• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 2020

목적: 본 연구는 일반 인구의 대표 표본에서 우울증의 발현과 심각도, 씹기 불편감 사이의 관계를 분석하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 전국 대표 표본(n = 8150)을 대상으로 하였으며, 씹기 불편감은 해당 문제에 관한 설문 조사에 응답한 사람들로 정의하였다. 우울증은 PHQ-9 설문 조사에서 총 점수가 10점 이상인 대상자로 정의하였다. 인구 통계, 사회적 경제적 특성 및 동반 질환에 관한 데이터를 포함하여 다중 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 수행하고 분석하였다. 결과: 한국인의 경우 씹기 불편감이 없는 사람(10.2%)보다 씹기 불편감이 있는 사람(17.2%)에서 우울증의 유병률이 유의하게 더 높았다. 다변량 로지스틱 회귀 분석에서 우울증의 존재는 CP와 유의하게 관련 있었다(adjusted odd ratio [aOR]: 1.90, P < 0.001). 씹기 불편감의 위험은 우울증의 심각도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였다: 중증 우울증(OR: 2.62, P < 0.001), 중등도 우울증(OR: 2.19, P < 0.001). 결론: 중증 우울증을 보이는 개인에서 우울증의 공존여부가 씹기 불편감과 상당히 연관되었다. 씹기 불편감 환자 치료에 있어 우울증의 선별검사가 고려되어야 한다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.472-483
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• 2020

Purpose: Sodium is an essential nutritional electrolyte that affects growth. A low serum sodium concentration in healthy premature infants beyond 2 weeks of life is called late-onset hyponatremia (LOH). Here, we investigated the association between LOH severity and growth outcomes in premature infants. Methods: Medical records of premature infants born at ≤32 weeks of gestation were reviewed. LOH was defined as a serum sodium level <135 mEq/L regardless of sodium replacement after 14 days of life. Cases were divided into two groups, <130 mEq/L (severe) and ≥130 mEq/L (mild). Characteristics and growth parameters were compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 102 premature infants with LOH were included. Gestational age ([GA] 27.7 vs. 29.5 weeks, p<0.001) and birth weight (1.04 vs. 1.34 kg, p<0.001) were significantly lower in the severe group. GA was a risk factor of severe LOH (odds ratio [OR], 1.328, p=0.022), and severe LOH affected the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR, 2.950, p=0.039) and led to a poor developmental outcome (OR, 9.339, p=0.049). Growth parameters at birth were lower in the severe group, and a lower GA and sepsis negatively affected changes in growth for 3 years after adjustment for time. However, severe LOH was not related to growth changes in premature infants. Conclusion: Severe LOH influenced the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and developmental outcomes. However, LOH severity did not affect the growth of premature infants beyond the neonatal period.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.265-271
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• 2008

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of unintentional injuries in Korean daily life and to describe the pattern of unintentional injuries. Methods: The study population was the people who used the National Health Insurance because of injuries (ICD code: S00$\sim$T98) during 2006. The stratified sample according to gender, age and the severity of injury (NISS, New Injury Severity Score) was randomly selected. The questions on the questionnaire were developed as a reference for an international classification tool (ICECI, International Classification of External Causes of Injury). The questions included the locations of injury, the mechanisms of injury and the results of injury. Moreover, we used age, gender, region and income variables for analysis. Results: The CIR of unintentional injuries that occurred in daily life for 1 year per 100,000 persons was 17,606, and the CIR of severe injuries was 286. Many injuries were occurred at home (29.6%), public places (19.0%), school (13.7%) and near home (12.0%). The major mechanisms of injuries were slipping (48.8%), contact (14.0%), physical over-exertion (13.8%), and fall (6.6%). Infants and old aged people were vulnerable to injuries, and those who lived rural area and who were in a low income level were vulnerable too. Conclusions: We signified the risk groups and risk settings of unintentional injuries in Korean daily life. These results could contribute to establishing strategies for injury prevention and implementing these strategies.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2009

