• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.83-86
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• 2005

This paper presents a method for point-based 3D building reconstruction using LiDAR data and digital map. The proposed method consists of three processes: extraction of building roof points, identification of roof types, and 3D building reconstruction. After extracting points inside the polygon of building, the ground surface, wall and tree points among the extracted points are removed through the filtering process. The filtered points are then fitted into the flat plane using ODR(Orthogonal Distance Regression). If the fitting error is within the predefined threshold, the surface is classified as a flat roof. Otherwise, the surface is fitted and classified into a gable or arch roof through RMSE analysis. Based on the roof types identified in automated fashion, the 3D building reconstruction is performed. Experimental results showed that the proposed method classified successfully three different types of roof and that the fusion of LiDAR data and digital map could be a feasible method of modelling 3D building reconstruction.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.105-115
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• 2008

This study examines and analyzes a variety of apartment roof style for 147 apartment complexes built in the Gwangju metropolitan city in order to determine the style that is most preferred. The results of this study are as follows. Most of apartment houses built in the Gwangju metropolitan city are 11 to 15 stories followed by apartments that have less than 5 stories, with fewer apartments that have 16 to 20 stories. According to roof styles, the eyebrow roof A type is the most common, followed by the plane roof A type, the sloped roof B type and the sloped roof C type, while 2/3 of all roof types have either an eyebrow roof A type or a plane roof A type. Using images of these roof types to determine those that are preferred, the decorative roof C type is most preferred, followed by the sloped roof B and C types. According to recognition of adjective pairs, decorative roof C type showed a higher recognition for the categories of unique, decorative, three dimensional and novel, the sloped roof B type showed a higher recognition for the categories of three dimensional, decorative and structured while the sloped roof C type showed a higher recognition in the decorative, novel, varied and three dimensional categories. In the correlations between image preference and recognition scale of roof styles of apartment houses, decorative roof C type showed a significant correlation between adjective pairs with the calm image, the sloped roof B type with the intimate image, while the sloped roof C type showed a correlation between static and ordered with the easy image. Therefore, for the design of future apartment roofs, decorative roof C type requires more consideration of visual aspects that are related to a sense of unity, while further morphological factors needs to be adopted with sloped roof B and C types.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the elevations of standard rural house designs after the 1990's. Various types of analysis were carried out on a total of 18 different sizes and 50 types of designs with p'yong sizes ranging from 12 to 44. The objects of analysis are the various elevations & the roof types that were supplied in the standard rural house design according to each year 1995 (8 sizes 20 types), 1997 (8 sizes 8 types), 1998 (l size 8 types), 2000 (2 sizes 4 types), 2001 (2 sizes 4 types), and 2004 (3 sizes 6 types). Results from the analysis demonstrate that (1) The gable roof has been used as the roofing type for standard rural house design since 1990. However the roof types of the standard rural house design includes only a few different types of gable roofs and roof materials(most roof types use asphalt shingle). (2) While most front elevations have been altered from asymmetrical to symmetrical most rear elevations have evolved from symmetrical to asymmetrical proportions since the 1990's (3) While siding materials and red-brick were most commonly used the main outer-wall materials prior to 2000, environmentally-friendly materials have been used as outer-wall materials since 2000. (4) In terms of the analysis of outer-wall objects before 2000 the walls were even, yet after 2000 these outer-walls evolved to become concave-convex walls. In other words, the evolution of the outer-wall has included a variety of wall types.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.369-382
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• 2016

The studies on the rural housing have focused on folk housing, but this study focuses on the contemporary rural housing with special reference to the roof types/materials and the outer wall materials. The research area of this study is the fourteen rural settlements in Jeju Island. The hip roof type, the hip/flat roof type, the simple-flat roof type, the gable roof type, and the eyebrow-and-flat roof type are the most frequent roof types. Among the roof materials, the precoated steel plate, the artificial slate, the cement, the cement/roof tile, and the cement/artificial slate are the most frequent materials. The cement holds more than a half of the outer wall materials, and the cement/basalt rock, the tile/cement, the tile, and the diverse siding are the next frequent outer wall materials. The comparison of the rural housing reveals that there are some clear differences between Jeju Island and Gyeongnam Province in terms of the roof types and the outer wall materials.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to classify roof styles about high-rise apartment complexes in these days. Specially, it is focused on those in Daegu city. It has analyzed for 75 apartment complexes in Daegu city. Those complexes are all over 300 houses each and were built from 2004 to 2007. Generally, roof styles about high-rise apartment complexes are classed as a flat roof style and a slope-sided roof style. Types of the flat roof style were divided a flat roof style and a eyebrows roof style. And, types of the slope-sided roof style were divided a single slope-sided roof style, a gable roof style, and a hipped roof style. The curved roof style didn't show up at these cases. According to this study, the slope-sided roof style including the gable roof style was revealed the most common roof style about high-rise apartment complexes in Daegu city from 2004 to 2007. Among 76 cases of roof styles, the number of the gable roof style is 52, and the number of flat roof style is 18. Each roof style was changed for more decorative shape. Specially, in case of the flat roof style, 17 cases for 18 cases are built as a decorative flat roof style. and, 15 for 52 gable roof style cases are built as a decorative style, too. According this case study, we are able to know that the sort of roof style was advanced variously and decoratively, and the shape of roof style was combined more than 2 decorative factors. The roof style of high-rise apartment complex in future will be more various and decorative than this time and will be develop compositively.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

