• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.274-282
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate planning characteristics of common and living space in the dormitory buildings on campus in Chungcheong province. A document research method was used to analyze and classified into floor-plan, zoning and area. Also site visits were conducted at 8 dormitory buildings of 4 universities, and drawings were collected and compared for this research. The results of this study were as follows; 1)Most floor plans of public spaces had corridor types and integrated public space types. The typical floorplan of living space was 2person-1bedroom and apartment type which shared livingroom, bathroom, restroom and shower between bedrooms. The living space type of dormitory buildings was more complex and growth in size. Unit community combined 2-4person per 1bedroom in floor plan can help student with identity and affiliated formation. 2)The types of the spatial composition in public spaces were devided into three zones; study, living and administrative zones such as seminar room, public bathroom and storage, etc. This results shows that various types of public space for the improvement of community of small group has recently become more important than basic sanitary space in public space of dormitory buildings on campus.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.45-54
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• 1996

Effects of temperature on the efficiency of the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket(UASB) process for treatment of wastewater from a starch and related products manufacturing industry were investigated using laboratory scale reactors equipped with two types of Gas-Solid Separator(GSS). Both fresh digested sludge and granular sludge stored nearly for one year at room temperature were good as a seeding material. The reactors seeded with aged granular sludge showed slow start-up, however, lowered activity at the initial period was recovered gradually. The GSS with an inner cylinder was proved to be effective in liquid-solid separation compared to the conventional type. Although the rate of organic removal and gas production per unit volatile suspended solids in the reactor reduced significantly as the temperature varied from 35 to $20^{\circ}C$, possibility of operation at low temperatures was shown as a result of gradual buildup of volatile suspended solids in the bed. Stable operation with a reduced efficiency was possible at a COD loading of $5-8kg/m^3/day$ at a temperature as low as $20^{\circ}C$.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.290-296
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• 2020

When two layers of carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays are loaded to mate, the free ends of individual CNTs come into contact at the interface of the two layers. This leads to a higher contact resistance due to a smaller contact region. However, when the free CNT ends of one array penetrate into the mating array, the contact region increases, effectively lowering the contact resistance. To explore the penetration of mating CNTs, we perform molecular dynamic simulations of a simple unit cell model, incorporating four CNTs in the lower array layer coupled with a single moving CNT on the upper layer. The interaction with neighboring CNTs is modelled by long-range carbon bond order potential (LCBOP I). The model structure is optimized by energy minimization through the conjugate gradient method. A NVT ensemble is used for maintain a room temperature during simulation. The time integration is performed through the velocity-Verlet algorithm. A significant vibrational motion of CNTs is captured when penetration is not available, resulting in a specific vibration mode with a high frequency. Due to this vibrational behavior, the random behaviors of CNT motion for predicting the penetration are confirmed under the specific gap distances between CNTs. Thus, the probability of penetration is examined according to the gap distance between CNTs in the lower array and the aspect ratio of CNTs. The penetration is significantly affected by the vibration mode due to the van der Waals forces between CNTs.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.125-133
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to reveal the characteristics of Kan as a compositional unit in relation with its usage, building base, structural system, and roofing system in Seo Baek Dang and Gwan Ga Jeong. The results are as follows： Seo Baek Dang and Gwan Ga Jeong share a common characteristics： Kan module forms the plan to be 1：1 in shape and enables flexibility in usage and regularity in compositional aspect. In Seo Baek Dang, there are active level differences in base, room floor levels and column heights to achieve intended roof design while minimizing the deviation of module (500 mm) of four sides enclosing the an-madang (inner courtyard) and, in Gwan Ga Jeong, instead of differentiating levels, maximizing the module control (up to 1,560 mm) and lowering the roof slope are found. They are regarded resulting in a rather plane manner. Through a comparative analysis, it is found out that these two houses have a common characteristics of Kan to form a quadrate plan while they have differences both in conceptual and tectonic manner that is 'how to build a house' in similar conditions of region, period and society. In addition, Kan as a module is clarified to have a relative value that regulates both structural and aesthetical aspects.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.281-284
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to make clear the present condition of indoor thermal environment in apartment units and to analyze the relation of the living factors with indoor thermal elements. The field surveys consisted of measurements on physical elements and observations on living factors and interview on resident's subjective responses were carried out in 20 apartment units. The field surveys were carried out during the $January{\sim}March$ 2007. Measuring elements were air temperature, globe temperature, and relative humidity. As results, the averages of indoor temperature each houses were $21.2{\sim}27.2^{\circ}C$, the number of houses exceed the comfort zone were 4. The averages of globe temperature each houses were $21.3{\sim}27.5^{\circ}C$, 6 houses exceeded the comfort zone. The means of relative humidity were $19.5{\sim}58.8%$, relatively dry condition. The clothing value of residents were $0.39{\sim}0.89$ clo(average 0.68 clo). The average of thermal sensation ratings each room were $4.2{\sim}4.8$, 'neutral'$\sim$'slightly warm'. The results of regression analysis on relations of living factors with the thermal elements are as follow; ventilation time(outdoor air exchange), door opening time with balcony, and gas cooker use time had significant effect on indoor temperature.

