• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 1988

This study was done to investigate the interplanting effects of corn, when a corn hybrid with tillers (IK derivaties) was interplanted with a corn hybrid without tillers(Jinjoo Ok). The interplanting ratios of two hybrids, IK and Jinjoo Ok, were 1 to 1, 1 to 2, 1 to 3, 2 to 1, and 3 to 1. The interp1anting effects were compared with monoculture for major agronomic characteristics. 1. The plant height was increased when interplanted regardless of the interplanting ratios of the two hybrids. The general growth of IK hybrid was a little hindered when the interplanting ratio of Jinjoo Ok hybrid increased. 2. The number of tillers produced by the IK hybrid increased until 40 days after emergence and appeared to increase as the interplanting ratio of IK hybrid increased. 3. When monocultured, the fresh weight of IK hybrid per 10a was 8,096kg and and 6,677kg at silking and dough stages, respectively and these were 77%, 53% over the fresh weight of Jinjoo Ok at the sarne stages. When IK and Jinjoo Ok hybrids were interplanted in 1 to 1 ratio, the fresh weight of IK was 20% higher than that of Jinjoo Ok monocultured. 4. The highest grain yield per 10a was obtained from the Jinjoo Ok hybrid monocultured and the yield was 434kg. Even the interplanting ratios between IK and Jinjoo Ok were 1 to 1 and 1 to 3, the grain yield of Jinjoo Ok was 16% and 13% over the IK, respectively. 5. Root and stalk lodging of IK hybrid was 29% when monocultured and seemed to increase as the interplanting ratio of Jinjoo Ok increased. The lowest lodging was found when the interplanting ratio of IK and Jinjoo Ok was 1 to 1. 6. Stem diameter of IK hybrid was also decreased as the interplanting ratio of Jinjoo Ok increased. The ear height of IK was lowered as the interplanting ratio of IK was increased. The two hybrids tested seemed to have tolerance to the black streaked dwarf virus(BSDV).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.546-555
• /
• 2014

The final aim of this study is to develop a biofiltration system integrated with plant vegetation for improving indoor air quality effectively depending on indoor space and characteristics. However, to approach this final goal, several requirements such as constant pressure drops (PDs) and soil moisture contents (SMCs), which influence the capacity design for a proper ventilation rate of biofiltration system, should be satisfied. Thus, this fundamental experiment was carried out to adjust a proper wind speed and to ensure a stabilization of initial SMCs within biofilter for uniform distribution of SMCs and PDs, and for normal plant growth, especially avoiding root stress by wind. Therefore, we designed horizontal biofliter models and manufactured them, and then calculated the ventilation rate, air residence time, and air-liquid ration based on the biofilter depending on three levels of wind speed (1, 2, and $3cm{\cdot}s^{-1}$). The relative humidity (RH) and PD of the humidified air coming out through the soil within the biofilter, and SMC of the soil and plant growth parameters of lettuce and duffy fern grown within biofilter were measured depending on the three levels of wind speed. As a result of wind speed test, $3{\cdot}sec^{-1}$ was suitable to keep up a proper RH, SMC, and plant growth. Thus, the next experiment was set up to be two levels of initial SMCs (low and high initial SMC, 18.5 and 28.7%) within each biofilter operated and a non-biofiltered control (initial SMC, 29.7%) on the same wind speed ($3cm{\cdot}sec^{-1}$), and measured on the RH and PD of the air coming out through the soil within the biofilter, and SMC of the soil and plant growth parameters of Humata tyermani grown within biofilter. This result was similar to the first results on RHs, SMCs, and PDs keeping up with constant levels, and three SMCs did not show any significant difference on plant growth parameters. However, two biofiltered SMCs enhanced dry weights of the plants slightly than non-biofiltered SMC. Thus, the stability of this biofiler system keeping up major physical factors (SMC and PD) deserved to be adopted for designing an advanced integrated biofilter model in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.181-188
• /
• 1992

This study was carried out to evaluate the fate of inoculant Bradyrhizobium japonicum and the inoculation effect on soybean in complex soil environment. To moniter Rhizobium strains from the root, streptomycine and streptomycine and nalidixic acid resistant marker strains were prepared by spontaneous mutagenesis. The characteristics and properties of antibiotic marked strains were not altered by the mutagenesis. The comparison of properties of wild type and antibiotic resistant Bradyrhizobium strains are summarized as follow : 1) The strains of USDA110K-$STR^r$, USDA110N-$STR^r$ and R318-$STR^r$ showed weak tolerance to pH 9.0. The utilization of carbon sources by fast growing group was different from that of slow growing group. The marked strains of R214-$STR^rNAL^r$, USDA110K-$STR^r$ and USDA110N-$STR^r$ was doubtful in utilization of sorbitol and R138-$STR^rNAL^r$ was doubtful in utilization of xylose as a carbon source. 2) By examining the agglutination reaction of serogroups, the strains used were identified as different ones. There were no differences between wild type and marked strains in agglutination titer values. 3) The plasmid size of fast group was slightly greater than that of slow group. However, there was no differences in plasmid size between the wild type and antibiotic resistant strains. This result indicates that the antibiotic resistance was not encoded in plasmid. 4) The recovery of the inoculated strains was up to 12.5 % in soybean cultivated soil and was up to 25 % in soybean uncultivated soil. 5) When the wild type or marked strains were inoculated. there was no significant effect on soybean plant, whereas the inoculation effect was pronounced in soybean uncultivated soil. The inoculation effect seemed to be more pronounced in wild type strains than antibiotic resistant strains. however, the difference was not significant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.58 no.1
• /
• pp.34-40
• /
• 1982

