• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 2008

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of unintentional injuries in Korean daily life and to describe the pattern of unintentional injuries. Methods: The study population was the people who used the National Health Insurance because of injuries (ICD code: S00$\sim$T98) during 2006. The stratified sample according to gender, age and the severity of injury (NISS, New Injury Severity Score) was randomly selected. The questions on the questionnaire were developed as a reference for an international classification tool (ICECI, International Classification of External Causes of Injury). The questions included the locations of injury, the mechanisms of injury and the results of injury. Moreover, we used age, gender, region and income variables for analysis. Results: The CIR of unintentional injuries that occurred in daily life for 1 year per 100,000 persons was 17,606, and the CIR of severe injuries was 286. Many injuries were occurred at home (29.6%), public places (19.0%), school (13.7%) and near home (12.0%). The major mechanisms of injuries were slipping (48.8%), contact (14.0%), physical over-exertion (13.8%), and fall (6.6%). Infants and old aged people were vulnerable to injuries, and those who lived rural area and who were in a low income level were vulnerable too. Conclusions: We signified the risk groups and risk settings of unintentional injuries in Korean daily life. These results could contribute to establishing strategies for injury prevention and implementing these strategies.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2009

Adverse drug reactions (ADR) caused by inappropriate prescription are responsible for major socioeconomic loss. Drug-drug interactions (DDI) has been recognized as a major part of ADRs and, therefore, healthcare professionals should prevent possible DDIs to minimize preventable ADRs. This study aimed to examine DDI information in drug information references and Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) drug labeling information. Drug ingredients from the formulary of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea (HIRA) were included for the study. DDI information source used for the study were Micromedex Drugdex and Drug Information Facts (DIF) with the DDI severity level of "moderate" or more. The DDI information in KFDA drug labeling were collected and compared. Drug ingredients were classified with KFDA Drug Classification and ATC Classification of WHO for the analysis. Among the total 1,355 drug ingredients satisfying inclusion criteria, 738 ingredients involved at least one DDI, which was described in Micromedex and/or DIF. Drug Ingredients of 176 involved DDI only described in KFDA drug labeling, but not Micromedex nor DIF. Drug ingredients of 35 which DDIs were described in Micromedex or DIF did not have DDI based on KFDA drug labeling. Micromedex and DIF retrieved 7,582 and 3,071 DDIs, respectively 57.6% and 58.5% of DDIs were also described in KFDA drug labeling. Central nervous system (CNS) drugs, cardiovascular system (CVS) drugs and the antiinfectives appeared to have higher frequency of DDIs among all drug classes. The highest number of DDIs with high severity level ("contraindicated" or "major") were the DDIs of CNS drugs. The antiinfectives are the second drug group having serious DDIs. The DDI pairs of the CNS drug and the antiinfective had the highest contraindication risk (13.6%). DDI information from Micromedex and DIF were not consistent with the result that only 465 ingredients' DDIs are common in both literature (total DDI numbers were 715 vs 488, respectively). And 1,652 DDI information are common in both references among 7,582 vs 3,071 DDIs, respectively. Only 55.2% of DDI information in the database contained in the KFDA drug labeling. Prescribers and pharmacists should pay attention to the drugs for CV system, CNS and infections because of higher risk of possible DDIs compared to other drug classes. KFDA drug labeling is not likely to be recommended as a good information source for DDI due to significant inconsistency of information. Drug information providers should be aware that DDI information from different sources are not consistent and therefore multiple references should be used.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.537-545
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• 2016

This research examined the oral environmental factors to identify the risk factors for oral bacteria detection. This study comprised of 60 office workers aged between 20 and 65 years, and was performed from January 15 to February 28, 2015. The study variables measured were the stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rates, salivary buffering, saliva pH, dry mouth at the dorsum of the tongue and the sublingual region, halitosis, and the degree of tongue-coating as oral environmental factors. To identify the presence of oral bacteria, pathogens were detected by extracting the gDNA of the resting salivary flow rate. The risk of S.mutans detection was 15 times higher with smokers, 1.3~1.6 times higher when the resting or stimulated salivary flow rate was reduced by 1 mm. The risk of P.intermedia detection was 13 times higher in smokers, 4.3 times higher as the severity of oral dryness was lowered, and 4 times higher for adults with a tongue coating than those without. In addition, the risk of detecting TM7 was 5.5 times higher as sublingual dryness was decreased by 1mm. The oral bacterial count will be reduced considerably by smoking cessation education and habits that facilitate a salivary flow rate. Furthermore, adults with good and well-managed dental hygiene are anticipated to have less oral bacteria and fewer dental diseases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.23
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• pp.10209-10215
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• 2015