Adverse drug reactions (ADR) caused by inappropriate prescription are responsible for major socioeconomic loss. Drug-drug interactions (DDI) has been recognized as a major part of ADRs and, therefore, healthcare professionals should prevent possible DDIs to minimize preventable ADRs. This study aimed to examine DDI information in drug information references and Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) drug labeling information. Drug ingredients from the formulary of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea (HIRA) were included for the study. DDI information source used for the study were Micromedex Drugdex and Drug Information Facts (DIF) with the DDI severity level of "moderate" or more. The DDI information in KFDA drug labeling were collected and compared. Drug ingredients were classified with KFDA Drug Classification and ATC Classification of WHO for the analysis. Among the total 1,355 drug ingredients satisfying inclusion criteria, 738 ingredients involved at least one DDI, which was described in Micromedex and/or DIF. Drug Ingredients of 176 involved DDI only described in KFDA drug labeling, but not Micromedex nor DIF. Drug ingredients of 35 which DDIs were described in Micromedex or DIF did not have DDI based on KFDA drug labeling. Micromedex and DIF retrieved 7,582 and 3,071 DDIs, respectively 57.6% and 58.5% of DDIs were also described in KFDA drug labeling. Central nervous system (CNS) drugs, cardiovascular system (CVS) drugs and the antiinfectives appeared to have higher frequency of DDIs among all drug classes. The highest number of DDIs with high severity level ("contraindicated" or "major") were the DDIs of CNS drugs. The antiinfectives are the second drug group having serious DDIs. The DDI pairs of the CNS drug and the antiinfective had the highest contraindication risk (13.6%). DDI information from Micromedex and DIF were not consistent with the result that only 465 ingredients' DDIs are common in both literature (total DDI numbers were 715 vs 488, respectively). And 1,652 DDI information are common in both references among 7,582 vs 3,071 DDIs, respectively. Only 55.2% of DDI information in the database contained in the KFDA drug labeling. Prescribers and pharmacists should pay attention to the drugs for CV system, CNS and infections because of higher risk of possible DDIs compared to other drug classes. KFDA drug labeling is not likely to be recommended as a good information source for DDI due to significant inconsistency of information. Drug information providers should be aware that DDI information from different sources are not consistent and therefore multiple references should be used.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.537-545
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• 2016

본 연구는 구강환경요인을 살펴보고, 구강환경이 구강세균 검출에 미치는 위험요인 알아보고자 시행하였다. 연구기간은 2015년 2월 15일~ 2월 28일까지 성인 근로자 60명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 연구변수로는 안정시, 자극시 타액분비율, 타액완충능, 타액 pH, 설배와 설하 구강건조도, 구취 설태량을 측정하였다. 구강세균의 검출 유무를 확인하기 위하여 안정시 타액분비율의 gDNA를 추출하여 균을 검출하였다. 그 결과, S.mutans균은 흡연자 15배, 자극시, 안정시 타액분비율 1.3~1.6배 위험도가 더 높았으며, P.intermedia는 흡연자 13배, 설하 구강건조도 4.3배, 설태량 4배 TM7은 설하 구강건조도 5.5배 더 높은 위험도를 나타냈다. 구강 내 세균을 줄이기 위해서는 타액분비율을 촉진시키는 습관을 형성하고, 금연교육을 시행함이 중요하다고 본다. 또한 구강위생이 깨끗하고 관리가 잘되는 성인에서는 구강세균이 많이 줄어들고, 구강질환을 좀 더 예방할 수 있을 것이라 기대된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권23호
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• pp.10209-10215
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• 2015