Main consideration of this trial is to know whether the planting work should be possible to do not only in the early spring but also in the summer or autumn, for giving the guide to get the work plan and to broaden the employing season of the skilled forest worker. Seedling of Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepsis, Pinus rigida, Pinus rigida${\times}$ P. taeda(wind) and Chamaecyparia obtusa as the test species had been planted in 15 days interval from the middle of March to the end of November. The seedling survival was investigated in the spring time of coming year because the winter damage could be problems. At the same time the climate data was measured daily and the shoot growth of test species were also measured in other near plantation at 15 days interval to know the influence to survival. From these results the spring and autumn planting is showing the good survival and the summer planting seems to give the difficulties. The spring planting in the southern temperate zone could be stared earlier as the end of February or beginning of March because the soil temperature are increasing up more $5^{\circ}C$ from this time. But the summer planting from the beginning of May until the end of August in better to avoid with excluding specially the good season of rainfall distribution because of the shoot growth of green confer seedling and the leave sprouting of Larix leptolepsis are so vigorously growing up from the begining of May and its wood structure is too weak to compensate the water loss. But among the test species Pinus koraiensis and Chamaecyparis obtusa have more possibility to plant in the summer season. The autumn planting seems to be very reasonable to accept newly in the trial region. This may be the reasons of still high soil temperature to grow the seedling root and of hardened school to resist from the dry winter wind. But it will be carefully that the strongly exposured site could be to avoid for the autumn planting in case of specially Pinus rigida${\times}$P. taeda and Chamaecyparis obtusa. From these discussion the guide table 1 for planting season with the test species is proposed and can be used for planing and employing in the trial zone.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.42-59
• /
• 2017

To investigate rooting and community forming ability, sod strips of Gramineae such as Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth., Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(Andersson) Rendle, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii(Retz.) Pilg., and Arundinella hirta(Thunb.) Tanaka were planted horizontally at a width of 10~15cm in October 2010 on the bank slope of Kwangju Stream in Korea. Seeds of each species were sown in April 2010 in plastic seedbeds(60cm length ${\times}$ 30cm width ${\times}$ 5cm depth) filled with 4cm of garden soil and grew until October 2010 to form rectangular sod, which then was cut into multiple strips(20cm length ${\times}$ 6cm width ${\times}$ 4cm root depth). Weeds growing on the experiment sites were removed twice a year until those four species had formed a community by 2013. Weeds were not eradicated during 2014 and 2015 to observe whether the community formation can be maintained without weed removal. t-tests on stem numbers and heights in May, July, and September were conducted between 2013 and 2014, and between 2014 and 2015. Stem numbers and heights of the four species in 2014 were significantly decreased(p<0.001) compared with those in 2013 due to weed damage to their growth in 2014. Stem numbers and heights of Miscanthus sacchariflorus(Maxim.) Benth., Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(Andersson) Rendle, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii(Retz.) Pilg. in 2015 were similar to those in 2014(p>0.05). Stem numbers and heights of Arundinella hirta(Thunb.) Tanaka in 2015, however, were significantly reduced compared with those in 2014(p<0.001) due to weed impact on its growth. After three years of weed removal, a community of each species was formed. Miscanthus sacchariflorus(Maxim.) Benth., Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(Andersson) Rendle, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii(Retz.) Pilg. were able to establish communities without any further weed removal. Arundinella hirta(Thunb.) Tanaka, however, was not able to maintain its community due to considerable damage to its growth caused by weeds even after three years of weed removal. Miscanthus sacchariflorus(Maxim.) Benth., Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens(Andersson) Rendle, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii(Retz.) Pilg. are more suitable to sod strip plantings on stream bank slopes in terms of the maintenance of community formation without weed eradication. t-test on stem numbers and heights each September during the five year experiment period between sod strip planting and potted plants of the four species were conducted. Stem numbers of strip sod plantings were significantly higher(p<0.001) than those of potted one. Heights of strip sod plantings, however, were significantly lower(p<0.05) than those of the potted samples. Therefore, strip sod planting is more advantageous regarding bank slope erosion protection due to the higher number of stems.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.147-153
• /
• 2013

