• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2007

Cancer metastasis is a major determinant of cancer patient mortality. Mounting evidence favors a strong positive role for $TGF-{\beta}$ in human cancer progression. The complex pattern on cross-talk of $TGF-{\beta}$ and the related other signaling pathways is an important area of investigation that will ultimately contribute to understanding of the bifunctional role of $TGF-{\beta}$ in cancer progression. This review summarizes some of the current understanding of $TGF-{\beta}$ signaling with a major focus in its contribution to the tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Five issues are addressed in this review: (1) $TGF-{\beta}$ signaling, (2) $TGF-{\beta}$ and EMT, (3) $TGF-{\beta}$ and MMP, (4) $TGF-{\beta}$ and Ras, and (5) Role of $TGF-{\beta}$ in invasion and metastasis. Due to the bifunctional cellular effects of $TGF-{\beta}$, as a tumor promoter and a tumor suppressor, more precisely defined $TGF-{\beta}$ signaling pathways need to be elucidated. According to the current literature, $TGF-{\beta}$ is clearly a major factor stimulating tumor progression through a complex spectrum of the interplay and cross-talk between various signaling molecules. Understanding the role of $TGF-{\beta}$ in invasion and metastasis will provide valuable information on establishing strategies to manipulate $TGF-{\beta}$ signaling which should be a high priority for the development of anti-metastatic therapeutics.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.15-34
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• 2004

This study is an attempt to develop the 'Parental Intelligence Scale', which can be applied in the parent education and counselling and provide more useful information for more appropriate interventions by evaluating the characteristics of parent's roles and strong/weak points of the parent's roles under the special situation and environments. In developing the scales, this study reviews of numbers of existing literatures, analysis of scales and tools on parent's role or attitude, collection of episodes on parent's role, validity check processes by field experts, and 2 rounds of factor analysis. The outcomes of the study are as follows; In regard of the development of Parental Intelligence Scale, 3 factors of care-giving role, management role, nurturing role were derived from the conceptual and measurement model. From these 3 factors, 8 sub-factors of empathy, encourage, enhancement, rational authoritativeness, flexibility, rejection, acceptance, control were constructed. 39 question items were derived in order to measure these sub-factors. Especially through the two rounds of factor analysis, the question items with enhanced internal consistency were derived and total cumulative variance was increased, which made theoretical model into the generalized model possible.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.291-308
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• 2013

This study focuses on variables affecting role performance of infant care teachers and aims at developing quality care service by means of role performance of infant care teachers. The research participants were 350 infant care teachers in nurseries in Seoul, Incheon and Gyeonggi area. The results are as follows. First, there was no difference by age on teachers' emotional intelligence, organizational culture and role performance. As for educational level, there was a difference in 'counseling and emotional support' a subordinated factor in role performance. As for career, there was a difference in 'education and teaching activity' a subordinate factor of role performance. As for working facility type, there was a difference in emotional intelligence and organizational culture. Second, there was correlation between infant care teachers' emotional intelligence and organizational culture, and their role performance. Third, infant care teachers' emotional intelligence was the best predictor of their role performance. Therefore, more studies should be done to raise the emotional intelligence of infant care teachers.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.9-26
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• 2006

Human resource development(HRD) is one of the important success factors in competitive business circumstance. So many companies are developing HRD system for role based competent person rearing to catch up with fast changing situations. And they are building professional and specific HRD systems, With these trends, this study analyze which are affecting user satisfaction in role based corporate HRD systems. Recognized profit, HRD support situation, and user experiences affect to user satisfaction significantly. And HRD support situation is the biggest affecting factor to user satisfaction.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2013

Prolyl 4 hydroxylases (P4H) are iron- and 2-oxoglutamate-dependent dioxygenase enzymes and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-P4Hs play a critical role in the regulating oxygen homeostasis in the local tissues as well in the systemic circulation. Over a period of time, a number of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors and activators have been developed. By employing the pharmacological tools and transgenic knock out animals, the critical role of these enzymes has been established in the pathophysiology of number of diseases including myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, neurodegeneration, inflammatory disease, respiratory diseases, retinopathy and others. The present review discusses the different aspects of these enzymes including their pathophysiological role in disease development.

