• 제목/요약/키워드: Root numbers

검색결과 267건 처리시간 0.032초

개선된 뉴톤-랍손 역수 및 역제곱근 알고리즘 (An Improved Newton-Raphson's Reciprocal and Inverse Square Root Algorithm)

  • 조경연
    • 한국정보통신학회논문지
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.46-55
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    • 2007
  • 다음은 부동소수점 역수 및 역제곱근 계산에 많이 사용하는 뉴톤-랍손 알고리즘은 일정한 횟수의 곱셈을 반복하여 계산한다. 본 논문에서는 뉴톤-랍손 알고리즘의 반복 과정의 오차를 예측하여 오차가 정해진 값보다 작아지는 시점까지 반복 연산하는 개선된 뉴톤-랍손 알고리즘을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘은 입력 값에 따라서 곱셈 횟수가 다르므로, 평균 곱셈 횟수를 계산하는 방식을 유도하고, 여러 크기의 근사 테이블에서 단정도실수 및 배정도실수의 역수 및 역제곱근 계산에 필요한 평균 곱셈 횟수를 산출한다. 이들 평균 곱셈 횟수를 종래 알고리즘과 비교하여 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘의 우수성을 증명한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘은 오차가 일정한 값보다 작아질 때까지만 반복 연산을 수행하므로 역수 및 역제곱근 계산기의 성능을 높일 수 있고 최적의 근사 테이블을 구성할 수 있다. 본 논문의 연구 결과는 디지털 신호처리, 컴퓨터 그라픽스, 멀티미디어, 과학 기술 연산 등 부동소수점 계산기가 사용되는 분야에서 폭 넓게 사용될 수 있다.

질소시용, 예초 및 재식밀도가 한국잔디(Zoysia Japonica Steud)의 생육에 미치는 영향 (Studies on the growth of Korea Lawn Grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)in Reponse to Nitrogen Application, Clipping Treatment and Plant Density)