• Solar Energy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.38-43
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• 1990

The present study was to investigate the use of a phase change material for hydronic radiant floor heating. Two identical unit test cells sized $1.8m^L{\times}1.8m^W{\times}1.8m^H$ were built and installed with specially designed $1.6cm^T{\times}9cm^W{\times}80cm^H$ aluminum Ondol-panels holding 1.25kg of calcium chloride hexahydrate(CCH) each. It was found that the Ondol-panel with CCH reduced the room temperature fluctuations and maintains the phase changing temperature for considerably long duration, $2{\sim}4$ times of heating hour, over no-CCH one.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of favorite music therapy on the stress response of hysterectomy patients undergoing general anesthesia. Methods: Date were collected from June 29, 2015 to January 18, 2016 and the participants were 79 hysterectomy patients (experimental group 40 and control group 39). The experimental group listened to their favorite music through earphones from the moment they entered the surgical waiting room until they exited from the post anesthesia care unit. Results: There were statistically significant differences in anxiety (F=15.92, p<.001), systolic blood pressure (F=4.23, p=.008), diastolic blood pressure (F=3.07, p=.033), and heart rate (F=19.93, p<.001) between participants in the experimental group and the control group according to measurement times. Conclusion: The study results show that favorite music therapy considering patients' preferences is effective in reducing anxiety among patients undergoing a hysterectomy under general anesthesia, thus leading to a stable change in their blood pressure and heart rate.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.302-312
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude and compliance with standard precautions and to identify predicting factors of compliance with standard precautions in ICU and ER nurses. Methods: The participants were 228 ICU and ER nurses working in one of three university hospitals and one general hospital. Collected data included general characteristics, features related to infection risk, and knowledge, attitude and compliance with standard precautions. For the final analysis, 218 questionnaires were used. Results: Within the previous one year, 103 (47.3%) nurses experienced pricking injury from syringe needles or other sharp materials, 111 (50.9%) nurses reported exposure to patients' blood and body fluid. In general, the scores for knowledge, attitude and compliance were all high. Compliance scores for nurses in intensive care units were significantly higher than those of nurses in emergency. There were significant correlations of knowledge, attitude, and compliance with standard precautions. Attitude and work place were significant factors predicting compliance with standard precautions. Conclusion: The results indicate that to increase nurse's compliance with standard precautions, continuous efforts to enhance positive attitudes and at the same time, improve work environments and use individualized approaches based on the work units are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2010

The plasticized polymer electrolytes based on polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (P(VdF-co-HFP)), tetra (ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (TEGDME), and lithium perchlorate ($LiClO_4$) are prepared for the lithium sulfur batteries by solution casting with a doctor-blade. The polymer electrolyte with EO : Li ratio of 16 : 1 shows the maximum ionic conductivity, $6.5\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;S/cm$ at room temperature. To understand the effect of the salt concentration on the electrochemical performance, the polymer electrolytes are characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), viscometer, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The optimum concentration and mobility of the charge carriers could lead to enhance the utilization of sulfur active materials and the cyclability of the Li/S unit cell.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2010

The lithium ion concentration dependant ionic conductivity and thermal properties of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA)/acrylonitrile-based copolymer electrolytes with $LiClO_4$ have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and AC complex impedance measurements. In systems with 11 wt% of acrylonitrile all liquid electrolytes were obtained regardless of lithium ion concentration. Complex impedance measurements with stainless steel electrodes give ambient ionic conductivities $8.1\times10^{-6}\sim1.4\times10^{-4}S cm^{-1}$. On the other hand, a hard and soft films at ambient temperature were obtained in copolymer electrolyte system consists of 15 wt% acrylonitrile with 6 : 1 and 3 : 1 of [EO] : [Li] ratio, respectively. DSC measurements indicate the crystalline melting temperature of poly(PEGMA) disappeared completely after addition of $LiClO_4$ in this system due to the complex formation between ethylene oxide (EO) unit and lithium salt. As a result, free standing film with room temperature ionic conductivity of $1.7\times10^{-4}S cm^{-1}$ and high electrochemical stability up to 5.5V was obtained by controlling of acrylonitrile and lithium salt concentration.