• 건축역사연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.23-38
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to analogize the appearance of Korean Ancient Architecture in view of the Stone Remains from 3 Kingdom Period to Unificated Shilla Period. But in these period, there is no building remains but some stupas and fine arts. Especially, there are many architectural appearance and revealing signature in these Historical Stone remains. Architectural elements which are analogized by stone remains what has value as historical materials by preservation of original form from 3 Kingdom Preiod to Unificated Shilla Period are as follows : 1) Platform, the representative characteristic of Korean traditional architecture, was frame structure and accumulate structure. And circular or square footing stood a same shape column on it is put on the platform. 2) In the case of column, there used entasis column and inclined column and circular chamfer technique was applied on the top side of it. Upper side of column, capital and head pentrating tie that small bearing block was put on the center of it was joined. And longitu야nal rest(長舌) supported a cross beam. Capital and small bearing block had no bottom heel, and heel side was curved and straight. Centered bracket structure was often used, and multi bracket structure is not used yet. Inward incline technique was used. 3) Inward opening pair door which had lintel, threshold, doorjamb was usually used, Fixing stone was used for structural safety, and circular handle and lock was used for decoration. Handrail was used on the edge of wooden floor for decorative effect and safety. 4) Square rafter and circular rafter were used in the same period and so did flying rafter. Double eaves and single eave were used in the same period but, single eave was usually used. In this period, square rafter was usually used. This would be studied more by comparing with Japanese wooden architecture. 5) Hipped roof was used and half-hipped roof was not used yet. In front of th hip, there are small sculpture called Jap-Sang(雜像), and windbell was hang on the end of the hip rafter. Concave roof tile, convex roof tile, round eaver tile, decorative tile at end of roof ridge were used. Lotus style was well used on the face of roof tile for decoration. From the results of this study, wooden architecture of Unificated Shilla period was simple compare to Koryo dynasty and Chosun dynasty but, it had some brilliant character. It was hard work that analogized the form of non-existent wood architecture of Ancient Korean period by restricted stone remains. But, in addition to the results of this study and research of old documentations, more study should be go on.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.31-37
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• 1997

삼국시대 이후 근대까지 민가의 가장 보편적인 형태였던 초가삼가의 평균적인 상세 구조를 제시하였다. 목조 프레임이 주로 사용되었으며 프레임의 조인트는 사개맞춤이 일반적이었다. 초가삼간을 구성하는 평주 및 고주 프레임의 정적 수평내력을 1:1 실험모델을 통하여 평가하였다. 기둥 상부 조인트의 형태 및 심벽이 수평내력에 미치는 영향과 조인트의 파괴모드를 분석하였다. 실험결과 평주 프레임의 극한 수평내력은 1,090N, 파괴시 최대 수평변위는 400mm(1/6 rad)이었다. 고주 프레임의 경우 이들 값은 각각 4,160 N 및 250 mm(1/9.6 rad)이었다. 프레임의 거동은 모두 조인트의 거동에 지배되었으며 매우 큰 비선형을 보였다. 조인트의 파괴모드는 평주 프레임의 경우 화통가지의 전단파괴, 고주프레임의 경우 화통가지의 휨파괴가 주요한 모드였다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제21호
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• pp.107-113
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to suggest the materials for developing the new house style by analysing the space characteristics of wood frame houses in suburbs of Seoul. For this, we analysed 45 drawings(site plan, floor plan, elevation, section) that were designed by MICHOO, WOOD-LAND, STUGA and CHOWONJUTECK company etc. The space design characteristics that we found are as follows; 1. The wood is fragile to humidity. Therefore this characteristic is especially considered in designing the space of bathroom and utility room. 2. It is the merit of wood frame house that inner space can be designed variously by using spilt-level and the slope of roof. 3.The public space and private space are completely separated in most cases and the stair is located in the middle of house. This structure of house is short of horizontal openness. Instead, most houses gets vertical openness by making second floor on the living room opev. 4. In wood frame house as the rural house, the outer space is well used by setting up deck and balcony. The outer spaces like deck and balcony are usually used as a part of life space in connected with living room, dining room, master bed room and family room. 5. The public spaces like kitchen, living room, dining room and family room are considered so important in design that those are arranged in front in order to have good outlook and directiov.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.181-191
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze affordance of façade design by extracting analysis elements of affordance in façade design domestic five-star hotels. The subjects of this study were 88 domestic five-star hotels; we selected literature review and case study as methodology. The analysis elements included mass forms, exterior colors, window frame patterns, exterior characteristics, and door types based on the visual perception factors of façade design from the concept of affordance. The results of the study were as follows. First, the mass forms were divided into stackable, integral, and connection types, and stackable type was most frequent. Second, exterior colors were divided into achromatic, red, yellow, and opaque color parts, and the achromatic parts were most frequent. Third, the window frame patterns were divided into grid, irregular, full, horizontal, and vertical windows, and grid windows were most frequent. Fourth, the exterior characteristics were divided into formative mass, horizontal partition, design contrast, tiled roof, and facility connection, and the formative mass was most frequent. Fifth, the door types were divided into porch, piloti, and wall type, and porch was most frequent. The results of this study showed that the façade design elements such as mass forms, exterior colors, window frame patterns, exterior characteristics, and door types intentionally contained affordance.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.350-359
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• 2017

