a comparison of relevant procedural rules of civil law and common law systems to each of the above mentioned provisions. It is important for arbitration practitioners to understand the differences in the taking of evidence under civil law and common law systems, respectively. This article will be helpful for practitioners and academics not only to understand the revised IBA Rules themselves but also to prepare for, and adequately deal with, the frictions that may arise as a result of the differences in approach for taking evidences. Indeed, so prepared, the arbitration practitioner will be able to anticipate the expectations, perceptions and the conduct of the parties, their counsel and the tribunal members.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
• /
• v.16C no.4
• /
• pp.449-460
• /
• 2009

The signature hashing algorithm[9] provides the fast pattern matching speed for network IPS(Intrusion Prevention System) using the hash table. It selects 2 bytes from all signature rules and links to the hash table by the hash value. It has an advantage of performance improvement because it reduces the number of inspecting rules in the pattern matching. However it has a disadvantage of performance drop if the number of rules with the same hash value increases when the number of rules are large and the corelation among rules is strong. In this paper, we propose a method to make all rules distributed evenly to the hash table independent of the number of rules and corelation among rules for overcoming the disadvantage of the signature hashing algorithm. In the proposed method, it checks whether or not there is an already assigned rule linked to the same hash value before a new rule is linked to a hash value in the hash table. If there is no assigned rule, the new rule is linked to the hash value. Otherwise, the proposed method recalculate a hash value to put it in other position. We implemented the proposed method in a PC with a Linux module and performed experiments using Iperf as a network performance measurement tool. The signature hashing method shows performance drop if the number of rules with the same hash value increases when the number of rules are large and the corelation among rules is strong, but the proposed method shows no performance drop independent of the number of rules and corelation among rules.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.97-111
• /
• 2008

Commercial data mining tools basically support binary attributes only in mining association rules, that is, they can mine binary association rules only. In general, however. transaction databases contain not only binary attributes but also quantitative attributes. Thus, in this paper we propose a systematic approach to mine quantitative association rules---association rules which contain quantitative attributes---using commercial mining tools. To achieve this goal, we first propose an overall working framework that mines quantitative association rules based on commercial mining tools. The proposed framework consists of two steps: 1) a pre-processing step which converts quantitative attributes into binary attributes and 2) a post-processing step which reconverts binary association rules into quantitative association rules. As the pre-processing step, we present the concept of domain partition, and based on the domain partition, we formally redefine the previous bipartition and multi-partition techniques, which are mean-based or median-based techniques for bipartition, and are equi-width or equi-depth techniques for multi-partition. These previous partition techniques, however, have the problem of not considering distribution characteristics of attribute values. To solve this problem, in this paper we propose an intuitive partition technique, named standard deviation minimization. In our standard deviation minimization, adjacent attributes are included in the same partition if the change of their standard deviations is small, but they are divided into different partitions if the change is large. We also propose the post-processing step that integrates binary association rules and reconverts them into the corresponding quantitative rules. Through extensive experiments, we argue that our framework works correctly, and we show that our standard deviation minimization is superior to other partition techniques. According to these results, we believe that our framework is practically applicable for naive users to mine quantitative association rules using commercial data mining tools.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.6 no.3 s.21
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study is to propose improved apartment management rules so that the inhabitants of apartment houses can manage their apartment in efficient and transparent manners. This study points out several problems of current management system and propose improved apartment management rules by analyzing misconducts of management office, related laws and regulations, standard apartment management rules, these and judicial decisions. Therefore, the inhabitants may refer to this study in establishment or amendment of their apartment management rules.