• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2010

To investigate the restoration procedure on soil physical properties at the surface of visiting road affected by rest-year system. This study was carried out at visiting roads of stream of Chilsun in Jirisan. Mean soil strength in 20cm of soil depth was lower in the Rest-Year System areas (1.5-1.9 times in Site 2, 1.1-7.5 times in Site 3) than in the control (Site 1). Soil strength was recovered by the Rest-Year System in the national park. Mesopore rate (pF 2.7) in 0-15 cm of soil depth was higher in the Rest-Year System areas (1.2 times) than in the control. This indicates that mesopore rate is rapidly restoring in the Rest-Year System areas. Pore space rate in 0-7.5 cm of soil depth was higher in the Rest-Year System areas (23.2% in Site 2, 23.6% in Site 3) than in the control (22.4% in Site 1). Pore space rate in 7.5-15 cm of soil depth was also higher in the Rest-Year System areas (22.9% in Site 2 and Site 3) than in the control (18.9% in Site 1). Soil pore space was remediable by the Rest-Year System. Bulk density in 0-7.5 cm of soil depth was lower in the Rest-Year System areas (1.674g/$cm^3$ in Site 2, 1.668g/$cm^3$ in Site 3) than in the control (1.723g/$cm^3$ in Site 1). Bulk density in 7.5-15 cm of soil depth was lower in the Rest-Year System areas (1.785g/$cm^3$ in Site 2 and 1.721g/$cm^3$ in Site 3) than in the control (1.721g/$cm^3$ in Site 1). Soil bulk density was decreased in the Rest-Year System areas of the national park. Amount of soil erosion was lower in the Rest-Year System areas ($0.017m^3$/km/yr in site 2, $0.023m^3$/km/yr in site 3) than in the control ($0.054m^3$/km/yr in site 1).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.73-103
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• 2017

This paper reports the distribution of soil piles set up during the Yimjin(1712) Boundary Making and Demarcation(YBMD). Through the survey on the distribution of soil piles the location of 'Suchul'(水出: seepage zone) could be identified. The endpoint soil pile set up on the east-south bank of Heishigou(黑石溝) stream locates on $42^{\circ}04^{\prime}20.09^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $128^{\circ}16^{\prime}08.42^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$. The west beginning point of soil piles distributed in the south side of Tuhexian road locates on $42^{\circ}02^{\prime}20.14^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $128^{\circ}18^{\prime}53.40^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$. And the east endpoint of them locates $42^{\circ}01^{\prime}32.97^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $128^{\circ}21^{\prime}24.59^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$. From the west beginning point to the soil pile located in 2.1km distance from the beginning point, the distribution direction is west-east. The direction of soil piles after them is northwest-southeast. The total real length of soil piles distributed in the south side of Tuhexian(圖和線) road is about 4.2km more or less. The location of 'Suchul' written on the Mukedeng's map locates on $42^{\circ}01^{\prime}30.36^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$, $128^{\circ}21^{\prime}3.62^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$, The point locates in southeastward 222m distance from the soil piles endpoint of the south side of Tuhexian road. In reference of these reports this paper develops some reinterpretation on the YBMD.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

In this study, a HSPF model was developed to simulate runoff and water quality in the Haebancheon watershed, which has a high land area ratio and population density among the West Nakdong River watersheds. Various non-point source pollution control strategies were applied, and the reduction in pollutant loads and the exceedance rate of water quality standards were analyzed. The scenarios included basic road cleaning for reducing pollutant loads, runoff reduction measures considering extensive low-impact development techniques, and inflow reduction measures to mitigate non-point source pollution entering the river. In the first step, practical conditions such as the number of vehicles for road cleaning in Kimhae City were considered, while for the second and third steps, it was assumed that 50% of the applicable land use area was used to be applicable for the LID techniques. As a result of applying all three measures, it was analyzed that the BOD pollutant load could be reduced by 58.28%, T-N by 58.49%, and T-P by 51.56%. Furthermore, the 60th percentile of water quality measurements accumulated over 5 years was set as the target water quality, and a flow-duration curve was constructed. The exceedance rate of the flow-duration curve before and after applying non-point source pollution reduction measures was analyzed. As a result, for BOD, the exceedance rate decreased from 41.57% before applying the measures to 16.32% after, showing a 25.25% reduction in the exceedance rate. For T-N, the exceedance rate decreased significantly from 40.31% before the measures to 22.84% after, and for T-P, it decreased significantly from 62.43% to 27.22%.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2007