Purpose: Temperature in urban areas increase much more than suburban areas and it is called urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. There are several solutions to control UHI phenomenon such as green roof system, water space construction, and cool roof system. However, application of green roof system and cool roof system to some of the buildings which compose the city has a critical limit. Therefore, in order to diminish the temperature rising and UHI phenomenon due to climate change of the city, it needs to approach from the viewpoint of site or city, rather than the viewpoint of individual buildings. This study is aims at analyzing UHI phenomenon by characteristics of surface materials and suggesting the solutions to reduce UHI phenomenon by types of complex. Method: Literature reviews were conducted to analyze the cause, mitigating plan, and recent trends of UHI phenomenon. For the simulation analysis, the type of complex was classified 3 representative complex. Based on measured reflectivity, simulation about UHI phenomenon was conducted by setting 4 strategies; albedo of roof, road pavement, green roof system, and vegetating around buildings. Result: As the results of simulating the UHI reduction factor by types of complex, it showed that the effect of temperature reduction on the building roof layer is more effective than adjusting the reflectivity of buildings such as green roof system, planting near the buildings in both the detached house complex, apartment complex, and commercial complex.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.35-43
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• 2005

This study aims to evaluate the natural lighting performance in the sound barrier tunnel. Therefore, to evaluate the daylighting performance, the combinations of 3 tunnel roof types which are flat-roof-type(type A), slope-roof-type(type B), arch-roof-type(type C) and 3 window types which are side-window-type(type 1), one-window-roof type(type 2), two-window-roof type(type 3) are evaluated by experimenting small scaled models. In this 9 cases of experiment, illuminance levels of each case are analyzed and evaluated. The conclusion of this study is that slope-roof-type(B) and arch-roof-type(C) is preferable to flat-roof-type(A) and one-window-roof-type(B) and two-window-roof-type(C) is preferable to side-window-type(A) for daylighting in the sound barrier tunnel.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.10-20
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• 2014

Today, most roof spaces are being designed as places for resting. The use of the roof spaces needs to be raised otherwise, budgeting or costs involved can be wasteful. A well-made plan is needed to increase the use of the roof spaces. The behavior of and preference for roof spaces could differ depending on building usage because the users of these roof spaces can be different. Therefore, this study selected 4 building types depending on usage: public buildings, educational and research buildings, medical buildings, and commercial buildings. Two buildings that created roof spaces per building type were selected. A survey was undertaken of the user experience of roof spaces on the buildings. The behavior and preference of roof spaces depending on building types were analyzed and the results are as follows. The behavior of using roof spaces regarding purpose, motivation, frequency, and average length of stay were different depending on the building types. In terms of purpose, over all four building types, taking a rest was the primary reason for using roof spaces. However, talking and smoking in public buildings, smoking, taking a walk or stretching, and viewing the exterior landscape in educational and research buildings, taking a walk or stretching and talking in medical buildings, taking care of children and talking in commercial buildings were also important reasons for using roof spaces. The preference of roof space components such as plants, paving materials, and facilities were different depending on the building types. In terms of plants, the users of public buildings preferred herbaceous plants and vegetables/aquatic plants more than the users of other building types. The users of medical buildings preferred vegetables/aquatic plants, and the users of commercial buildings preferred arbores, herbaceous plants, and vegetables/aquatic plants more than the users of other building types. This study provides empirical data for the behavior and the preference of roof spaces depending on building types. These findings could provide new insights into how to increase the use of roof spaces.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.7-18
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the double stylobate of the three-story stone pagoda in Yeongnam region and to divide the types of arrangements of the body-stone and roof-stone and find their correlation. Research objects are 47 three-story stone pagodas in Yeongnam region which have accurate documents and plans. After dividing a double stylobate of three-story stone pagodas into a lower and upper stylobate, we classified each stylobate into a type of body-stone and roof-stone from an architectural point of view. Types of arrangement of body-stones are divided into methods of using the 'ㅡ' shaped stone and methods of using 'ㄱ' shaped stone in the corner. And types of arrangement of roof-stones are divided into methods of arranging stones in a row or in a grid pattern. As the size of the pagoda increases, 'ㄱ' shaped stones used for the body-stone and stones for the roof-stone are arranged in a grid pattern. As the size of the pagoda becomes smaller, the body-stone is consist of 'ㅡ' shaped stone, and the roof-stone is arranged in a row. As the construction year of the pagoda becomes later, the size of the pagoda becomes smaller and types of body-stone and roof-stone had been stereotyped. As a result, the size of the stone pagoda became smaller as constructed later, and the type of body-stone and roof-stone of the double stylobate appear differently according to the size of the pagoda.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.113-122
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• 2007

Houses in Jeju city are divided into separated types and combination types of household affairs space. Other special types are separated-kitchen type. Separated household affairs space type is mostly built. Separated household affairs space type were sitting room + Gopang separate type and separate sitting room type. Combination household affairs space type made from sitting room, kitchen, Gopang and Chabang(Dinning room) put together as space differentiation, also into classes sitting room + kitchen + Gopang + Chabang type, sitting room + kitchen + Chabang type, sitting room + kitchen + Gopang, sitting room + kitchen type by combination household cares space type. Separated-kitchen type was one of the special type from separated-kitchen type of traditional housing, and type with continuous. Houses in Jeju city were 3 kan type and 4 kan type. 4kan type was mostly built. ㅡ shape is kept as plan shaped of straight shape, and roof shape is showed as ㅡ shape gathering roof. ㅡ shape + part projection type talls part projecting type as happened in Gopang, and Chabang. Roof is gathering roof, and when it is showed ㄱ shape by Gopang, Chabang, and kitchen are projected. ㅡ shape + total projection shape is one of the room become totally projected by Gopang and Chabang, can be happen with small room or kitchen, and roof as gathering roof shaped with ㅡ shape, ㄱ shape, ㄷ shape, unsystematic ㄹ shape, and various shapes.