• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.33-36
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• 2001

Only do we have an earth! It is crucially important to improve our living environment and keep the sustained development of a city in the limited space. Some concrete examples will be analysized in the paper, elaborating upon how to make full use of roof space and various plants to create a better green-space. To create different activity space with unique characteristics for people, various plants, roof-space, water and buildings in the style of garden should be use when local conditions and design requirement should be considered.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.3894-3906
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to classify the central Buddhist temple among the state-designated cultural assets, which were measured precisely, into the gable roof buildings and the gambrel roof buildings to analyze the Ang-Goak, Inside waist, ridge ratio, and roof inclination represented on the roof, and prepare basic objective material for the restoration and repair of cultural assets. As a result, as for the relationship between the roof curve and the inclination of the gable roof building and gambrel roof building, the following conclusions could be drawn. First, the Ang-Goak and Inside waist of the gable roof building had a close correlation with the building size, and the internal high pillar existence. In addition, the Ang-Goak and Inside waist were shown in the 7-ryangga structure, which is greater in size than in the 5-ryangga structure. This was found to be related to the building size. Second, the Ang-Goak and Inside waist of the gable roof building has a correlation with each other, and it was found that Inside waist also was large in the building with a larger Ang-Goak. The roof inclination rarely had a connection with variable factors (plane factor, elevation factor, and cross section factor). The sizes of Ang-Goak, Inside waist, and ridge ratio were similar in the outside 1 chulmok and outside 2 chulmok of gongpo but those sizes were relatively larger in outside 3 chulmok. Third, the Ang-Goak and Inside waist of the gambrel roof building moved independently for each building without a correlation with each other, unlike the case of the gable roof building. The front and the side showed a correlation with each other, and in the building with the large curve of the front side, the curve was also large in the sides. Fourth, in the case of the building with a high pillar inside the gambrel roof building, the Ang-Goak and Inside waist were larger. On the other hand, they were smaller in the case of a building without a high pillar. This was found to have a close relationship with the building size. In addition, the ridge ratio has a close connection with the building size and building height. Therefore, the ridge ratio is larger in a high building or large sized building. The roof inclination rarely has a correlation with variable factors, as in the case of the gable roof building.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.324-329
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• 1998

Effect of roof slope on the transmissivities of direct and diffuse solar radiation using a computer simulation model developed by Kim and Lee(1997) was analyzed for 10-span glasshouse located in Seoul(37$^{\circ}$34' N), Chonju(35$^{\circ}$49' N) and Cheju(33$^{\circ}$31' N). Transmissivities of diffuse solar radiation in glasshouse with roof slopes of 15, 20, 24.6, 30 and 35 degree were calculated as 61.3, 61.6, 61.7, 56.8 and 58.6%, respectively. Transmissivities of direct solar radiation(TDSR) during the period except summer season were highly affected by the roof slope. During the winter season, TDSR in glasshouse with roof slopes of 30 and 35 degree were higher than those with other roof slopes. Also, during the period except winter season, TDSR in glasshouse with roof slope of 20 degree were higher than those with other roof slopes. Difference in TDSR with latitude was significant during the period from October to February. At this period TDSR were highly appeared at lower latitude. Effect of roof slope on TDSR in S-N greenhouse was smaller than those in E-W greenhouse. It is considered that direct solar radiation highly transmitted in the glasshouse with roof slope of 20 degree.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.93-115
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• 2013

This paper describes a study of the influence of a dynamically flexible building structure on pressures inside and net pressures on the roof of low-rise buildings with a dominant opening. It is shown that dynamic interaction between the flexible roof and the internal pressure results in a coupled system that is similar to a two-degree-of-freedom mechanical system consisting of two mass-spring-damper systems with excitation forces acting on both the masses. Two resonant modes are present, the natural frequencies of which can readily be obtained from the model. As observed with quasi-static building flexibility, the effect of increased dynamic flexibility is to reduce the first natural frequency as well as the corresponding peak value of the admittance, the latter being the result of increased damping effects. Consequently, it is found that the internal and net roof pressure fluctuations (RMS coefficients) are also reduced with dynamic flexibility. This model has been validated from experiments conducted using a cylindrical model with a leeward end flexible diaphragm, whereby good match between predicted and measured natural frequencies, and trends in peak admittances and RMS responses with flexibility, were obtained. Furthermore, since significant differences exist between internal and net roof pressure responses obtained from the dynamic flexibility model and those obtained from the quasi-static flexibility model, it is concluded that the quasi-static flexibility assumption may not be applicable to dynamically flexible buildings. Additionally, since sensitivity analyses reveal that the responses are sensitive to both the opening loss coefficient and the roof damping ratio, careful estimates should therefore be made to these parameters first, if predictions from such models are to have significance to real buildings.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.111-121
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• 2014