Rutian village is situated at the lower stream of Tumen river- U shaped entrance which is around many small mountains. This village which can be entered through the ferry of the HyoRyongBong village had started to be founded before the "Korean village"was founded. It was cultivated by Chinese, but because of the increasing number of the Korean immigrants, it finally became the village for only Korean Chinese. It has become from the very small village in the reclamation period to the prosperous one containing 45 houses in the Cultural Revolution period. Unfortunately, after adopting the Open policy, the village got smaller and contained only 15 houses. The reasons were: many young people emigrated to big cities for economic security and the education of their children; some went abroad to get job. To see the space structure for the village, streets and the roads, which can connect 130-year-old village to the villages around it, were opened as national roads. Bat these roads disappeared and also were not used much because of the decreasing number of resident population. The residence has become from the very small village in the reclamation period to the prosperous one and then become a smaller one again now. Especially, front villages and remote villages have started to disappear. Moreover, because of a good geographical condition such as the mountain and the water, fish farms have been much built up, and so houses with business facilities have started to build up.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2011

As a fish way is a structure for fish migrating well toward upper stream due to breaking river flow by a dam or dammed pool, the specific fish's swimming ability is one of the main factors in making a plan and managing it. In addition, it also needs to understand the current field in fish road to evaluate its performance. This study is aimed to analyze the swimming patterns with current velocity changes using a Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) in order to understand the swimming ability of silver fish (Plecoglossus altivelis) that is one of the fishes migrating through the fish way of Nakdong River, and to analyze the 2 dimensional current field near to silver fish at swimming momentum. The results showed that average values of tail beat frequencies for continuous swimming with current velocity were 2.8 Hz at 0.3 m/s, 3.2 Hz at 0.4 m/s, 3.8 Hz at 0.5 m/s, respectively. The wake would be produced by direction turning of fish's tail fin and its magnitude would be verified by the difference of pressure. The pressure turbulent flow produced by its tail beat would be made in both sides, and then, the magnitude of wake should be the source of moving direction. The swimming momentum will help to support the primary factor in making a suitable design for specific fish species migrating toward the district river.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.281-291
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• 2009

In Total Water Pollutant Load Management System of Korea, unit load approach based on land register data is currently used for the estimation of non-point pollutant load. However, a problem raised that land register data could not always reflect the actual land surface coverages which determine runoff characteristics of non-point pollution sources. As a way to overcome this, we tried to establish quantitative relationships between the aerial images (0.4m resolution) which reflect actual land surface coverages and the land registration maps according to the 19 major designated land-use categories in Kyeongan watershed. Analyses showed different relationships according to the land-use categories. Only a few land-use categories including forestry, road and river showed essentially identical and some categories such as orchard, parking lot and sport utility site showed no relationships at all between image data and land register data. Except for the two cases, all the other categories showed statistically significant linear relationships between image data and land register data. The analyses indicate that using high resolution aerial maps is a better way to estimate non-point pollutant load. If the aerial maps are not available, application of the linear relationships as conversion factors of land register data to image data could be an possible option to estimate non-point pollutant loads for the specific land-use categories in Kyeongan watershed.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.705-713
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• 2016

For the soft ground construction, the factors not considered in the design stage occurs in the construction stage so that they cause the increase of the construction cost due to the structural stability and the design change. The subject of the study is the construction section of the industrial complex access road made in the Ochang region of Chungcheongbuk-do. The study is concerned with selecting the soft ground handling method such as the replacement method using rock debris and the surcharge reflecting the service load as the soft ground handling measure and analyzing the effect of reducing the construction cost with the stability of structures and the reduction of the construction period. The soft ground in the study section consists of sandy and cohesive soil and is 2.4m to 5.5m deep. It is distributed unevenly between the 1.5m to 5.9m stratums under the ground surface. Settlement is not serious, but the future uneven settlement and difference are expected so that the future settlement behavior is estimated by analyzing the site measurement results after the soft ground treatment. Moreover, in consideration of the regional characteristics and economic efficiency, soil with good quality is replaced with rock debris as the replacement material so that 29% of the construction cost is reduced due to the increase of stability and the reduction of duration. If the estimation of the dispersion of the pore water pressure within the dam body and the change of the underground water level and the relation of the actually measured soft ground with consolidation is studied further on the basis of the study, it is expected that the behavior of the soft ground will be correctly estimated in various site conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.481-489
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• 2017

