• 제목/요약/키워드: Rock Fracture

검색결과 549건 처리시간 0.035초

Chemical Methods Used in Petrological Analysis of Koongarra Uranium Ore Samples in ASSAR Natural Analogue Program

  • Park, Yong-Joon;Pyo, Hyung-Ryul;Kim, Ji-Young;Kim, Won-Ho
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제30권6호
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    • pp.518-530
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    • 1998
  • A natural analogue study has been performed for the Koongarra uranium ore deposit in Australia as an international agreement of the Analogue Studies in the Alligator Rivers Region (ASARR). Rocks obtained from the Koongarra deposit, Northern Territory of Australia, were examined in order to understand uranium migration processes of primary and secondary ore-body in both weathered and unweathered zones. Total alpha activities of rock samples were measured to compare the relative amount of uranium in the sample. Uranium distributions have been investigated by means of both the alpha-autoradiography and the fission track registration technique after irradiation in a flux of thermal neutrons (~10$\times$$10^{13}$nㆍ$cm^{-2}$ㆍs$^{-1}$) for 2 minutes. The mineral phases corresponding to the registered alpha-tracks and fission tracks were identified by petrological observation with optical microscope as well as X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis (EPMA). Uranium was found mostly inside of the fracture of the quartzite and its mineral phase was identified as sklodowskite. The mineral phase associated with high uranium concentration was found as illeminite by petrological observation with optical microscope as well as EPMA.

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Rock failure assessment based on crack density and anisotropy index variations during triaxial loading tests

  • Panaghi, Kamran;Golshani, Aliakbar;Takemura, Takato
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제9권6호
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    • pp.793-813
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    • 2015
  • Characterization of discontinuous media is an endeavor that poses great challenge to engineers in practice. Since the inherent defects in cracked domains can substantially influence material resistance and govern its behavior, a lot of work is dedicated to efficiently model such effects. In order to overcome difficulties of material instability problems, one needs to comprehensively represent the geometry of cracks along with their impact on the mechanical properties of the intact material. In the present study, stress-strain results from laboratory experiments on Inada granite was used to derive crack tensor as a tool for the evaluation of fractured domain stability. It was found that the formulations proposed earlier could satisfactorily be employed to attain crack tensor via the invariants of which judgment on cracks population and induced anisotropy is possible. The earlier criteria based on crack tensor analyses were reviewed and compared to the results of the current study. It is concluded that the geometrical parameters calculated using mechanical properties could confidently be used to judge the anisotropy as well as strength of the cracked domain.

Effects of organic silicone additive material on physical and mechanical properties of mudstone

  • Chai, Zhaoyun;Kang, Tianhe;Chen, Weiyi
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.139-151
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    • 2014
  • Mudstone is a very common rock that, when in contact with water, can exhibit considerable volume change and breakdown. This behavior of mudstone is frequently encountered in geotechnical engineering and has a considerable influence on infrastructure stability. This is particularly important in the present work, which focuses on mitigating the harmful properties of mudstone. The samples studied are of Permian Age mudstone from Shandong Province, China. Modification tests using organic silicone additive material were carried out. The mechanisms of physical properties modification of mudstone were comparatively studied using corresponding test methods, and the modification mechanism of organic silicone additive material acting on mudstone was analyzed. The following conclusions were drawn. The surface texture and characters of mudstone changed dramatically, surface character turns from hydrophilic to hydrophobic after organic silicone additive material modification. The changes in the surface character indicate a reduction in the water sensitivity of mudstone. After modification, the shape of porosity and fracture of mudstone changed unremarkable, and the total and free expansion ratios decreased obviously, whereas the strength increased markedly.

The effect of particle size on the edge notched disk (END) using particle flow code in three dimension

  • Haeri, Hadi;Sarfarazi, Vahab;Zhu, Zheming;Marji, Mohammad Fatehi
    • Smart Structures and Systems
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    • 제22권6호
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    • pp.663-673
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    • 2018
  • In this study, the effect of particle size on the cracks propagation and coalescence or cracking pattern of the edge notched disc specimens are investigated. Firstly, calibration of PFC3D was performed using Brazilian experimental test output. Then micro parameters were used to build edge notched disc specimen. The horizontal wall of the assembly is let to move downward with a standard low speed of 0.016 m/s. The numerical results show that the tensile cracks are dominant failure pattern for the modeled discs. These tensile cracks initiate from the pre-existing notch tip and propagate parallel to the loading direction then interact with the upper boundary of the modeled specimen. As the size of the balls (ball diameter) decrease the number of tensile cracks increase. The tensile fracture toughness of the samples also decreases as the particle size increases. Understanding the crack propagation and crack coalescence phenomena in brittle materials such as concretes and rocks is of paramount importance in the stability analyses for engineering structures such as rock slopes, underground structures and tunneling.

