• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제12권sup1호
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• pp.72-76
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• 2009

Rotavirus infection is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide. Rotavirus infects every child at least once by her/his $5^{th}$ birthday. It has been known that single episode of rotavirus infection can protect or alleviate subsequent illness caused by both homotypic and heterotypic rotaviruses. There are two currently licensed rotavirus vaccines. One is human-bovine rotavirus reassortant pentavalent vaccine ($RotaTeq^{TM}$), which contains five reassortant rotavirus (expressing protein G1, G2, G3, G4 and P[8]) and was licensed in Korea for use among infants in 2007. Another is live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine ($Rotarix^{TM}$) derived from 89-12 strain which represents the most common of the human rotavirus VP7(G1) and VP4(P[8]) antigens. $Rotarix^{TM}$ was licensed in Korea in 2008. Both live oral rotavirus vaccines are efficacious in preventing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2004

Rotavirus virus-like particle (VLP) composed of VP2, VP6, and VP7 was expressed in the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS). Sf9 cell, a host of the baculovirus, was cultured from a 0.5-1 spinner flask to the 50-1 bioreactor system. Sf9 cell was maintained at cell density between 3.0E＋05 and 3.0E＋06 cells/ml and grew up to 1.12E＋07 cells/ml in the bioreactor. Growth kinetics was compared under different culture systems and showed similar growth kinetics with 20.1-25.2 h of doubling time. Early exponentially growing cell culture was infected with three recombinant baculoviruses expressing VP2, VP6, and VP7 protein at 1.0, 2.0, and 0.2 moi, respectively. The expression of rotavirus proteins was confirmed by Western blot analysis and its three-layered virus-like structure was observed under an electron microscope. Rotavirus VLP was semipurified and immunized in ICR mice intramuscularly. Rotavirus-specific serum antibody was detected from 2 weeks after the immunization and lasted at least 21 weeks of the post-immunization, indicating its possible use as a vaccine candidate.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVI)
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• pp.207-209
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• 2005

Serum is a potential source of bacterial, mycoplasmal and viral contamination, and it has a possibility of the introduction of serum proteins, prion and pyrogens into the final vaccine product. For porcine Rotavirus vaccine production, it is necessary to develop serum free medium which do not cause those problems. A new serum free medium was developed for porcine Rotavirus vaccine based on DMEM, and the performance of developed serum free medium was evaluated in terms of Vero cell growth and Rotavirus vaccine production. The cell density, gown in serum free medium developed, was similar with that in serum supplemented medium. Also, it was higher than that in other commercially available serum free medium. The productivity of Rotavirus vaccine using serum free medium developed and optimum production strategies will be also discussed.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.5-11
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• 2008

Primary rotavirus gastroenteritis infection usually occurs in infants under 2 years of age worldwide regardless of level of hygiene, quality of water, food or sanitation or type of behavior. In Korea, the disease mostly occurred in infants under 2 year old, and usually in late fall to early winter with the highest incidence shown in November until early 1990s. However, since then, relatively the age incidence of this infection has increased in children over 2 years old, and it has mainly occurred in late winter to early spring with the highest incidence shown between February and March. And rotavirus gastroenteritis serotypes varied year to year as well as varied by year within the same region in our country. The comparison of severity scores between age groups in Korea showed that severity score was lowest in infants less than 3 months and highest in infants more than 6 months and less than 12 months, and hospitalization period between age groups was longest in infants older than 3 months and less than 3 months and highest in infants more than 6 months and less than 12 months and less than 6 months. In this aspect, rotavirus vaccines should be given to infants less than 2 years of age in whom the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis is the highest, and vaccination should be ideally started before 3 months considering hospitalization period and severity of rotavirus gastroenteritis. However, It should be careful for the introduction of new rotavirus vaccine, and the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines should be assessed by long-term post marketing surveillance. And we guess an multivalent vaccine may be an ideal rotavirus vaccine to prevent primary infection caused by variable rotavirus strains in Korea. In addition, clinical epidemiology studies on rotavirus gastroenteritis which evaluate the age and serotypes related severity should be continuously conducted in various regions.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2009

Diarrhea is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Rotavirus is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea both in developed and developing countries. However, bacterial causes such as Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae still play an important role in developing countries. Newly developed vaccines for rotavirus, S. typhi, and V. choleae are highly immunogenic and safe in children.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.26-34
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• 2018

목적: 로타바이러스(rotavirus [RV]) 백신 도입에 따른 소아 입원 환자에서의 로타바이러스 장염(rotavirus gastroenteritis [RGE]) 발생 변화와 백신 효과를 추정하였다. 방법: 2014-2015년과 2004-2005년, 두 기간 동안 한양대학교 서울병원 소아청소년과에 급성 장염(acute gastroenteritis [AGE])으로 입원한 환자의 자료를 후향적으로 비교 분석하였다. 백신 효과는 환자 검사-음성 대조군 연구를 통해 추정하였다. 결과: AGE에서의 RGE 비율은 2004-2005년(22.7%)에 비해 2014-2015년(9.0%)에 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.001). 2014-2015년 RV 백신 완전접종률은 66.0%, 불완전접종률은 6.2%로, 백신의 예방 효과는 완전접종자에서 83.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60.5%-92.9%), 불완전접종자에서는 27.4% (95% CI, -163.7%-80.0%)였다. 결론: RV 백신이 도입된 이후 RGE 발생이 뚜렷이 감소하였다. 백신접종률을 향상시킴으로써 RGE로 인한 질병 부담을 더욱 낮출 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.80-84
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• 2015

