• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.329-337
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• 2020

In this study, Rubus idaeus (Raspberry) cultivar 'Willamette' fruit extract(RIFE) was prepared from the freeze-dried raspberry powder, n-hexane and ethyl acetate, and then the phenolic compound content, ferric reducing ability, and radical scavenging ability were measured. The raspberry cultivar 'willamette', 'polka', and 'polana' compound fruit extract did not show cytotoxicity up to the concentration of 10%. As a result of conducting an experiment at the concentration, it was confirmed that the total phenolic compound content was 375.3 ppm, and the total flavonoid content was 43.46 ppm, and the ferric reducing ability by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) reagent was equivalent to FeSO4 0.532 mM. It was confirmed that 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability was 94.5 ± 0.7%, and the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging ability was 99.4 ± 2.82%, and the nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity was 88.5 ± 0.4%. When compared with the L-ascorbic acid 'standard' solution, DPPH radical scavenging ability was between 25 - 50 ppm / ABTS radical scavenging ability was close to 100 ppm / NO radical scavenging ability was more than 1,000 ppm. These results suggest that the raspberry cultivar 'willamette' fruit extract could be applied as an effective cosmetic material with antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2008

Korean cultivated bramble, which is known as Bokbunja-ddal-gi is regarded to be originated from Korea native Rubus coreanus. However, little scientific evidence and significant morphological differences between Korean cultivated bramble(KCB) and R. coreanus throw doubt on the ancestry of KCB. This study was carried out to obtain phylogenetic information on KCB by comparing its nuclear genomic background with those of R. coreanus, black(R. occidentalis) and red(R. idaeus) raspberry, blackberry(R. lanciniatus) and R. crataegifolius. A total of 99 random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) markers were generated and used for phylogenetic analysis of 76 Rubus accessions. Accessions of each species were grouped into each distinct subclade by the RAPD markers at a similarity coefficient of about 0.59. The KCB subclade formed a clade with R. occidentalis and R. crataegifolius subclades at a similarity coefficient of 0.47. The R. coreanus subclade formed a clade with R. idaeus, R. lanciniatus and R. crataegifolius subclades at a similar similarity coefficient. Only one KCB accession from Hoengsung was included in R. coreanus subclade. The accession shows leaf and flower characteristics different from the rest of the KCB accessions. The phylogenetic relationship inferred from the RAPD markers suggests that the nuclear genomic background of KCB accessions which show morphological similarity to black raspberry is more closely related to black raspberry than to R. coreanus. This brings about the need for close scientific evaluations on the ancestry of KCB at both morphological and molecular levels.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.15-22
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• 2017

The microstructure observation of seed surface structure is needed for protocols of breaking dormancy of seeds with physical dormancy. The seeds of Rubus species are surrounded by a thick, hard endocarp; together, the seed and endocarp make up the stone. We evaluate stone characteristics of 18 species of Rubus through optical microscopic observation, and correlate different stone characteristics with endocarp thickness. As a result of stone size comparison, Rubus species were classified as big stones group including R. parvifolius and R. idaeus, small stones group including R. longisepalus var. longisepalus, R. corchorifolius and R. hirsutus, and middle stones group including rest of the species. The result of this study revealed that stone size and the endocarp thickness in Rubus species was various characteristics in each species. Furthermore stone size and stone weight were also well correlated endocarp thickness and result indicated that heavy stones had harder endocarp than lighter one. Thus from the result of this study it can be presumed that only one stone characteristic approach may be sufficient to estimate other characteristics in Rubus.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 2009

The bramble cultivated widely in South Korea, which is known as Bokbunja-ddal-gi, is regarded as having originated from Korean native Rubus coreanus. This study was carried out to obtain basic phylogenetic information on Korean cultivated bramble (KCB) by comparing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions with those of R. coreanus, blackberry (R. lanciniatus), black (R. occidentalis) and red (R. idaeus) raspberry. Sequences of the ITS 1 suggest that some KCB accessions share a significant similarity with both R. occidentalis and R. coreanus in the ITS 1 region. The ITS 2 sequences of the three KCB accessions clustered more closely to those of two R. occidentalis accessions than to those of R. coreanus. These results suggest that there exist variations in the sequences of ITS among KCB accessions and KCB accessions are more closely related to black raspberry than R. coreanus in the ITS regions.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.563-572
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• 2006