Mechanical behavior of Beishan granite samples with different slenderness ratios at high temperature

  • Zhang, Qiang;Li, Yanjing;Min, Ming;Jiang, Binsong
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.157-166
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    • 2021
  • This paper aims at the temperature and slenderness ratio effects on physical and mechanical properties of Beishan granite. A series of uniaxial compression tests with various slenderness ratios and temperatures were carried out, and the acoustic emission signal was also collected. As the temperature increases, the fracture aperture of intercrystalline cracks gradually increases, and obvious transcrystalline cracks occurs when T > 600℃. The failure patterns change from tensile failure mode to ductile failure mode with the increasing temperature. The elastic modulus decreases with the temperature and increases with slenderness ratio, then tends to be a constant value when T = 1000℃. However, the peak strain has the opposite evolution as the elastic modulus under the effects of temperature and slenderness ratio. The uniaxial compression strength (UCS) changes a little for the low-temperature specimens of T < 400℃, but a significant decrease happens when T = 400℃ and 800℃ due to phase transitions of mineral. The evolution denotes that the critical brittle-ductile transition temperature increases with slenderness ratio, and the critical slenderness ratio corresponding to the characteristic mechanical behavior tends to be smaller with the increasing temperature. Additionally, the AE quantity also increases with temperature in an exponential function.

Evaluation of blasting vibration with center-cut methods for tunnel excavation

  • Lee, Seung-Joong;Kim, Byung-Ryeol;Choi, Sung-Oong;Kim, Nam-Soo
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제30권5호
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    • pp.423-435
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    • 2022
  • Ground vibration generated repeatedly in blasting tunnel excavation sites is known to be one of the major hazards induced by blasting operations. Various studies have been conducted to minimize these hazards, both theoretical and empirical methods using electronic detonator, the deck charge method, the center-cut method among others Among these various existing methods for controlling the ground vibration, in this study, we investigated the cut method. In particular, we analyzed and compared the V-cut method, which is commonly used in tunnel blasting, to the double-drilled parallel method, which has recently been introduced in tunnel excavation site. To understand the rock fragmentation efficiency as well as the ground vibration controllability of the two methods, we performed in-situ field blasting tests with both cut methods at a tunnel excavation site. Additionally, numerical analysis by FLAC3D has been executed for a better understanding of fracture propagation pattern and ground vibration generation by each cut method. Ground vibration levels, by PPVs measured in field blasting tests and PPVs estimated in numerical simulations, showed a lower value in the double-drilled parallel compared with the V-cut method, although the exact values are quite different in field measurement and numerical estimation.

Mechanical deterioration and thermal deformations of high-temperature-treated coal with evaluations by EMR

  • Biao Kong;Sixiang Zhu;Wenrui Zhang;Xiaolei Sun;Wei Lu;Yankun Ma
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.233-244
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    • 2023
  • With the increasing amount of resources required by the society development, mining operations go deeper, which raises the requirements of studying the effects of temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of coal and adjacent rock. For now, these effects are yet to be fully revealed. In this paper, a mechanical-electromagnetic radiation (EMR) test system was established to understand the mechanical deterioration characteristics of coal by the effect of thermal treatment and its deformation and fracture characteristics under thermo-mechanical coupling conditions. The mechanical properties of high-temperature-treated coal were analyzed and recorded, based on which, reasons of coal mechanical deterioration as well as the damage parameters were obtained. Changes of the EMR time series under unconstrained conditions were further analyzed before characteristics of EMR signals under different damage conditions were obtained. The evolution process of thermal damage and deformation of coal was then analyzed through the frequency spectrum of EMR. In the end, based on the time-frequency variation characteristics of EMR, a method of determining combustion zones within the underground gasification area and combustion zones' stability level was proposed.