Functional game, which is the combination of play and learning and a futuristic tool, can minimize the dysfunction and maximize the proper functions, and furthermore, has taken root as a new alternative that can change the game industry and game culture. Recently, the focus of game and education markets is shifting to the development of more advanced learning contents, rather than emphasizing the self-control and motivation of users. Along with that, the game market has excluded the socially dysfunctional elements, such as the addiction and learning disabilities, and has witnessed a diversification into the human-friendly entertainment business that emphasizes the mental and physical health and pursues scientific educational effects. In addition, functional games are expanding its reach from the professional sectors - such as medical aide/medical learning, military simulation, health, auxiliary tools, special education and learning tools - to the realm of routine education, mental health, etc., and has seen a steady growth. However, most functional games, which are being currently planned and developed to cope with the special characteristics of the market, have not undergone accurate scientific assessment of their functions and have not proven their effectiveness. An overwhelming proportion of the functional games are being developed based on the intuition and experience of game developers. Moreover, the type of games, which involve the repetition of simple tasks or take the form of simple puzzles, cannot effectively combine the practically interesting factors and the learning effects. Most games incorporate unscientific methods leading to the vague anticipation of improvement in functions, rather than the assessment of human functions. In this paper, a study was conducted to present the measures that could maximize the effects of functional games in relation to the changes in the visual and auditory stimulations in order to maximize the effects of functional games, i,e., the immersion and concentration. To compare the degree of effects arising from the visual stimulation, the functional game contents made in the form of 2D and 3D were utilized. In addition. ultra sound and 3-dimensional functional game contents were utilized to compare the degree of effects resulting from the changes in the auditory stimulation. The brainwave of the users were measured while conducting the experiments related to the response to the changes in visual and auditory stimulations in 3 steps, and the results of the analysis were compared.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.34 no.s02
• /
• pp.13-33
• /
• 1989

Agroclimate should be analyzed and evaluated accurately to make better use of available chimatic resources for the establishment of optimum cropping systems. Introducing of appropriate cultivars and their cultivation techniques into classified agroclimatic zone could contribute to the stability and costs of crop production. To classify the agroclimatic zones, such climatic factors as temperature, precipitation, sunshine, humidity and wind were considered as major influencing factors on the crop growth and yield. For the classification of rice agroclimatic zones, precipitation and drought index during transplanting time, the first occurrence of effective growth temperature (above 15$^{\circ}C$) and its duration, the probability of low temperature occurrence, variation in temperature and sunshine hours, and climatic productivity index were used in the analysis. The agroclimatic zones for rice crop were classified into 19 zones as follows; (1) Taebaek Alpine Zone, (2) Taebaek Semi-Alpine Zone, (3) Sobaek Mountainous Zone, (4) Noryeong Sobaek Mountainous Zone, (5) Yeongnam Inland Mountainous Zone, (6) Northern Central Inland Zone, (7) Central Inland Zone, (8) Western Soebaek Inland Zone, (9) Noryeong Eastern and Western Inland Zone, (10) Honam Inland Zone, (ll) Yeongnam Basin Zone, (12) Yeongnam Inland Zone, (13) Western Central Plain Zone, (14) Southern Charyeong Plain Zone, (15) South Western Coastal Zone, (16) Southern Coastal Zone, (17) Northern Eastern Coastal Zone, (18) Central Eastern Coastal Zone, and (19) South Eastern Coastal Zone. The classification of agroclimatic zones for cropping systems was based on the rice agroclimatic zones considering zonal climatic factors for both summer and winter crops and traditional cropping systems. The agroclimatic zones were identified for cropping systems as follows: (I) Alpine Zone, (II) Mountainous Zone, (III) Central Northern Inland Zone, (IV) Central Northern West Coastal Zone, (V) Cental Southern West Coastal Zone, (VI) Gyeongbuk Inland Zone, (VII) Southern Inland Zone, (VIII) Southern Coastal Zone, and (IX) Eastern Coastal Zone. The agroclimatic zonal characteristics of climatic disasters under rice cultivation were identified: as frequent drought zones of (11) Yeongnam Basin Zone, (17) North Eastern Coastal Zone with the frequency of low temperature occurrence below 13$^{\circ}C$ at root setting stage above 9.1％, and (2) Taebaek Semi-Alpine Zone with cold injury during reproductive stages, as the thphoon and intensive precipitation zones of (10) Hanam Inland Zone, (15) Southern West Coastal Zone, (16) Southern Coastal Zone with more than 4 times of damage in a year and with typhoon path and heavy precipitation intensity concerned. Especially the three east coastal zones, (17), (18), and (19), were subjected to wind and flood damages 2 to 3 times a year as well as subjected to drought and cold temperature injury.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.359-365
• /
• 2007