• CELLMED
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.3.1-3.3
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• 2013

The receptor activator of NF-${\kappa}B$ ligand (RANKL), a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family, has extensive functions beyond osteoclast development. RANKL is expressed in many immune cells such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, marrow stromal cells, activated T cells, synovial cells, keratinocytes, and mammary gland epithelial cells as well as in various tissues. The ligation of RANK by RANKL promotes dendritic cells (DCs) survival through prosurvival signals and the up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-$x_L$ and plays a crucial role in DCs-mediated Th1 differentiation. Therefore, RANKL plays an important role in the regulation of DCs/T cells-mediated specific immunity. This review will briefly inform our current understanding of the role of RANKL signaling in T cells-DCs communication in the immune system.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 1995

Gastroesophageal reflux is thought to be an important etiology of the various upper aerodigestive tract disease. To investigate the role of gastric acid and pepsin as an etiologic factor of laryngotracheal stenosis, and the difference of injury by synthetic gastric juice between in ciliated respiratory epithelium and in squamous epithelium, experimental study was carried out using rabbits. Mucociliary transport affected by synthetic gastric juice was also studied in dogs. Synthetic gastric juice of low pH caused serious damage and Impairment of mucociliary transport in the epithelium of the larynx and trachea. Gastric acid played major role in the mucosal damage. Squamous epithelium of vocal folds and pharynx was more resistant to synthetic gastric juice than respiratory epitheium. In conclusion, gastroesophageal reflux may be an etiologic factor in the developement of laryngotracheal stenosis, so the adequate management is necessory In patients of laryngotracheal stenosis.

• BMB Reports
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• v.47 no.7
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• pp.405-410
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• 2014

ZBTB3 belongs to the Zinc finger and BTB/POZ domain containing transcription factor family; however, its biological role has rarely been studied. We demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that ZBTB3 is an essential factor for cancer cell growth via the regulation of the ROS detoxification pathway. Suppression of ZBTB3 using two different short hairpin RNAs in human melanoma, lung carcinoma, and breast carcinoma results in diminished cell growth. In addition, we found that suppression of ZBTB3 activates a caspase cascade, including caspase-9, -3, and PARP leading to cellular apoptosis, resulting from failed ROS detoxification. We identified that ZBTB3 plays an important role in the gene expression of ROS detoxification enzymes. Our results reveal that ZBTB3 may play a critical role in cancer cell growth via the ROS detoxification system. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that target ZBTB3 could be used in selective cancer treatments.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.91-109
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• 2010

The success of new product is a key factor for getting competitive advantages. Marketing research has been investigating marketing capability, manufacturing technical capability, cross-functional integration, market knowledge competence, and competitive environment as the key success factors of new product advantage. Recently, the role of IT capability in enhancing new product advantage is assumed in the literature. However, the empirical studies on the role of IT capability are lacking. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of IT capability on new product competitive advantages and the relationship between IT capability and the key success factors for new product advantage. Conducting an empirical field study, the IT capability is shown to have a direct effect on new product competitive advantages, and to be also the key success factor to make up for marketing capability and manufacturing technical capability. This study develops a conceptual model on the role of IT capability in enhancing new product competitive advantages by integrating marketing research and IS research.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.610-615
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• 2015

Alveolar epithelial cells have been functionally implicated in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This study investigated the role of ursolic acid (UA)-a triterpenoid carboxylic acid with potent antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tuberculosis properties in mycobacterial infection of alveolar epithelial A549 cells. We observed that M. tuberculosis successfully entered A549 cells. Cytotoxicity was mediated by nitric oxide (NO). A549 toxicity peaked along with NO generation 72 h after infection. The NO generated by mycobacterial infection in A549 cells was insufficient to kill mycobacteria, as made evident by the mycobacteria growth indicator tube time to detect (MGIT TTD) and viable cell count assays. Treatment of mycobacteria-infected cells with UA reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, NO generation, and eventually improved cell viability. Moreover, UA was found to quench the translocation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$), from the cytosol to the nucleus in mycobacteria-infected cells. This study is the first to demonstrate the cytotoxic role of NO in the eradication of mycobacteria and the role of UA in reducing this cytotoxicity in A549 cells.