The plant Rubus species (Rosaceae) mainly contains $19{\alpha}-hydroxyurane-type$ triterpenoids $(19{\alpha}-HUT)$ as bioactive components. Available functional food includes blackberry (the fruit of thornless Rubus sp.), red raspberry (R. idaeus) and black raspberry (R. occidentalis). However, the fruit of R. coreanus, which is used in Korea as a functional food, substitutes black raspberry. Rubi Fructus, which has been traditionally used as an oriental medicinal drug, designates only unripe fruit of R. coreanus but not its ripe fruit which indicates that it needs high content of $19{\alpha}-HUT$ as a crude drug. Throughout our experiment, we found that ripe fruits contain very little amount of $19{\alpha}-HUT$ when compared to unripe fruits. In addition, various and rich $19{\alpha}-HUT$ has been reported from Rubus species. The most common structure of $19{\alpha}-HUT$ of Rubus species, euscaphic acid or tormentic acid with $3{\alpha}-OH$ or $3{\beta}-OH$, respectively, can be glycosylated or oxidized to produce a number of $19{\alpha}-HUTs $as euscaphic acid and tormentic acid derivatives and even esterified to form dimeric triterpenoids. In this review, the bioactivity and biosynthetic pathway and chemical characterization of $19{\alpha}-HUTs$ found in Rubus species are discussed.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.68-68
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• 2023

베리류 과수 가운데 블루베리, 아로니아, 복분자, 오디, 산딸기, 라즈베리 등 6종의 에탄올 추출물을 이용하여 총 폴리페놀 함량을 측정하고, DPPH법을 이용하여 항산화 활성을 측정하여 상호간 상관 관계를 분석하였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 아로니아> 복분자> 오디> 블루베리> 라즈베리> 산딸기 순으로 나타났으며, 항산화 활성은 아로니아> 라즈베리 >복분자> 블루베리> 오디> 산딸기 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 총폴리페놀 함량과 항산화 활성과의 상관관계가 있다는 것을 확인하였으며, 그 중에서도 아로니아와 복분자가 강력한 항산화 활성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 라즈베리의 경우는 총폴리페놀 함량이 낮은데도 불구하고 항산화 활성이 높았다. 따라서 앞으로 라즈베리에 대한 선행연구가 필요하리라 생각된다. 이와 같은 결과들로 미루어 볼 때, 6종 베리류(블루베리, 아로니아, 복분자, 오디, 산딸기, 라즈베리) 에탄올 추출물은 농도 의존적으로 항산화 활성에 대한 효과가 양호하였으며, 이러한 연구결과들을 활용하여 트러블, 염증 억제제 및 항균활성으로 기능성 화장품의 신소재 개발이 가능하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan Metropolitan City. The result of this study is summarized as follows; As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. The community planting species of tree layer were Pinus thunbergii and Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata and Quercus serrata and Quercus alienna and Quercus variabilis. The community planting species of subtree layer were Platycarya strobilacea and Prunus sargentii and Styrax japonica and Eurya japonica and Morus bombycis. The community planting species of shrub layer are Ulmus pavifolia and Ulmus davidiana and Lindera obtusiloba and Elaeagnus macrophylla and Mallotus japonicus and Ligustrum obtusifolium and Sorbus alnifolia and Rhus trichocarpa and Zanthoxylum schinifolium and Rosa wichuraiana and Rhus chinensis and Viburnum erosum and Rhododendron mucronulatum and Rhododendron yedoense and Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And the planting species of edge vegetation are Japanese Angelica and Symplocos chinensis and Pittosporum tobira and Lespedeza maximowiczii and Lespedeza bicolor and Rubus coreanus and Rubus idaeus and Vitis thunbergii and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata and Rosa multiflora. Considering the population of individuals up to layers in each $400m^2$ area, it was composed of 24 in tree layer, 35 in subtree layer, 410 in shrub layer and 34% herb layer in the Pinus thunbergii community. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area was $10,852cm^2$ in tree layer, in subtree layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees was calculated as 2.0m in tree layer, 1.9m in subtree layer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.80-94
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is suggest to restoration model of Pinus thunbergii in Saha-gu, Busan. The result of this study is summarized as follows. As the results of this study, vegetation restoration model is presented by separating community planting and edge planting. In community planting, as a group of canopy, there are 6 species; Pinus thunbergii, Quercus acutissima, Quercus dentata, Quercus serrata, Quercus alienna, Quercus variabilis. As a group of understory, there are 5 species; Platycarya strobilacea, Prunus sargentii, Styrax japonica, Eurya japonica, Morus bombycis. Also as a group of shrub, there were 15 kinds of species; Ulmus pavifolia, Ulmus davidiana, Lindera obtusiloba, Elaeagnus macrophylla, Mallotus japonicus, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Sorbus alnifolia, Rhus trichocarpa, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rosa wichuraiana, Rhus chinensis, Viburnum erosum, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron yedoense, Indigofera pseudotinctoria. And as a group of edge vegetation, there were 10 kinds of species; Japanese Angelica, Symplocos chinensis, Pittosporum tobira, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Lespedeza bicolor, Rubus coreanus, Rubus idaeus, Vitis thunbergii, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata, Rosa multiflora. Vegetation restoration models of Pinus thunbergii community were calculated the units $400m^2$ for the average populations of the woody layer is 24 in canopy layer, 35 in understory layer, 410 in shrub layer, 34% herbaceous layer ground cover. And the average of breast-high area and canopy area is $10,852cm^2$ in canopy layer, in understory layer $1,546cm^2$, in shrub layer $1,158,660cm^2$. The shortest distance between trees is calculated as 2.0m in canopy layer, 1.9m in understory layer.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.8 s.88
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• pp.1034-1038
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• 2007