To assess the contribution of tumor necrosis factor $(TNF){\beta}$ +252 polymorphisms to risk and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we enrolled 150 pairs of sex- and age-matched patients with HCC, patients with cirrhosis alone, and unrelated healthy controls. $TNF{\beta}$ +252 genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphism. Multivariate analysis indicated that $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype [odds ratio (OR), 3.64; 95%CI, 1.49-8.91], hepatitis B surface antigen (OR, 16.38; 95%CI, 8.30-32.33), and antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) (OR, 39.11; 95%CI, 14.83-103.14) were independent risk factors for HCC. There was an additive interaction between $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)/HCV infection (synergy index=1.15). Multivariate analysis indicated that factors associated with $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype included cirrhosis with Child-Pugh C (OR, 4.06; 95%CI, 1.34-12.29), thrombocytopenia (OR, 6.55; 95%CI, 1.46-29.43), and higher serum ${\alpha}$-fetoprotein concentration (OR, 2.53; 95%CI, 1.14-5.62). Patients with $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype had poor cumulative survival (p=0.005). Cox proportional hazard model indicated that $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype was a biomarker for poor HCC survival (hazard ratio, 1.70; 95%CI, 1.07-2.69). In conclusion, there are independent and additive effects between $TNF{\beta}$ G/G genotype and chronic HBV/HCV infection on risk for HCC. It is a biomarker for poor HCC survival. Carriage of this genotype correlates with disease severity and advanced hepatic fibrosis, which may contribute to a higher risk and poor survival of HCC. Chronic HBV/HCV infected subjects with this genotype should receive more intensive surveillance for early detection of HCC.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.627-635
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• 2014

Currently the highest speed limit on the road traffic congestion or because you can not cope with climate change to cause a traffic accident may be a factor. According to the Road Traffic Act as well as 20% to 50% in case of inclement weather, but the driver must slow speed left to the judgment of the difficulties, and to slow the vehicle and the relative velocity between the vehicle does not run longer be a big influence on the environment and safety. Thus, variable speed control for drivers on the road, specify the appropriate maximum speed limit in bad weather It keeps motorists slowed the run rate to prevent accidents or reduce the severity of accident damage is expected to be possible. The purpose of this study is the frequent traffic accidents Continuous Busan (City Freeway) around the variable speed control in the appropriate sections so that it can be done by analyzing the characteristics of traffic accidents were the severity of the accident. Highway and urban environment, the geometry of the structure because it has a lot of Curved planar point compared to wet and dry road surfaces by simulated rain wet had bom the more the speed the greater the risk of an accident was the result. Based on these results, the primary section, first urban highway tunnel, near the lamp, near Toll Plaza, near binary Outlet after considering various factors such as speed reduction is needed in the first period by conducting awareness and recognize the need for the participation of the driver and the future city installation and operation of highways in all sectors is expected to be expanded.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.176-181
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• 2001

Purpose : Urinary tract infection is a common problem in children. To evaluate for reflux most authorities recommend a voiding cystourethrogram 3 to 6 weeks after the first urinary tract infection. But during the 3 to 6 weeks interval, patients may fail to show up for the scheduled VCUG and thus risk for loss of follow up. We analyzed patient's records to evaluate whether the timing of VCUG after UTI influenced the prevalence or severity of VUR. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 213 children diagnosed with UTI from March 1997 to December 2000. These children were divided into 2 groups according to whether they had VCUG scheduled to be performed either within 1 weeks after the diagnosis of UTI (Group A) or later than 1 week after the diagnosis(Group B). We compared tile presence and severity of reflux in the 2 groups. Results : Reflux was present in $19\%$ of the patients studied within 1 week after UTI and in $18\%$ of those studied after 1 week. This difference was not statistically significant. Whereas $100\%$ of the scheduled VCUGs in the Group A were performed, only $48\%$ of those scheduled in the Group B were performed. This difference is statistically significant. Conclusion : Because there was no significant difference between the presence or severity of reflux and timing of VCUG after UTI, we suggest that a hospitalized patient with UTI should have VCUG performed before discharge. (J. Korean Sor Pediatr Nephrol 2001 ;5 : 176-81)

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.23-43
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• 1999