부여 정림사지 오층석탑의 보존과학적 풍화훼손도 평가 (Deterioration Assessment for Conservation Sciences of the Five Storied Stone Pagoda in the Jeongrimsaji Temple Site, Buyeo, Korea)

  • 김영택;이찬희;이명성
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제38권6호
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    • pp.675-687
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    • 2005
  • 부여 정림사지 오층석탑은 반상 흑운모 화강섬록암으로 총 149매의 부재로 이루어져 있다. 구성암석은 페그마타이트 세맥과 염기성 포획암을 함유하고 있으며, 사장석의 반상조직이 고르게 발달되어 있다. 이 탑은 부재의 탈락 및 파손이탈은 많지 않으나 대기오염과 산성비의 영향으로 전체적으로 석질이 약화되어 표면박리와 입자박락이 왕성하게 진행 중이다. 석탑의 4층옥개석을 구성하는 부재는 뒤틀림과 이격으로 인해 구조적인 불균형이 관찰된다. 이 불균형은 석탑 상층부의 안정성에 위협을 가하는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 암석의 용해반응으로 용출된 철과 망간산화물의 오염물질이 부재의 표면에 침착되어 화학적 풍화작용을 가중시키고 있다. 석탑의 거의 모든 표면은 황갈색, 암흑색 및 회백색 오염물로 피복되어 있으며, 특히 각층의 옥개석 하단부와 옥개받침에서 망간산화물과 회백색 침전물에 의한 표면착색이 심각하다. 부재의 표면에는 균류, 조류, 지의류나 선태류들이 기생하면서 연회색, 암회색 덴 암흑색 등 다양한 산출상태를 보인다 .기단부에는 일차적으로 균류와 조류에 의해 검게 변색된 표면 위를 회백색 고착 지의류가 밀생하고 있으며, 각층 옥개석의 상부에서는 수근식물이 자생하고 있다. 따라서 이 석탑은 구조적인 안정성을 규명하기 위해 정밀안전진단과 중장기적인 모니터링을 실시하여 상층부를 구성하는 부재의 거동을 면밀하게 검토해야 말 것이다. 특히 부재의 표면변색과 이차오염물질의 침착현상이 심각하여 정밀진단을 통한 종합적 보존방안의 수립과 임상실험을 통한 과학적 보존수복을 실시해야 한다.법성과 적법성 문제에 대한 갈등을 기본 서사구조로 제시한 채, 노동계를 포함한 시민사회와 정부기관이 대립적인 행위자로 등장했다. 사건의 갈등 해소 단계에서는 문제 해결을 위한 방법으로 두 신문이 대통령과 야당 지도자간의 정치적 해결과 노동법 통과에 대한 위헌론 제기를 중심으로 한 노동단체들의 지속적인 연대를 중심 서사구조로 각각 제시했다. 이 시기에서 주요 행위자들의 대립관계는 종료되었다. 조응분석 결과, 사건 발생과 위기 고조 단계, 그리고 갈등 해소 단계등 모든 시기에서 두 신문의 주요 행위자 구성에 있어서 차이가 나타났다. 다시 말해, 조선일보는 기본적으로 총파업을 둘러싼 문제의 구성과 발전, 해소 과정에서 정당이나 대통령, 야당 지도자 등과 같은 정치관련 행위자를 강조하고 있었다. 반면에, 한겨레는 대체로 로든 사건진행 단계에서 노동 관련 단체들과 시민단체의 역동적인 연대와 활동에 초점을 맞추고 있는 것으로 나타났다.술 후 24시간에 599.4$\pm$145.6, 678.8 $\pm$256.4였다(t-test, p < 0.05). 동종 수혈은 RAP군에서 34명 중 7명에서(20.6$\%$), 대조군에서는 46명중 16명에서(34.8$\%$) 시행되어, RAP군에서 유의하게 빈도가 낮았다(Chi-square test, p < 0.05). 결론: 역행성 자가 충전법은 심폐바이패스의 충전에 의한 혈액희석을 최소화함으로서, 개심술 후 출혈과 동종수혈을 또한 줄이는 데 효과적인 방법이 될

도수로터널 주변 지역의 지하수 유동성 단열 규명 (Identification of the Transmissive Fractures in the Vicinity of waterway Tunnel)