  • 심재성
    • 자연과학논문집
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    • 제1권
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    • pp.61-113
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    • 1987
  • The increasing emphasis placed on the production of fine turf for lawns, golf courses, parks, and other recreational sites has led to many unsolved problems as to how such turf could be best established and mainteined. For this purpose, a series of experiments were conducted under con ditions of pot and field. The results obtained were as follows EXPERIMENT I. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and clipping interval on Zoysia japonica. 1. Increasing the rate of nitrogen and frequent clipping increased tiller number of Zoysis japonica and the maximum number of tillers were obtained from 700 kg N application and freqnent clippings (10 days interval ) in October. Treatment of 350kg N with 10 days clipping interval increased tillers much more than those of 700 kgN with 20 and 30 days clipping intervals. 2. The average number of green leaves occurred during the growth period maximized by applying 700 kg N and clipping 10 days interval. 3. Increasing tiller numbers significantly decreased tops DM weight per tiller by clipping plants at interval of 10 and 20 days, irrespective of nitrogen applied, and with nil N, at the interval of 30 days. By applying 700 kg N, however, top DM weight per tiller increased as the number of tillers increased consistently. 4. The highest top DM weight was achieved from late August to early September by applying 350 and 700kgN. 5. During the growth period, differences in unders ( stolon + root ) DM weight occurred bynitrogen application were found between nil N and two applied nitrogen levels, whereas, at the same level of nitrogen applied, the increase in stolon DM weight enhanced by lengthening the clipping interval to 30 days. 6. Nitrogen efficiency to green leaves, stolon nodes and DM weight of root with high nitrogen was achieved as clipping interval was shortened. 7. By increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate applied, N content n the leaves and stems of Zoysiajaponica was increased. On the other hand, N content in root and stolon had little effect onfertilizer nitrogen, resulting in the lowest content among plant fractions. The largest content of N was recorded in leaves. Lengthening the clipping interval from 10 or 20 to 30 days tends to decrease the N content in the leaves and stems, whereas this trend did not appeared in stolon androot. 8. A positive correlations between N and K contents in tops and stolon were established andthus K content increased as N content in tops and stolon increased. Meanwhile, P content was not affected by N and clipping treatments. 9. Total soluble carbohydrate content in Zoysia japonica was largest in stolon and stem, and was reduced by increasing fertilizer nitrogen rate. Reduction in total soluble carbohydrate due to increased nitrogen rate was severer in the stolons and stems than in the leaves. 10. Increasing the rate of nitrogen applied increased the number of small and large vascular bundles in leaf blade, but shortened distance among the large vascular bundles. Shortening the clipping interval resulted in increase of the number of large vascular bundles but decrease ofdistance between large vascular bundles.EXPERIMENT II. Growth response of Zoysia japonica imposed by different plant densities. 1. Tiller numbers per unit area increased as plant density heightened. Differences in num ber between densities at higher densities than 120 D were of no significance. 2. Tiller numbers per clone attained by 110 days after transplanting were 126 at 40D,77 at 80D, 67 at 120D, 54 at 160D, and 41 at 200D. A decreasing trend of tiller numbers per clone with increasing density was noticable from 100 days after transplanting onwards. 3. During the growth period, the greatest number of green leaves per unit area were attainedin 90days after transplanting at 160D and 200D, and 100 days after transplanting at 40D, 80Dand 120D. Thus the period to reach the maximum green leaf number with the high plantdensity was likely to be earlier that with the low plant density. 4. Stolon growth up to 80 days after transplaning was relatively slow, but from 80 daysonwards, the growth quickened to range from 1.9 m/clone at 40D to 0.6m/clone at 200Din 200 days after transplanting, these followed by the stolon node produced. 5. Plant density did not affect stolon weight/clone and root weight/clone until 80 daysafter transplanting. 6. DM weight of root was heavier in the early period of growth than that of stolon, butthis trend was reversed in the late period of growth : DM weight of stolon was much higherthan that of root.EXPERIMENT Ill. Vegetative growth of Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella as affected by nitrogen and clipping height. 1. When no nitrogen was applied to Zoysia japonica, leaf blade which appeared during theAugust-early September period remained green for a perid of about 10 weeks and even leavesemerged in rate September lived for 42 days. However, leaf longevity did not exceed 8 weeks asnitrogen was applied. In contrast the leaf longevity of Zoysia matrella which emerged during the mid August-earlySeptember period was 11 weeks and, under the nitrogen applied, 9 weeks, indicating that thelife-spen of individual leaf of Zoysia matrella may be longer than that of Zoysia japorica. Clipping height had no effect on the leaf longevity in both grasses. 2. During the July-August period, tiller number, green leaf number and DM weightof Zoysia japonica were increased significantly with fertilizer nitrogen, but were not with twolevel of clipping height. This trend was reversed after late September ; no effect of nitrogen wasappeared. Instead, lax clipping increased tiller number, green leaf number and DM weight. Greenleaves stimulated by lax clipping resulted in the occurrance of more dead leaves in late October. 3. Among the stolons outgrown until early September, the primary stolon was not influencedby nitrogen and clipping treatments to produce only 2-3 stolons. However, 1st branch stoIon asaffected by nitrogen increased significantly, so most of stolons which occurred consisted of 1st branch stolons. 4. Until early September, stolon length obtained at nil nitrogen level was chiefly caused bythe primary stolons. By applying nitrogen, the primary stolons of Zoysia japonica waslonger than 1st branch stolons when severe clipping was involved and in turn, shorter than 1stbranch stolons when lax clipping was concerned. In Zoysia matrella, 1st branch stolons were muchlonger than the primary stolon when turf was clipped severely but in conditions of lax clippingthere was little difference in length between primary and 1st branch stolons. 5. Stolon nodes of both Zoysia japonica and Z. matrella were positively influenced by nit rogen, but no particular increase by imposing clipping height treatment was marked in Zoysiamatrella. Although the stolon of Zoysia japonica grew until late October, the growthstimulated by nitrogen was not so remarkable as to exceed that by nil N.

