• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2024

Purpose: The updated ROME IV criteria for functional constipation (FC) in children were published in 2016. However, information on the use of these criteria is scarce. This study aimed to report the frequency of the use of the ROME IV criteria by Indonesian pediatricians and general practitioners (GPs) in FC management in infants and toddlers. Methods: An anonymous cross-sectional online survey was conducted between November 2021 and March 2022. Results: A total of 248 respondents (183 pediatricians and 65 GPs) from 24 Indonesian provinces completed the survey. Most respondents reported an estimated prevalence of FC to be less than 5% both in infants and toddlers. On average, only 64.6% of respondents frequently used the ROME IV criteria. Pediatricians used the ROME IV criteria more often than GPs did (p<0.001). The most frequently used criteria were painful or hard bowel movements (75.0%) and ≤2 defecations/week (71.4%). Lactulose as a laxative was the preferred treatment choice, followed by changing the standard formula to a specific nutritional formula. Most of the respondents carried out parenteral reassurance and education. Normal growth, as a marker of good digestion and absorption function, and normal stool consistency and frequency were the most reported indicators of gut health. Conclusion: The ROME IV criteria for functional constipation are not extensively used by pediatricians and GPs in Indonesia. Laxatives and specific nutritional formulas were the most used management approaches in infants and toddlers. Medical education, especially for general practitioners, should be updated.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.79-90
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to review the research trends of family life planning in the Journal of Korean Rome Economics Association, the Journal of Korean Rome Management Association and the Journal of Korean Family Resource Management Association. For this purpose, 132 studies were analyzed according to the theory of family life planning, the state of family life planning, the diagnosis of present, the establishment of future and the practice of family life planning. At this time, we feel that it is meaningful to review the research of family life planning and to take a look at its possible future prospects. This study also provides the information necessary to implement and integrate its positive results into Family Life Education.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-70
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• 2009

For a long time Westerners have considered the Orient as unknown and mysterious, but Orientals soon came to be seen as weak and dependent, or feminine. The Oriental woman became a synecdoche for the Orient itself. We can find this theme in several British plays that deal with the Orient and Oriental women, including Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra and Dryden's All for Love. Both of these plays have Egypt as their setting and Cleopatra as a main character. For a better society, Shaw emphasizes the importance of education. In Caesar and Cleopatra, Shaw sees Egypt as a weak and dependent country which needs the help of Rome. Accordingly, he depicts Cleopatra as young and ignorant, needing to be educated in her role as a queen. Shaw finds possibilities for growth and independence in the Egyptians and Cleopatra, who recognize themselves as Egyptians and pursue their identity apart from the colonialization of Rome. Here the Egyptians attempt to resist and escape the oppression of Rome. Young, dependant and ignorant Cleopatra becomes independent and knowledgeable as the result of her education by Caesar and in the end she becomes a real Egyptian queen. According to Shaw, the Orient and women have the potential to develop themselves and ultimately to overcome the government of Western countries and men. In this play, Shaw emphasizes the potential of the Orient and women and the importance of education. Shaw thinks women can grow and develop through education. Especially through Cleopatra's growth, his thought can be applied for Oriental women as well as Western women. His thought is beyond the 19th century British society in which this play was written. Through this play, we can see Shaw's thought is not limited by race, time and place and also has universality to transcend everything.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.253-259
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• 2010

The aim of IAAF's Biomechanics project, initially launched at the 1987 World Championships in Rome, is to support athletes and coaches in the optimization and improvement of their training and competition performance. The IAF and the IAAF supports biomechanical projects, as a service to their Member Federations, starting from the IAAF World Championships in Rome 1987. In 1997, at the IAAF World Championships of Athens. In 1995, at the IAAF World Championships in Goteborg and in co-operation with the Swedish Sport Institute of Karlstad and under the leadership of Anders Bergstrom a biomechanical research on "Throws" was conducted. In 2005, at the IAAF World Championships in Helsinki on 100m - Pole vault, High Jump, Triple Jump, Javelin, under the leadership of Prof. Paavo Komi. The IAAF published the final report in 2008 with a supplement of NSA. In 2007, at the IAAF World Championships of Osaka, in co-operation with Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences and under the leadership of Prof. Michiyoshi Ae the IAAF received a final report on; short sprint, distance running, high jump, long jump, shot put and javelin. In 2009, at the IAAF World Championships of Berlin, in co-operation with the DLV and the leadership of Helmar Hommel (GER). The purpose of this study is to draw up a plan to perform an effective biomechanics project at 2011 IAAF World championship in Daegu.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.45-61
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• 2011