To assess the contribution of tumor necrosis factor $(TNF){\beta}$ +252 polymorphisms to risk and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we enrolled 150 pairs of sex- and age-matched patients with HCC, patients with cirrhosis alone, and unrelated healthy controls. $TNF{\beta}$ +252 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism. Multivariate analysis indicated that $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype [odds ratio (OR), 3.64; 95%CI, 1.49-8.91], hepatitis B surface antigen (OR, 16.38; 95%CI, 8.30-32.33), and antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) (OR, 39.11; 95%CI, 14.83-103.14) were independent risk factors for HCC. There was an additive interaction between $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)/HCV infection (synergy index=1.15). Multivariate analysis indicated that factors associated with $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype included cirrhosis with Child-Pugh C (OR, 4.06; 95%CI, 1.34-12.29), thrombocytopenia (OR, 6.55; 95%CI, 1.46-29.43), and higher serum ${\alpha}$-fetoprotein concentration (OR, 2.53; 95%CI, 1.14-5.62). Patients with $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype had poor cumulative survival (p=0.005). Cox proportional hazard model indicated that $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype was a biomarker for poor HCC survival (hazard ratio, 1.70; 95%CI, 1.07-2.69). In conclusion, there are independent and additive effects between $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype and chronic HBV/HCV infection on risk for HCC. It is a biomarker for poor HCC survival. Carriage of this genotype correlates with disease severity and advanced hepatic fibrosis, which may contribute to a higher risk and poor survival of HCC. Chronic HBV/HCV infected subjects with this genotype should receive more intensive surveillance for early detection of HCC.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.627-635
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• 2014

현재 도로상에서의 최고속도제한은 교통 혼잡이나 기상변화에 대처하기 힘들기 때문에 교통사고를 유발하는 요인이 될 수 있다. 물론 도로교통법에 따르면 악천후 시 20~50% 속도를 감속시켜야 하지만 운전자들의 판단에 맡겨야 하는 어려움이 있고, 감속하는 차량과 하지 않는 차량들간의 상대속도가 달라져서 주행환경과 안전에 큰 영향을 끼친다. 따라서 가변속도제어는 도로상의 운전자들에게 적절한 최고속도제한을 지정해 줌으로서 운전자들이 악천후 시에 감속된 속도로 달리게 하여 사고를 미연에 방지하거나 사고피해 심각도를 낮출 수 있을 거라 예상된다. 본 연구의 목적은 교통사고가 잦은 부산광역시의 연속류(도시고속도로)를 중심으로 적절한 구간에서 가변속도제어가 실시될 수 있도록 교통사고의 특성을 분석하여 사고 심각도를 조사하였다. 그리고 도시고속도로의 기하구조상 많은 곡선부 환경을 가지고 있으므로 평면 곡선부 지점을 건조한 노면과 젖은 노면을 비교 시뮬레이션 해봄으로써 비에 젖은 노면일수록 속도에 따른 사고위험이 크다는 결과를 얻었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 먼저 도시고속도로에서 기본구간, 터널부근, 램프부근, 요금소 부근, 진 출입부 등 다양한 요인을 고려한 뒤 속도감소가 필요한 구간에서 우선 실시하여 운전자들의 참여의식과 필요성을 인식시키고 향후 도시고속도로 전 구간에 설치 및 운영이 확대되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.176-181
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• 2001

목 적 : 요의 감염증 환아에서 방광 요관 역류는 흔히 발견되는 이상으로 대부분의 연구에서 요로 감염 3-6주 후 VCUG를 시행하는 것을 권유하고 있다. 하지만 검사를 하기 위해 기다리는 동안 만성 신질환으로 진행할 가능성이 있으며 추적 관찰에 실패하여 검사자체를 하지 못 하는 환아가 발생 할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 요로 감염 후 VCUG를 시행하는 시기가 요관 방광 역류의 빈도와 정도에 영향을 미치는지를 조사하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1997년 3월부터 2000년 12월까지 요로 감염으로 메리놀병원 소아과에 내원한 환아 213명을 대상으로 후향적으로 조사하였다. 이들 환아를 요로 감염 진단 후 1주일 이내에 VCUG를 시행한 군(A군, 142명)과 1주일 이후에 VCUG를 시행한 군(B군, 71명)으로 나누어 각각을 비교하였다. 결 과 : A군의 $19\%$(27/142명), B군의 $18\%$(6/71명)에서 역류가 발견되었으며 통계학적으로 의미 있는 차이가 없었다(P=0.854). 하지만, 실제로 계획된 VCUG를 받은 환아는 A군 $100\%$, B군 $48\%$로 의미있은 차이가 있었으며(P<0.001), B군 환아에서 감염 후 VCUG를 받은 기간과 역류 정도에는 의미 있는 차이가 없었다(P=0.001). 결 론 : 본 연구의 결과에 따르면 요로 감염후 VCUG를 하는 기간과 역류의 빈도와 정도에는 차이가 없으므로 환아가 입원하고 있는 동안 VCUG를 시행하는 건이 더욱 바람직하며 이에 대한 보다 많은 연구가 필요하다고 생각한다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.23-43
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• 1999