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수학적 정량평가모델을 이용한 Listeria monocytogenes의 성장 예측모델의 개발 (Development of Predictive Growth Model of Listeria monocytogenes Using Mathematical Quantitative Assessment Model)

  • 문성양;우건조;신일식
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제37권2호
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    • pp.194-198
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    • 2005
  • 게맛살의 HACCP system에 있어서 critical control point중의 하나인 L. monocytogenes가 오염된 제품에서 균의 성장변화를 정량적으로 예측할 수 있는 수학적 모델의 개발을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 게맛살 성분조성을 고려한 modified imitation crab(MIC) broth에서 온도와 초기균수에 따른 L. monocytogenes의 성장 실험 결과를 데이터베이스화하여 이를 바탕으로 균의 성장을 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 수학적 모델을 개발하였다. 균의 증식 지표인 최대증식속도상수(k), 유도기(LT), 세대시간(GT)은 온도에 지배적인 영향을 받았으며, 초기균수에 따른 유의적인 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 최대증식속도상수(k)와 온도 및 초기균수의 상관관계를 나타내는 수학적 정량평가모델인 polynomial model과 square root model을 이용하여 L. monocytogenes 성장을 정량적으로 예측할 수 있는 모델인 $polynomial\;mode(k=0.71{\cdot}exp(-0.5(\;((T-36.05)/11.84)^{2}+((A_{0}+8.12)/21.59)^{2})))$과 square root model($\sqrt{k}$ =0.02(T-(-3.42)) [1-exp(0.36(T-44.51))])을 개발하였으며 실험치와 예측치의 상관관계는 각각 0.92. 0.95로 polynomial model보다 square root model 예측치가 실험치와 상관관계가 더 높은 것으로 나타났다.

수학적 정량평가모델을 이용한 Vibrio parahaemolyticus의 성장 예측모델의 개발 (Development of Predictive Growth Model of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Using Mathematical Quantitative Model)

  • 문성양;장태은;우건조;신일식
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제36권2호
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    • pp.349-354
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    • 2004
  • 수산식품에서 문제가 되는 식중독 균인 V. parahaemolyticus를 대상으로 온도, pH 및 초기균수에 따른 균의 성장 실험 결과를 데이터베이스화하여 이를 바탕으로 균의 성장을 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 수학적 모델을 개발하였다. $1.0{\times}10^{2},\;1.0{\times}10^{3},\;1.0{\times}10^{4}\;CFU/mL$의 각 초기균수 조건에서 실험치와 예측치의 상관계수는 각각 0.966, 0.979, 0.965으로 나타났다. 또한, 초기균수를 고려하지 않은 모델식은 상관계수가 0.966으로 다음과 같이 나타났다. Polynomial model: $$k=1.10{\cdot}\exp(-0.5(((T-34.14)/9.09)^{2}+((pH-6.59)/4.68)^{2}))$$ 균의 증식 지표치인 최대증식속도상수 k는 온도에 지배적인 영향을 받았으며, pH 및 초기균수에 따른 유의적인 차이는 없었으므로 (P>0.05), k와 온도와의 관계식인 square root model로 나타내었다. Square root model: $${\sqrt{k}\;0.06(T-9.55)[1-\exp(0.07(T-49.98))]$$ V. parahaemolyticus의 경우, square root model에 의한 실험치와 예측치의 상관계수는 0.977로 polynomial model보다 높은 적용성을 나타내었다.