Background: Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children <5 years of age. The first vaccine, RotaShield was developed, but withdrawn because of its association with increased risk of intussusception. Then, RotaTeq and Rotarix were developed. Although in pre-licensure studies, they were not associated with an increased risk of intussusceptions, in recent studies, it has been controversial. Regarding increased risk of intussusception, we studied the difference in the age of intussusception after rotavirus vaccination. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 136 patients diagnosed with intussusception at Yeungnam University Medical Center for 4 years in the pre-vaccination period (group A) and in the post vaccination period (group B). Sex, mean age and age distribution of intussusceptions were compared according to the type of rotavirus vaccine (group B-1, RotaTeq; group B-2, Rotarix). Results: The median ages of group A and group B were $18.8{\pm}19.6months$ and $15.5{\pm}10.2months$, with no significant differences (p=0.23). The median ages of group B-1 and group B-2 were $15.3{\pm}9.3months$ and $15.6{\pm}10.8months$, with no significant differences (p=0.91). And No significant difference in the distribution of onset age was observed between groups, and only 6 patients were diagnosed with intussusceptions within 1 month after vaccination. Conclusion: No difference was observed in the distribution of onset age of intussusception after rotavirus vaccination and according to the type of rotavirus vaccine. Our study has a limitation in that it was conducted in part of the Daegu area. Additional study is needed.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권11호
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• pp.465-473
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• 2013

The epidemiology of human group A rotavirus was analyzed by examining genotypic data acquired from 1989 to 2009 in South Korea. This information was derived from all the available published articles on rotavirus studies in South Korea, retrieved from both the PubMed and KoreaMed databases. Four common G types (G1, G2, G3, and G4) and three common P types (P[8], P[4], and P[6]) accounted for approximately 93% and 99% of the rotavirus reports, respectively. The G9 type was frequently detected after 2000, and because of this prevalence, it is considered to be the fifth most important G type rotavirus after the G1-G4 genotypes. Less common G types of the virus such as G12, G11, and G10 were detected in some geographic settings, and it is important to consider the context of these subtypes and their epidemiological significance. The P[9] virus genotype was observed in the study and has been discussed in many other studies; however, the P[3], P[10] and P[25] genotypes were rarely detected in the epidemiological research. In general, the distributions of the G and P genotypes showed temporal and geographical fluctuations, and a nationwide rotavirus vaccine program that targeted these genotypes demonstrated effectiveness in protecting against the circulating rotavirus strains. However, further analysis is needed to determine the true long-term effectiveness of these vaccines; the analysis should also consider the unexpected effects of vaccinations, such as vaccineinduced diseases, herd immunity, and changes in host susceptibilities.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.209-215
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• 2006

The mutability and frequency of genetic reassortment characteristic of rotavirus and resultant antigenic changes make the rotavirus formidable challenges for control efforts such as the vaccine development. An alternative approach to overcome these difficulties in development of the rotavirus vaccine is to develop effective inhibitors of the virus infection. As an effort to achieve this, effects of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), which is an active component of glycyrrhizin, on MA-14 cell infection were examined by employing the human rotavirus isolated from Korea, K-21. The data obtained showed that MA-104 cell infection of the K-21 rotavirus was greatly influenced by the presence of both $18{\alpha}-Ga\;and\;18{\beta}-GA$. Both types of GA have inhibited more than 60% of the rotaviral infection at the concentration of 7.68mM. This inhibition effect became much more evident at the higher concentrations of GA. However, the type of GA did not make much differences on the inhibition effect of the drug. Although GA has to be used in high concentrations to exhibit anti-viral activity and to be virostatic, a long history of safe and high dose usage of licoriece in clinical settings in the Far East makes the GA as an attractive inhibitor of the rotaviral infection.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2014

목적: 최근 로타바이러스 백신의 효과 및 안정성에 대한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 전세계적으로 접종이 시행이 되고 있다. 국내에도 로타바이러스 백신 도입 후 5년이 경과되었지만 백신효과에 대한 국내 자료가 매우 드문 실정이다. 로타바이러스 백신 도입을 전후하여 급성위장관염 및 로타바이러스 위장관염 환자의 발생 추이를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 2005-2006년, 2011-2012년의 인제대학교 상계백병원 소아청소년과 실입원환자수를 조사하였으며 같은 기간동안 급성위장관염으로 진단되어 인제대학교 상계백병원에 입원한 5세 미만 소아환자 2,840명의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 2005-2006년을 백신 도입 이전, 2011-2012년을 백신 도입 이후로 분류하여 5세 미만 소아 연령에서 급성위장관염 환자와 대변 로타항원 검사 결과로 확인된 로타바이러스 급성위장관염 환자의 입원 양상의 변화를 파악하였다. 결과: 로타바이러스 백신 도입 이전군(2005-2006년)에 비해 이후군(2011-2012년)에서 급성위장관염으로 입원한 5세 미만 환자는 생후 2개월 미만 군을 제외한 모든 월령군에서 유의한 환자수의 감소를 보였다. 로타바이러스 급성위장관염 환자는 생후 2개월 미만 군과 생후 2-5개월 월령군을 제외한 월령군에서 유의한 환자수의 감소를 보였다. 결론: 로타바이러스 백신이 국내에 도입된 이후에 도입 이전에 비해 생후 6-59개월군의 급성위장관염 입원 환자에서 로타바이러스 위장관염이 감소하였다. 향후에도 로타바이러스 백신의 효과 및 안정성에 대한 지속적인 관심과 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.