Hypericin (HyH) is a substance which is isolated a medicinal herb, Hypericum perforatum L., commonly known as St. John's Wort. Hypericum erectum is a long-lived herb that is distributed in Korea. Cloned HyH genes H. erectum of were conformed by sequencing. The cDNA Hyp-1 sequence has 732 bp with an open reading frame of 567. Thus coding for a protein of 152 amino acid residues. A BLAST re-search using the deduced nucleotide sequences in HyH gene produced significant alignments with the H. perforatum. Sequences in HyH gene showed significant homology with Rubus idaeus putative allergen Rub-i-1 mRNA, Protein sequence comparisons revealed significant homology between Hyp-1 and the phenolic oxidative coupling protein hyp-1 of H. perforatum (98%). Additionally, Hyp-1 showed sig-nificant homology with various other classes of allergens, including Pru-av-1 (62%) from Prunus avium and allergen Bet-vl-Sc3 from Betula pendula (60%). Thus, the result of this study may offer an important information to establish an assay system for chemicals of the herbal medicines for H. erectum as well as H. perforatum.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 2014

In order to select the raspberry cultivars that have high contents of bioactive constituents and high antioxidant activities, 7 cultivated and 2 wild raspberries which were selected and cultivated in the Bokbunja Institute were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics, bioactive constituents, and antioxidant activities. The wild raspberry of Asan was the smallest among the sample raspberries but it had the highest sugar and lowest acid contents among the raspberries. Another wild raspberry of Ulleungdo had the highest total phenolic compound and ellagic acid contents, 182.97, $55.25mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}FW$, respectively, although it was small and had low sugar and high acid contents. Among the widely cultivated raspberry cultivars in Kimhae, 'Wangttal' cultivar was a big raspberry with 12.80% sugar content, and another unknown raspberry cultivar was as small as the wild raspberry with 14.60% sugar content. Although 'Wangttal' and the unknown raspberry cultivars cultivated in Kimhae possess lower contents of total phenolic compound (159.62, $165.94mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$) and ellagic acid (45.7, $52.1mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ ) than the wild raspberry of Ulleungdo, the contents of total flavonoids (14.28, $14.90mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$) and total anthocyanins (28.69, $30.48mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$) were higher. Also the wild raspberry of Ulleungdo, 'Wangttal', and the unknown raspberry cultivar of Kimhae had higher antioxidant activities measured by FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and ABTS (2,2' azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assays. The present study shows that three raspberry cultivars could be potent resources for raspberry breeding and functional material development.