In this paper we present a bottom-gate type of zinc oxide (ZnO) and Gallium (Ga) doped zinc oxide (GZO) based thin film transistors (TFTs) through applying a radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method at room temperature. The gate leakage current can be reduced up to several ph by applying $SiO_2$ thermally grown instead of using new gate oxide materials. The root mean square (RMS) values of the ZnO and GZO film surface were measured as 1.07 nm and 1.65 nm, respectively. Also, the transmittances of the ZnO and GZO film were more than 80% and 75%, respectively, and they were changed as their film thickness. The ZnO and GZO film had a wurtzite structure that was arranged well as a (002) orientation. The ZnO TFT had a threshold voltage of 2.5 V, a field effect mobility of $0.027\;cm^2/(V{\cdot}s)$, a on/off ratio of $10^4$, a gate voltage swing of 17 V/decade and it operated in a enhancement mode. In case of the GZO TFT, it operated in a depletion mode with a threshold voltage of -3.4 V, a field effect mobility of $0.023\;cm^2/(V{\cdot}s)$, a on/off ratio of $2{\times}10^4$ and a gate voltage swing of 3.3 V/decade. We successfully demonstrated that the TFTs with the enhancement and depletion mode type can be fabricated by using pure ZnO and 1wt% Ga-doped ZnO.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.435-453
• /
• 2008

The crop rotation is very important in the organic agriculture and the soybean crop should be included in the rotation. Even though the inoculation of the root can be performed by the soil inoculation in the soybean crop, the effect of the soil inoculation should be proved in the organic soil. For the research of the effects in the formation of the nodule of soybeans, the growth and the quantity through the inoculation into the soil, the field experiment was conducted in 2006 at Ipjang Experimental Farm of Dankook University. The number of nodule in the testing varieties of the inoculated soil plot was $1.4{\sim}2$ times larger than those in the non-inoculated soil plot. The number of nodule was decreased in the non-inoculated soil plot after R2 stage, but it was increased in the inoculated before R4 stage and it was decreased after then. The periodical change of weight of the nodule was shown as same as the number of nodule. The dry weight of inoculated was increased than non-inoculated in Daewonkong, but it was decreased than non-inoculated in Shinpaldalkong2 and SS2-2. The amount of chlorophyll of the inoculated soil plot was more than the non-inoculated soil plot by 9% in Daewonkong, but the inoculated soil plot was less than the non-inoculated soil plot by 13%, 33% each in Shinpaldalkong2 and SS2-2. The number of pods, the number of grains and the weight of grains in the yield characteristics of the inoculated soil plot were more than in the non-inoculated soil plot in Daewonkong, but the number of pods, grains and the weight of grains in the yield result in the inoculated soil plot was less than in the non-inoculated soil plot in Shinpaldalkong2 and SS2-2. The mean yield(per 10a) of Daewonkong was increased 11% in the inoculated soil plot, but the mean yeil(per 10a) of Shinpaldalkong2 was decreased 4% and SS2-2 was also decreased 23%.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.215-231
• /
• 2020

Forest landscape models (FLMs) can be used to investigate the complex interactions of various ecological processes and patterns, which makes them useful tools to evaluate how environmental and anthropogenic variables can influence forest ecosystems. However, due to the large spatio-temporal scales in FLMs studies, parameterization and validation can be extremely challenging when applying to new study areas. To address this issue, we focused on the parameterization and application of a spatially explicit forest landscape model, LANDIS-II, to Mt. Gyebang, South Korea, with the use of the National Forest Inventory (NFI) and long-term ecological research (LTER) site data. In this study, we present the followings for the biomass succession extension of LANDIS-II: 1) species-specific and spatial parameters estimation for the biomass succession extension of LANDIS-II, 2) calibration, and 3) application and validation for Mt. Gyebang. For the biomass succession extension, we selected 14 tree species, and parameterized ecoregion map, initial community map, species growth characteristics. We produced ecoregion map using elevation, aspect, and topographic wetness index based on digital elevation model. Initial community map was produced based on NFI and sub-alpine survey data. Tree species growth parameters, such as aboveground net primary production and maximum aboveground biomass, were estimated from PnET-II model based on species physiological factors and environmental variables. Literature data were used to estimate species physiological factors, such as FolN, SLWmax, HalfSat, growing temperature, and shade tolerance. For calibration and validation purposes, we compared species-specific aboveground biomass of model outputs and NFI and sub-alpine survey data and calculated coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE). The final model performed very well, with 0. 98 R² and 8. 9 RMSE. This study can serve as a foundation for the use of FLMs to other applications such as comparing alternative forest management scenarios and natural disturbance effects.