This paper presents a new holistic development approach for the carbon continuous-fiber composite frame of an automotive sunroof assembly. The original steel frame has been designed to get higher bending stiffness with its corrugated cross-sectional shape. The new approach uses the prepregs of a fast cure epoxy and PCM manufacturing processing. For higher productivity, the new frames feature a very simple plat cross sectional shape but achieve high bending stiffness through the laminate design. The sandwich structure with a PET foam core was presented. The frames were made of carbon UD laminae covered single carbon fabric on the outer surfaces. The fabrics provide torsional stiffness and also hold the carbon UD fibers floating in the low viscous epoxy resin of prepregs at the curing temperature during processing. The final product yields approximately 18 % savings in weight compared with the original.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the actual conditions on housing and facilities for goat. This investigation of the actual conditions was investigated by the style of farm which was divided into sideline scale and speciality scale included 47 farms. The results are summarized as follows: Rearing scale was 48.9% for 50-100 heads per farm. Rearing type was 46.8% for grazing type and 53.2% for barn type. Housing type was 27.7% for simple frame housing and 72.3% for permanent housing. Pipe was used 80.8% with Pillar and Girder as the housing frame at farm. For the pipe used in farm, 27.7% of them was used for simple frame housing. Side wall was composed of cement and winch curtain to be 29.8%, slate roof to be 40.4%, pipe partition to be 38.3%, and cement floor to be 51.1%. Materials of feeding trough were wood and Zinc grater to be 41.5%, respectively. Type of feeding trough was square to be 70.2%. The feeding trough was located in barn to be 48.9%. Material of water supply facilities was plastic to be 87.2%. Type of water supply facilities was mostly square to be 76.6%. Water-trough was located in playground to be 48.9%. Parturition facilities were consisted of partition structure by group to be 42.5% and were mainly composed of pipe and wood. 46.8% of the barn did not have delivery room in the farm.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2016

Purpose: In this study, we evaluate the annual energy performance of the detached house which was designed with the aim of zero energy. Method: The experimental house which was constructed in Gonju Chungnam in 2013, is the single family detached house of light weight wood frame with $100m^2$ of heating area. Thermal transmittance of roof (by ISO 10211) and building external walls are designed as $0.10W/m^2K$ and $0.14W/m^2$ respectively and low-e coating vacuum window glazing with PVC frame was installed. Also grid connected PV system and natural-circulation solar water heater was applied and 6kWp capacity of photovoltaic module was installed in pitched roof and $5m^2$ of solar collector in vertical wall facing the south. We analyzed the 2014 annual data of the detached house in which residents were actually living, measured though web-based remote monitoring system. Result: First, as a result, total annual energy consumption and energy production (PV generation and solar hot water) are 7,919kWh and 7,689kWh respectively and the rate of energy independence is 97.1% which is almost close to the zero energy. Second, plug load and hot water of energy consumption by category showed the highest numbers each with 33% and 31%, with following space heating 24%, electric cooker 8%, lighting 3% in order. Hot water supply is relatively higher than space heating because high insulation makes it decreased.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제37권9호
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• pp.1099-1107
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 알루미늄 압출재로 구성된 한국형 표준전동차모델(K-EMU)의 차체를 대상으로 치수 최적설계와 구조체 소재 변경을 통한 경량화방안에 대해 연구하였다. 우선 K-EMU 차체의 하부구조, 측벽구조, 단부구조의 부재별 두께를 현재의 압출가능 두께를 적용하여 치수 최적화 기법으로 약 14.8% 경량화 하였다. 그리고 치수최적설계 된 K-EMU 차체에 유지보수성이 좋은 고장력강(SMA570)재질의 프레임타입 하부구조를 적용하여 초기 K-EMU 차체대비 약 3.8% 경량화 된 하이브리드 차체를 도출하였다. 마지막으로 샌드위치 복합재를 하부구조와 지붕구조에 적용하여 초기 K-EMU 차체대비 약 30% 경량화 된 초경량 하이브리드 차체를 도출하였다. 도출된 차체 모델들은 모두 전동차 구조체 하중시험법을 만족하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.425-438
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• 2007

Large changes in stiffness associated with cracking and yielding of reinforced concrete sections may be expected to occur during the dynamic response of reinforced concrete frames to earthquake ground shaking. These changes in stiffness in stories that experience cracking might be expected to cause relatively large peak interstory drift ratios. If so, accounting for such changes would add complexity to seismic design procedures. This study evaluates changes in an index parameter to establish whether this effect is significant. The index, known as the coefficient of distortion (COD), is defined as the ratio of peak interstory drift ratio and peak roof drift ratio. The sensitivity of the COD is evaluated statistically for five- and nine-story reinforced concrete frames having either uniform story heights or a tall first story. A suite of ten ground motion records was used; this suite was scaled to five intensity levels to cause varied degrees of damage to the concrete frame elements. Ground motion intensity was found to cause relatively small changes in mean CODs; the changes were most pronounced for changes in suite scale factor from 0.5 to 1 and from 1 to 4. While these changes were statistically significant in several cases, the magnitude of the change was sufficiently small that values of COD may be suggested for use in preliminary design that are independent of shaking intensity. Consequently, design limits on interstory drift ratio may be implemented by limiting the peak roof drift in preliminary design.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 추계학술대회논문집A
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• pp.407-412
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• 2000

In this study, a research for process design in bending of structural frame of AA6061-T6 with rubber pad was conducted. In this process, the conventional lower die made of metal is replaced with a polyurethane pad, resulting in high flexibility during bending. Vulcanized polyurethane rubber with shore A hardness of 60 was used for the pad. Experiments on a newly developed bending machine were carried out by controlling the stroke of the roller and horizontal movement of roller pad lower die. From this, the relation between roller path and geometry of the materials bent was obtained for the process design of producing roof rail part of a passenger car and the experimental result was compared with the target profile. For more accurate process design, it is required to control the roller path interactively. Based on the experience in developing the prototype bending machine, it is construed that a fully automated bending system with rubber pad to produce various light-weight components for automotive body frames can be successfully developed.