A study on severity of cerebro-vascular accident patients in Korea was conduced in order to determine the risk factors affecting the severity of stroke patients. This study was performed by interviewing a total of 477 hospitalized and ambulatory patient of CVA in Seoul, Taejon, and Taegu and Pusan areas from April 1, 1998 through June 30, 1998. The results are as follows; 1. Two hundred and sixty seven $(56\%)$ at Four hundred and seventy seven subjects were manes, md two hundred and ten $(44\%)$ were females. $28.3\%$ of the subjects' ages were 50's and $27.3\%$ were 60's and $18.5\%$ were 70's. $22.6\%$ of the subjects' occupations were home makers, $17.8\%$ were farming. $66.4\%$ of the subjects spent their childhood in urban areas and $33.1\%$in rural areas. $41.7\%$ of the subjects became violin of CVA in Spring, $35.0\%$ in Winter. 2. On physical and mental conditions of the subjects at the occurrence of CVA, $28.7\%$ of the subjects were engaged in physical activities. $22.6\%$ were in a rest stale $19.5\%$ were in sleeping and $18.9\%$ were mentally shocked. $79.4\%$ of the male subjects and $14.8\%$ of female subjects smoked cigarettes. $82\%$ of male subjects drank coffee. $81.1\%$ of the subjects did not exercise regularly. $45.9\%$ of the subjects had the systolic blood pressures in the range of 160 to 199 mmHg and $5.6\%$ of the subjects had hypertension before the occurrence of stroke and $11.7\%$ had diabetes. 3. Of the types of strokes, cerebral hemorrhage was the highest $(49.1\%)$. cerebral infarction was the second $(41.1\%)$. Severe strokes were found in cerebral hemorrhage cases $(52.0\%)$ and cerebral infarction cases $(40.1\%).\;50.9\%$. of the male subjects were moderate cases, $50.9\%$ were severe cases. In females, moderate cases were $72.4\%$, severe cases $15.2\%$. $37.5\%$ of the subjects who had preceding diseases were severe cases, and $15.6\%$ of the subjects without preceding diseases were severe cases. $50.7\%$ of the subjects whose family members had strokes had severe strokes. $34\%$ of the subjects sleeping less than 6 hours a day, $42.4\%$ of the subjects with irregular eating habits, $33.3\%$ of the subjects who liked meat, and $42.3\%$ of the subjects who liked salty foods had severe strokes. $35.9\%$ of the subjects with hot temper, $27.6\%$ of the subjects with moderate temper and $14.5\%$ of subjects with mild temper were severe cases. 4. The correlation coefficient between obesity and blood pressure was 0.094.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2010

Purpose: All-terrain vehicle (ATV)-related injuries have increased since the introduction of ATVs to Korea. The purpose of this study is to compare patients with ATV-related injuries (PATV) to patients with motorcycle (MC)-related injuries (PMC). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of PATV and PMC who visited an emergency center in 2008. The cases of PMC were 164, and those of PATV were 52. Results: While PMC are seen evenly in the first half year and the second half year, PATV are seen mainly the first half year (from March to June: 73%). For PMC the most frequent injury mechanism was collision with another vehicle, while for PATV, it was side overturn/roll over. The injury severity score (ISS), the revised trauma score (RTS), the trauma score and the injury severity score (TRISS) were $5.6{\pm}5.6$, $7.7{\pm}0.7$, $5.0{\pm}2.1$ for PMC and $7.1{\pm}7.5$, $7.7{\pm}1.1$, $5.5{\pm}1.5$ for PATV, respectively. The most common injury sites were the lower extremities for PMC and the face for PATV. The rates of admission, surgery and the length of hospital stay were similar between PMC and PATV. Conclusion: This study shows that the risk of ATV accidents is similar to that of MC accidents. We recommend that the same safety standards and regulations that are applied to MCs should be used for ATVs. Safe and enjoyable paths have to be sought for drivers of ATVs.