Revegetation of a Lakeside Barren Area by the Application of Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria

  • Ahn, Tae-Seok;Ka, Jong-Ok;Lee, Geon-Hyoung;Song, Hong-Gyu
    • Journal of Microbiology
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    • 제45권2호
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    • pp.171-174
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    • 2007
  • The growth stimulation of wild plants by several bacterial species showing plant growth-promoting capabilities was examined in a barren lakeside area at Lake Paro, Korea. Microbial numbers and activities in the field soil were monitored for 73 days after inoculation of the bacteria. The acridine orange direct counts for the total soil bacterial populations ranged between $2.0-2.3{\times}10^{9}\;cells/g$ soil and $1.4-1.8{\times}10^{9}\;cells/g$ soil in the inoculated and uninoculated soils, respectively. The numbers of Pseudomonas spp., which is known as a typical plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and the total microbial activity were higher in the inoculated soil compared to those in the uninoculated soil. The average shoot and root lengths of the wild plants grown in the inoculated soil were 17.3 cm and 12.4 cm, respectively, and longer than those of 11.4 cm and 8.5 cm in the uninoculated soil. The total dry weight of the harvested wild plants was also higher in the inoculated soil (42.0 g) compared to the uninoculated soil (35.1 g). The plant growth-promoting capabilities of the inoculated bacteria may be used for the rapid revegetation of barren or disturbed land, and as biofertilizer in agriculture.

표면거칠기 둔감도를 고려한 풍력발전기용 익형 개발 (Wind Turbine Airfoils considering Surface Roughness Effects)

  • 김석우;신형기;장문석
    • 신재생에너지
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    • 제3권3호
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    • pp.36-44
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    • 2007
  • Most airfoils for wind turbines commercially available have been developed for aircrafts, which are operated at high Reynolds numbers. However, Reynolds numbers of wind turbines are very low compared to those of aircrafts. In other to improve wind turbine performances, airfoils for the use of wind turbine shall be designed such as S-series airfoils developed by NREL in America. The authors have designed new airfoils for wind turbines considering designated operation conditions of wind turbines and even local wind resources in Korea. The designed airfoils are characterized by improved roughness insensitivities compared to other airfoils such as S814 and S820. The developed KWA005-240 and KWA009-127 are for root and tip sections of a wind turbine blade, respectively. Although the results show much improved performances against NACA airfoils, performance data of post-stall regulation loses some accuracies due to the characteristics of the simulation tool of XFOIL. Therefore, wind tunnel experiments are required for more accurate evaluation of the designed airfoils. Currently, the experiments has been completed and the data analysis works are going on now. The final results obtained from the experiments will be published soon.

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단일 부궤환 제어시스템의 근궤적에 관한 특성 (Some Properties About the Root Loci for Unity Negative Feedback Control Systems)

  • 강환일
    • 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한전기학회 1996년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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    • pp.1005-1008
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    • 1996
  • 일부궤한 제어시스템이 안정화되는 비례보상기의 이득의 구간을 연구한다. 이 논문에서 제어시스템이 연결된 구간에 대하여 안정화되는 조건을 구한다. 연결된 구간은 그 구간에 있는 어떤 임의의 두 실수를 취할 때 두 실수 사이의 모든 실수가 그 구간에 속하는 경우를 말한다. 조건은 페루프 전달함수의 분자나 분모의 주파수를 매개변수로한 부등식으로 표현된다. 또한 이산 시간 제어시스템과 시간지연 연속시스템에 관한 조건도 구한다.

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삽주(Atractylodes japonica Koidz. ex Kitam.)와 큰꽃삽주(A. macrocephala Koidz.)의 해부학적 연구 (Anatomical study of Atractylodes japonica Koidz. ex Kitam. and A. macrocephaza Koidz.)