A study on severity of cerebro-vascular accident patients in Korea was conduced in order to determine the risk factors affecting the severity of stroke patients. This study was performed by interviewing a total of 477 hospitalized and ambulatory patient of CVA in Seoul, Taejon, and Taegu and Pusan areas from April 1, 1998 through June 30, 1998. The results are as follows; 1. Two hundred and sixty seven $(56\%)$ at Four hundred and seventy seven subjects were manes, md two hundred and ten $(44\%)$ were females. $28.3\%$ of the subjects' ages were 50's and $27.3\%$ were 60's and $18.5\%$ were 70's. $22.6\%$ of the subjects' occupations were home makers, $17.8\%$ were farming. $66.4\%$ of the subjects spent their childhood in urban areas and $33.1\%$in rural areas. $41.7\%$ of the subjects became violin of CVA in Spring, $35.0\%$ in Winter. 2. On physical and mental conditions of the subjects at the occurrence of CVA, $28.7\%$ of the subjects were engaged in physical activities. $22.6\%$ were in a rest stale $19.5\%$ were in sleeping and $18.9\%$ were mentally shocked. $79.4\%$ of the male subjects and $14.8\%$ of female subjects smoked cigarettes. $82\%$ of male subjects drank coffee. $81.1\%$ of the subjects did not exercise regularly. $45.9\%$ of the subjects had the systolic blood pressures in the range of 160 to 199 mmHg and $5.6\%$ of the subjects had hypertension before the occurrence of stroke and $11.7\%$ had diabetes. 3. Of the types of strokes, cerebral hemorrhage was the highest $(49.1\%)$. cerebral infarction was the second $(41.1\%)$. Severe strokes were found in cerebral hemorrhage cases $(52.0\%)$ and cerebral infarction cases $(40.1\%).\;50.9\%$. of the male subjects were moderate cases, $50.9\%$ were severe cases. In females, moderate cases were $72.4\%$, severe cases $15.2\%$. $37.5\%$ of the subjects who had preceding diseases were severe cases, and $15.6\%$ of the subjects without preceding diseases were severe cases. $50.7\%$ of the subjects whose family members had strokes had severe strokes. $34\%$ of the subjects sleeping less than 6 hours a day, $42.4\%$ of the subjects with irregular eating habits, $33.3\%$ of the subjects who liked meat, and $42.3\%$ of the subjects who liked salty foods had severe strokes. $35.9\%$ of the subjects with hot temper, $27.6\%$ of the subjects with moderate temper and $14.5\%$ of subjects with mild temper were severe cases. 4. The correlation coefficient between obesity and blood pressure was 0.094.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2010

Purpose: All-terrain vehicle (ATV)-related injuries have increased since the introduction of ATVs to Korea. The purpose of this study is to compare patients with ATV-related injuries (PATV) to patients with motorcycle (MC)-related injuries (PMC). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical records of PATV and PMC who visited an emergency center in 2008. The cases of PMC were 164, and those of PATV were 52. Results: While PMC are seen evenly in the first half year and the second half year, PATV are seen mainly the first half year (from March to June: 73%). For PMC the most frequent injury mechanism was collision with another vehicle, while for PATV, it was side overturn/roll over. The injury severity score (ISS), the revised trauma score (RTS), the trauma score and the injury severity score (TRISS) were $5.6{\pm}5.6$, $7.7{\pm}0.7$, $5.0{\pm}2.1$ for PMC and $7.1{\pm}7.5$, $7.7{\pm}1.1$, $5.5{\pm}1.5$ for PATV, respectively. The most common injury sites were the lower extremities for PMC and the face for PATV. The rates of admission, surgery and the length of hospital stay were similar between PMC and PATV. Conclusion: This study shows that the risk of ATV accidents is similar to that of MC accidents. We recommend that the same safety standards and regulations that are applied to MCs should be used for ATVs. Safe and enjoyable paths have to be sought for drivers of ATVs.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.875-886
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• 2018

This study evaluated drought severity by bivariate frequency analysis using drought magnitude and precipitation deficit. A drought event was defined by Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the precipitation deficit was estimated using reference precipitation corresponding to the SPI -1. In previous studies, drought magnitude and duration were used for bivariate frequency analysis. However, since these two variables have a largely linear relationship, extensibility of drought information is not great compared to the univariate frequency analysis for each variable. In the case of drought in 2015, return periods of 'drought magnitude-precipitation deficit' in the Seoul, Yangpyeong, and Chungju indicated severe drought over 300 years. However, the result of 'drought magnitude-duration' showed a significant difference by evaluating the return period of about 10, 50, and 50 years. Although a drought including the rainy season was seriously lacking in precipitation, drought magnitude did not adequately represent the severity of the absolute lack of precipitation. This showed that there is a limit to expressing the actual severity of drought. The results of frequency analysis for 'drought magnitude-precipitation deficit' include the absolute deficit of precipitation information, so which could consider being a useful indicator to cope with drought.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.237-246
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate of the associations of Alcoholic & Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(AFLD & NAFLD) with metabolic syndrome(MS) defined by IDF criteria. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 799 adult males with alcohol consumption underwent laboratory investigation(control 297, alcoholic 206, nonalcoholic 296). The ultrasound scan of the liver was performed to determine the presence and the severity of FLD. We analyzed the association between the severity of AFLD & NAFLD and MS by logistic regression analysis. The distribution of metabolic syndrome was 7.4%, 48.8%, 34.9% in control, AFLD & NAFLD. The association of blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, obesity were risk factor in AFLD & NAFLD. According to the severity of FLD, AFLD was significantly increased with MS, Obesity, low HDL-cholesterol. MS, High triglycerides was increased significantly in NAFLD(p<0.05). The prevalence of AFLD & NAFLD was increased with increasing the number of features of metabolic syndrome. This study shows that AFLD & NAFLD was closely associated with MS and its components. The patients of AFLD & NAFLD should managed and monitored to prevent metabolic abnormalities.