The purpose of the study is to understand the unique characteristics of decoration style in traditional Javanese houses. Reviewing literature and visiting site were applied as the research method. Javanese House can be divided into three parts; roof, wall and floor. First, the roof of the traditional Javanese House is the most unique and important decorative element. The roofs are covered with roof-tiles and have clay carving ornaments on top. Usually there are no ceilings, just exposed to the oblique shape roof, which are made of wood to enable air ventilation. Joglo roof is the outstanding and representative roof type of Javanese houses. There is artistic and constructive roof structure named as tumpang sari in Joglo roof. The decoration on tumpang sari is the most colorful and symbolic ornaments. Secondly, the most unique element in the wall is the gebyok. Gebyok is made of wood and full of carved ornament, which has an artistic appearance, and also important function. The top part of doors are designed as perforated woodcarving, which give both aesthetic and ventilation purposes. Last, the stratified floor is begin with ground yard, then veranda that made from hardened clay, and main room constituted with a wood scaffold to provide air circulation and remove the humidity of the ground. The decorations of the column stand (umpak) are unique, where usually lotus flower is carved into black stone or lime stone. The outside of the buildings in Java Houses is not decorated by colors or symbols, whereas colors are only used in temples, pavilion or in royal housings. Instead they have carvings and decorations on important structural elements such as columns and beams inside. The ornaments and colors of decorations symbolize their god, ancestors and piece.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.22
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• pp.15-30
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• 2008

The roof tiles from the tomb in Baekje Kingdom of the Danjiri site in Gongju, Korea were studied for the production techniques and raw material provenance based on archaeometric characteristics. The roof tiles had traditional shapes of Baekje Kingdom, which show flow texture on the surfaces and sections with the roof tiles of hard or soft-type. These roof tiles were locally produced, using refining soils according to mineralogical and geochemical characteristics. Also roof tiles were divided to 2 groups by firing temperature and physical properties. One of them had soft with porous texture and fired probably about 700 to $900^{\circ}C$. The other had hard with vitrified texture and probably fired about 940 to $1,020^{\circ}C$. Buried for long time and used as a tomb, roof tiles had experienced chemical alteration due to the enrichments of trace elements abundant in human tissues.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.567-576
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• 2017

Structural failures are undesirable events that devastate the construction industry resulting in loss of life, injury, huge property loss, and also affect the economy of the region. Roof truss failures occur mainly due to excessive loading, improper fabrication, deterioration, inadequate repair, etc. Although very rare, a roof truss may even fail due to inappropriate location of supports. One such case was reported from the recent failure of a steel roof truss used in an indoor stadium at Kargil in India. Kargil region, being mountainous in nature, receives heavy snowfall and hence the steel roof trusses are designed for heavy snow loads. Due to inappropriate support location, the indoor stadium's steel roof truss had failed under heavy snow load for which it was designed and became an interesting structural engineering problem. The failure observed was primarily in terms of yielding of the bottom chord under the supports, leading to partial collapse of the roof truss. This paper summarizes the results of laboratory tests and analytical studies that focused on the validation of the proposed remedial measure for rehabilitating this distressed steel roof truss. The study presents the evaluation of (i) significant reduction in strength and stiffness of the distressed truss resulting in its failure, (ii) desired recovery in both strength and stiffness of the rectified truss contributed by the proposed remedial measure. Three types of models i.e., ideal truss model, as build truss model and rectified truss model were fabricated and tested under monotonic loading. The structural configuration and support condition varied in all the three models to represent the ideal truss, distressed truss and the rectified truss. To verify the accuracy of the experimental results, an analytical study was carried out and the results of this analytical study are compared with the experimental ones.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.513-522
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• 2015

This study is to confirm the effect of pre-installed pipe-roof by measuring earth pressure acting on the underpass. In recently developed trenchless methods pre-inserted steel pipes before ground excavation to form pipe-roof are connected each other with re-bars and filled with mortar. In this study, focusing on the Upgraded Pipe Roof Structure method (UPRS) and Front-Jacking, earth pressure around pipe-roof is measured after insertion of steel pipe to ensure the effect of earth pressure reduction. In case of the UPRS earth pressure is considerably reduced because of the reinforced effect of pipe-roof. In case of the Front-Jacking in which the whole underpass structure is pushed into the ground, earth pressure is not reduced as expected, because the pre-installed pipes are not needed to be reinforced.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.139-149
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• 2016

Roof cladding of buildings are required for the measures about the 'screw pull-out' which causes the casualties and the property damage by typhoons. In this study, the pull-out resistance was increased by increasing the penetration depth of the screw installing a ironware called 'insert nut' on the roof cladding frame. Tensile tests were conducted to compare the pull-out strengths of a general screw-joint and a nut insert joint. Roof cladding that is actually being used in the field was produced using the 'solid work' and then the roof claddings using a general screw-joint and a nut insert joint were compared by a static test and dynamic test.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.95-101
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aims to identify the effect of temperature reduction by the application of cool roof coatings to Changwon City Hall in South Gyeongsang Province. The indoor and outdoor temperatures of the cool roofing building were analyzed and compared to that of an existing building with green-colored roof coated with waterproof polyurethane. Method: The surface temperatures and reflectivity of rooftops, surface temperatures of ceilings and the interior, and outdoor temperature and humidity of the two aforementioned buildings were measured from June to September in 2014. The measurements were taken every 10 min. Result: The surface temperature of the building with the cool roof was lower by a maximum of $9^{\circ}C$ with the reflectivity of the rooftop at an average of 0.55, which is higher than that of the building with green polyurethane by approximately 0.3. The temperature of the ceiling inside the building with the cool roof was about $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the ordinary building. Also, the indoor temperature of the office with cool roof coatings was about $0.5{\sim}1.0^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the office with green-colored roofing building. The results show that cool roof coatings can lower the temperature of buildings. In the next research, the reduction in consumption of energy for air conditioning will be investigated by utilizing building energy simulation tools.