  • 정규영;김미숙
    • 한국자원식물학회지
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.188-195
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    • 2001
  • 삽주(Atractylodes japonica Koidz. ex Kitam.)와 큰꽃삽주(A. macrocephala Koida.)의 근경 과 측근, 줄기, 잎과 엽병, 자방, 잎의 표피 세포의 형태와 크기에 관한 해부학적형질을 조사하여 이들의 분류학적 가치를 평가하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 줄기와 자방의 횡단면 구조는 매우 유사하여 두 종이 구분되지 않았으나, 근경에 분포하는 유관의 크기와 단위면적 당 분포수, 잎과 엽병의 횡단면 형태, 잎 표피 세포의 크기와 기공의 단위 면적당 분포수에서 차이가 있어 두 종을 구별하는 형질로서 가치가 있는 것으로 생각되었다.

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Multilayer Perceptron Model to Estimate Solar Radiation with a Solar Module

  • Kim, Joonyong;Rhee, Joongyong;Yang, Seunghwan;Lee, Chungu;Cho, Seongin;Kim, Youngjoo
    • Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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    • 제43권4호
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    • pp.352-361
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    • 2018
  • Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a multilayer perceptron (MLP) model to estimate solar radiation using a solar module. Methods: Data for the short-circuit current of a solar module and other environmental parameters were collected for a year. For MLP learning, 14,400 combinations of input variables, learning rates, activation functions, numbers of layers, and numbers of neurons were trained. The best MLP model employed the batch backpropagation algorithm with all input variables and two hidden layers. Results: The root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of each learning cycle and its average over three repetitions were calculated. The average RMSE of the best artificial neural network model was $48.13W{\cdot}m^{-2}$. This result was better than that obtained for the regression model, for which the RMSE was $66.67W{\cdot}m^{-2}$. Conclusions: It is possible to utilize a solar module as a power source and a sensor to measure solar radiation for an agricultural sensor node.

자엽수(子葉數)에 따른 잣나무 묘목(苗木)의 성장(成長) 및 침엽(針葉) 형질(形質)과의 상관(相關) (Correlation between Cotyledon Numbers and some Needle Characteristics and 1-0 Seedling Growth of Pinus koraiensis)

  • 이강영
    • 한국산림과학회지
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    • 제40권1호
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    • pp.70-74
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    • 1978
  • 잣나무묘목(苗木)의 자엽수(子葉數)에 따른 성장(成長) 및 침엽형질(針葉形質)과의 상관(相關)을 구명(究明)하고져 자엽수별(子葉數別)로 등급화(等級化)한 묘목(苗木)의 초생엽(初生葉), 본엽(本葉), 그리고 묘목성장(苗木成長) 등(等)의 형질(形質)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)를 다음과 같이 요약(要約)한다. 1. 초생엽(初生葉)의 엽수(葉數)와 자엽수간(子葉數間)에 1%의 유의성(有意性)이 있었고 초생엽장(初生葉長), 폭(幅), 기공선수(氣孔線數)에 관(關)하여는 유의성(有意性)을 인정(認定)할 수 없었다. 2. 초생엽(初生葉)의 부수지구(副樹脂溝)는 6월말경(月末頃)까지 거의 발달(發達)되지 않았고 소수(少數)는 7월(月) 이후(以後)부터 1~2개(個) 발달(發達)하기 시작하였으며 자엽수(子葉數)에 따른 부수지구수(副樹脂溝數)의 차이(差異)는 없었다. 3. 본(本) 엽수(葉數)와 자엽수간(子葉數間)에는 5%의 유의성(有意性)을 인정(認定)할 수 있었으나 엽장(葉長), 엽폭(葉幅), 기공선수(氣孔線數)는 자엽수(子葉數)와 관련(關聯)이 없었다. 4. 묘고(苗高), 근원직경(根元直徑)은 자엽수(子葉數)와 5%의 유의성(有意性)이 있었다. 5. 묘목성장(苗木成長)을 보연 자엽수(子葉數) 12매이상(枚以上)인 묘목(苗木)은 성장(成長)이 매우 양호(良好)하였다. 그래서 그 이하(以下)의 것은 간인(間引)의 대상이 될 것으로 생각되었다.

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