  • 이병대;이인호;추창오;함세영;성익환;황세호
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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    • 제7권3호
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    • pp.33-44
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    • 2002
  • 도수로터널 주변 지역의 대수층에 대한 유동성 단열을 규명하기 위하여 야외시험이 실시되었다. 단열들에 대한 정보를 얻기 위하여 지표 지질조사 지질구조조사 및 초음파주사검층을 실시하였다. 지표에서의 단열발달은 퇴적암의 층리면과 층리절리 및 화강암류의 판상절리와 같은 저각의 경사를 가지는 부분과 75$^{\circ}$ 이상의 고각의 경사를 가지는 부분의 두 개의 뚜렷한 단열군으로 형성되어 있다. 층리절리와 판상절리의 평균 주향과 경사는 각각 N70-80$^{\circ}$W.25$^{\circ}$SW, N35$^{\circ}$W.12$^{\circ}$NE이다. 고각의 절리들은 퇴적암 지역에서는 N80$^{\circ}$W.70-85$^{\circ}$SW와 N$10^{\circ}$E.85$^{\circ}$SE 두 방향의 단열조가 우세하며, 화산암 및 화강암 지역은 N40-50$^{\circ}$.E 85$^{\circ}$SE/85$^{\circ}$NE, N70$^{\circ}$E.80$^{\circ}$SE, 그리고 N70-75$^{\circ}$W.80$^{\circ}$SW 방향의 단열조가 우세하게 발달한다. 초음파주사검층에 의하여 얻어진 시추공내의 단열들은 N60-80$^{\circ}$W.20-45$^{\circ}$SW, N10-35$^{\circ}$E.64-83$^{\circ}$SE, N40-65$^{\circ}$E.60-85$^{\circ}$SE, N70$^{\circ}$E.80$^{\circ}$SE, N60-80$^{\circ}$W.45-85SE/SW의 단열군들이 우세하다. 공내 수리전도도의 수직적인 분포를 파악하기 위하여 정압주입시험을 실시하였다. 계산된 수리전도도는 3.363E-10 m/sec 에서 2.731E-6 m/sec의 범위로서 최대값과 최소값은 4차수(four order)의 차이를 보였다. 단열대의 분포 특성을 파악하기 위하여 지구물리검층을 실시하였고, 각 시험에 의해 획득된 결과들과의 비교를 통하여 유동성이 높은 단열들이 규명되었다. 온도검층은 유동성 단열과 일반적인 단열들을 구별하는 좋은 지시자로 나타났다. 그 결과, N70-80$^{\circ}$W.60-85$^{\circ}$NE/SW, N75-80$^{\circ}$W.25-30$^{\circ}$SW, N50-64$^{\circ}$W.60-85$^{\circ}$NE, N35-45$^{\circ}$E.65-75$^{\circ}$SE, 그리고 N65-72$^{\circ}$E.80$^{\circ}$SE/60$^{\circ}$NW의 단열들이 연구지역의 지하수 흐름을 지배하는 뚜렷한 유동성 단열로 규명되었다.

국내 16개 단층대 단층비지의 광물학적 및 기초물성에 관한 연구 (A Study on Mineralogical and Basic Mechanical Properties of Fault Gouges in 16 Faults, Korea)

  • 문성우;윤현석;추창오;김우석;서용석
    • 한국광물학회지
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.109-126
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    • 2015
  • 단층비지는 단층의 중심부에 분포하면서 연약대를 형성하므로 단층비지의 광물학적 특성과 물성은 암반의 안정성에 크게 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 단열구조도를 참고하여 중, 대규모의 주요 단층을 선정하였으며, 총 16지역의 단층 코어부분에서 51종류의 시료를 채취하였다. XRD, SEM을 이용한 광물학적 분석과 단위중량, 마찰각, 점착력을 측정하였다. 점토광물은 대표적으로 카올리나이트, 일라이트, 스멕타이트로 나눠질 수 있으며, 화산암에는 일라이트 > 스멕타이트 > 카올리나이트와 녹니석의 순으로 함유된다. 퇴적암에는 카올리나이트와 녹니석 > 일라이트 > 스멕타이트의 순으로 풍부하다. 화강암에는 일라이트 > 스멕타이트 > 카올리나이트와 녹니석 순으로 함유된다. 마찰각은 점토함량이 높을수록 감소하며, 점착력은 분산이 심하게 나타났다. 점토광물의 함량이 45% 이하에서는 점토광물의 함량이 증가할수록 점착력이 높아지나 45% 이상에서는 점착력이 낮아지는 추세를 보인다. 이는 단층비지가 불균질하며, 점토광물의 종류와 함량에서도 넓은 범위를 가지기 때문인 것으로 보인다.