The study area,Cheonan Stream, is an urban river that flows through urban areas in close proximity to densely populated areas and multi-use facilities. The natural river improvement project from 2006 to 2015 improved the quality of life of local residents with the improvement of river function, the restoration of the natural ecosystem and the securement of hydrophilic space. A bike way in the constructed waterside space was built focusing on trails. This study suggests improvements appropriate for insufficient bike way function-related regulations. The problems of ramps, river crossing facilities, stairway facilities, safety facilities, signs, road markings, and parking facilities, etc.have arisen in the utilization situation and citizen consciousness survey. As an improvement, it was suggested that 12% or fewer ramps should be improved, a submerged bridge should be installed at 7 places separated by stepping bridges, and signs and road markings according to bike way-related regulations should be installed and bike parking facilities at Cheonan station and Cheonan bus terminal should be expanded. The bike way in the waterfront of ChoenanCheon(river) will increase the accessibility and utilization rate of short-distance transportation with the institutional expansion of bike use facilities and work organizations and the improvement of facilities in accordance with urban rivers and bike-related regulations. Therefore, it is expected that the development of the living space will be beneficial for the citizens due to the elimination of traffic in the city and the activation of bike traffic.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.99-108
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• 2006

Ham-ra is a village that belongs to Ham-yuel Ri, Ik-san city and also known as the village where 4 millionaire modem age rich farmer households are residing in the center of the village. Originally, central point of the village was Gaeksa and Hyanggyo that is in Suodong, but early 1900s, rich farmers found new Places beside Suodong and built large-scale houses and around it, houses of tenant and commercial places were formed and became the new center of the village. Therefore, Ham-ra village shows well about the changes of the traditional village in the end of Chosun Dynasty aspect that of existent village space according to rich farmer's growth. Especially, the large scaled Korean traditional houses which were built newly in the year between 1917 to 1939 shows main road and Natural stream surrounding the village which are not found in any other village. 3 rich farmers (Lee Bae-won, Jo Hae-young, Kim An-gyun house) and Lee Jib-cheon's houses built a large scaled Sarang-chae and An-chae to compete and to show off there wealth. This residing imitated High-classe house yet accommodated social changes and through a voluntary experiment, is expressing modernity of Han-ok very well. Similarity and creativity in residing form appears well in buildings similar time and village. This research analyzed space composition change of the village and characteristic of Architecture who appear at modern process of typical farmer houses which make a strong resolution to Ham-ra hereupon.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.381-395
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• 2011

Present work aims to establish an integrated management system of environmental data base for nine typical wind holes or air holes in Korea. It basically deals with definition, geographical distribution, morphological pattern, physical characteristics and anthropogenic environments of wind hole to propose systematic preservation strategy of their periglacial landscape and flora, which are known to be sensitive to global warming. Wind hole, in which cool air blows out during the summer, but mild air comes out during the winter from a cave or hole, is frequently found on northwest- and north-facing slopes on the terminal point of steep talus, block field, and block stream, and can be categorized into three types, i.e., talus, cave and sink types. Environmental characteristics of nine wind holes are analyzed on the basis of their geology, landform, climate, soil, hydrology, vegetation, road, footpath, land-use, and management system, and relevant DB are prepared. Wind hole areas with unique landscape and ecological values need to be designated as a nature reserve, and zoning of core, buffer, and transitional zones are required for the multi-dimensional preservation of periglacial landscape and ecosystem. Phytogeographical values of glacial relict plants, including mountain cranberry(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) at its global southernmost limit at Bangnaeri wind hole, Hongchon County, Gangwon Province of Korea are discussed in detail as a floristic refugia in connection with climate change during the Pleistocene Epoch and potential in-situ and ex-situ preservation sites in the future.