The starting point of education is the ancient Greek philosophy. In this paper, we research the Hellenism culture: two famous poleis such as Sparta and Athens. Moreover, we investigate prominent philosopher Plato and Aristotle. In particular, we notice early childhood and female education through Hellenism culture. Finally, we study culture, politics and educations of the ancient Roman in order to compare those of our society.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.116-126
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of infant dyschezia as well as pediatrician awareness regarding this disease in Indonesia. Methods: This is a two-part cross-sectional study, which was divided into study A and B. Study A: Parents whose infants were under 9 months old and attended well-baby clinics were recruited at two randomly selected primary health centers. Parents also provided information on the infant's previous medical history, and socio-demographic and family details. The Rome IV criteria was translated and validated to be used for diagnosis of infant dyschezia. Study B: Randomly selected pediatricians were surveyed by using a questionnaire to evaluate their knowledge regarding infant dyschezia. Results: The prevalence of infant dyschezia based on the result of this study was 11.8%. Three risk factors had a significant relationship with infant dyschezia i.e., the number of children in the family (odds ratio [OR], 5.619; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.194-14.390; p<0.001), complementary food diet (OR, 4.238; 95% CI, 1.902-9.443; p<0.001), and social-emotional disturbance (OR, 5.670; 95% CI, 2.550-12.609; p<0.001). The percentage of pediatricians correctly diagnosed infant dyschezia was 71.5%. Most pediatricians agreed that they did not perform any diagnostic testing (79.7%) and only provided education in cases of infant dyschezia (58.5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of infant dyschezia identified in our study was higher than that in other neighboring Asian countries, with the highest prevalence observed in infants 7-9 months old. Being an only child, receiving complementary food diet, and sociao-emotional disturbances were significant risk factors of infant dyschezia.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.219-225
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• 2018

Cosmic rays are ions that move at relativistic speeds. They generate secondary cosmic rays by successive collisions with atmospheric particles, and then, the secondary particles reach the ground. The secondary particles are mainly neutrons and muons, and the neutrons are observed by the ground neutron monitor. This study compared the diurnal variation in cosmic ray intensity obtained via harmonic analysis and that obtained through the pile-up method, which was examined in a previous study. In addition, we analyzed the maximum phase of the diurnal variation using four neutron monitors with a cutoff rigidity below approximately 6 GV, located at similar longitudes to the Oulu and Rome neutron monitors. Expanding the data of solar cycles 20-24, we examined the time of the maximum cosmic ray intensity, that is, the maximum phase regarding the solar cyclic modulation. During solar cycles 20-24, the maximum phase derived by harmonic analysis showed no significant difference with that derived by the pile-up method. Thus, the pile-up method, a relatively straightforward process to analyze diurnal variation, could replace the complex harmonic analysis. In addition, the maximum phase at six neutron monitors shows the 22-year cyclic variation very clearly. The maximum phase tends to appear earlier and increase the width of the variation in solar cycles as the cutoff rigidity increases.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.281-288
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was to investigate the relationship between IBS and nurses' occupational stress. Method: We used the modified Rome III criteria to measure the relationship between IBS and nurses' occupational stress. This questionnaire is composed of 9 areas and 43 items related to the stress. We collected the data of 395 respondents from W hospital. The survey was done from July 10th to July 31th, 2009. Results: The morbidity of IBS showed 24.3%. It was significantly influenced by night shift, and hospital visits and medication because of abdominal discomfort for the past 6 months. The causes of the nurses' occupational stress, which influenced the difference between IBS and non-IBS group, were "conflict with doctors" "difficulties in human relationships" "dealing with guardians and patients". The IBS group's stress was higher that of the non-IBS group. Also 96.9% of the IBS group and 79.3% of the non-IBS group responded there was relationship between IBS and nurses occupational stress. Conclusion: We found the relationship between IBS and nurses' occupational stress. And such stress could be reduced through the education about IBS.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.96-103
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was to investigate impacts of daily habits, health status and health promoting behavior on prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among female high school students. Methods: The survey was conducted from 526 female students in high school. Rome III criteria was used to diagnose IBS. Data of daily habits, health status, and health promoting behavior were collected through self-administered structured questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of IBS was 25.7%. Compared to the non-IBS, the IBS group scored significantly lower in exercise time, sleeping time, four dimensions of health status (physical, emotional, social, spiritual health) and management of relationship and stress in health promoting behavior. Risk factors influencing IBS were exercise time, physical health and emotional health status. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that nursing interventions and education programs are important to be developed, while considering exercise, health status and health promoting behaviors for female adolescents in order to manage their IBS.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.265-285
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• 2018

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the design, research and education aspects of fire safety engineering (FSE) with a particular concern on high-rise buildings. FSE finds its root after Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, followed by Great London Fire in 1666. The development of modern FSE is continuously driven by industry revolution, insurance community and government regulations. Now FSE has become a unique engineering discipline and is moving towards performance-based design since 1990s. The performance-based fire safety design (PBFSD) involves identification of fire safety goals, design objectives, establishment of performance criteria, and selection of proper solutions for fire safety. The determination of fire scenarios and design fires have now become major contents for PBFSD. To experience a rapid and positive evolution in design and research consistent with other engineering disciplines, it is important for fire safety engineering as a profession to set up a special educational system to deliver the next-generation fire safety engineers. High-rise buildings have their unique fire safety issues such as rapid fire and smoke spread, extended evacuation time, longer fire duration, mixed occupancies, etc., bringing more difficulties in ensuring life safety and protection of property and environment. A list of recommendations is proposed to improve the fire safety of high-rise buildings. In addition, some source information for specific knowledge and information on FSE is provided in Appendix.