• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.41-54
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• 2008

This study examined relationships between parenting attitudes and young children's injury risk behavior by age and gender. Subjects were 161 3- to 5-year old children and their parents. Instruments were the revised Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire (Reitman et al., 2002) and the Injury Behavior Checklist (Speltz et al., 1990). Data were analyzed by MANOV A. Results were that: 1) Fathers were more permissive to daughters; mothers were more permissive to younger children. 2) Older children had more injury risk behaviors than younger children; boys engaged in more injury risk behaviors than girls. 3) Fathers' authoritarian and mothers' permissive attitudes were positively related to children's injury risk behavior, respectively. Fathers' and mothers' authoritative attitudes were negatively related to children's injury risk behavior.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2016

This paper presents a series of path models that were developed to test whether financial risk tolerance mediates the association between the following four variables and investing behavior: (a) male and married, (b) female and married, (c) male and single, or (d) female and single. Data for this study were obtained from a proprietary consumer survey of risk-tolerance attitudes. Four path models were developed to test relationships among the variables in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011. These years were chosen to represent the depth and recovery periods in the Great Recession. The total number of respondents was 29,641. Findings showed that financial risk tolerance was positively associated with risky investing behavior (i.e., equity ownership) in each of the four periods. The associations among the gender-marital status variables and investing behavior were mixed; however, findings did indicate that risk tolerance mediates these relationships by sometimes amplifying and occasionally attenuating risky behavior. Based on the findings, implications and limitation are presented.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.431-443
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate health behavior related to particulate matter (PM) in older adults and examine the factors affecting it. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used. Data were collected from 150 voluntary older adult participants from Songpa-gu in Seoul. The survey questions measured service perception and experience related to PM, risk perception related to PM, attitude toward risk of PM, and health behavior related to PM. Results: The average score for health behavior related to PM was 79.37, ranging from 51 to 115. There was a significant positive correlation between health behavior related to PM and risk perception related to PM (r=.58, p<.001) as well as between health behavior related to PM and attitude toward risk of PM (r=.70, p<.001). Multiple linear regression revealed that health behavior related to PM was predicted by levels of the existence of disease related to PM (β=.14, p=.019), service experience related to PM (β=.20, p=.021), risk perception related to PM (β=.20, p=.019), and attitude toward risk of PM (β=.44, p<.001). The model including these variables accounted for 47.0% of health behavior related to PM. Conclusion: Korean older adults have the low level of health behavior related to PM. The findings of this study emphasize that risk perception and attitude toward risk of PM should be evaluated, and the underlying diseases related to PM and their service experience should be considered in developing intervention to improve health behavior related to PM.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.69-87
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between depression and stress and health risk behaviors of high school students. Methods : Participants were 1134 high school student. he participants completed the following measures : Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), CES-D(Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Results : The more stress score of male students is high, the score of the problem act on safety was significantly higher. The higher the score depression was significantly higher safety risk behavior score, violent behavior, act tries to commit suicide, smoking behavior, drug use behavior, inappropriate weight loss behavior, irregular eating habit, non-physical activity behavior. The more stress score of female students is significantly high was higher safety risk behavior score, irregular eating habit, non-physical activity behavior. The more depression score of female students is high was significantly higher safety risk behavior score, irregular eating habit, non-physical activity behavior. Conclusions: This study investigated the association between depression and stress and health risk behaviors, and helped in the development of programs to improve the health management ability of high school students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.434-447
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• 1995

This research was intended to identify variables influencing on risk perception and risk reduction behavior in clothing purchase situations. Responses from 631 female adults living in Seoul area were collected and analyzed. Towner for social occasions or working in office was used as clothing stimulus. The analysis included three product variables(price, style, type of clothing), 4 personality variables(generalized self-confidence, specific self-confidence, generalized informativeness, fashion informativeness), 2 clothing attitude variables(clothing importance, clothing interest), 4 demographic variables(age, educational level, occupation, income), and 3 situational variables(purchase planning, time pressure, effects of shopping company). Multiple regression revealed the fact that each type of clothing risk and each type of risk reduction behavior was influenced by the set of different variables. Generalized self- confidence and age and time pressure had more effects on clothing risk perception, while clothing risk reduction behavior was more influenced by clothing risk type, clothing interest, price of clothing and fashion informativeness. Implications for marketing strategies planning were also provided.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.211-227
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• 1998

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of sensation seeking and socialization on the risk taking behavior of adolescents. The subjects were 460 3rd year high school adolescents (272 boys and 188 girls) in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected through questionnaires, including the Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking (1994) a socialization scale (mother's parenting style, parent's open communication and relationship with friends), and a risk taking scale devised by the researcher. The results showed that both the degree of sensation seeking and the socialization process influenced risk taking behaviors in both males and females. The effect of sensation seeking on risk taking behavior was mediated by the degree of communication with fathers for male but not for female adolescents. For males, sensation seeking directly and indirectly influenced risk taking behaviors through closeness with risk taking friends. For females, sensation seeking did not directly influence risk taking behavior but had an indirect influence through closeness with risk taking friends. Implications were discussed in terms of sensation seeking and socialization.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.10 s.200
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• pp.11-22
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the structure of financial risk components of households. The financial risk of households was assumed to be composed of risk knowledge, risk attitude and risk management behavior. For this study, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to 700 households in Seoul and Kwangju, and there were 495 responses with usable data. The findings showed that income stability had a positive relationship with the level of risk knowledge and risk attitude. Income stability, household debt, age of the youngest child and risk knowledge were found to have direct effects on risky vs. non-risky asset ratio. Income stability, savings, age of the youngest child and risk knowledge also had significant effects on the number of risky assets owned by households. Risk knowledge was the most important determinant of risk management behavior.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.917-925
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between consumer's perceived risks and return behavior on internet clothing shopping. Questionnaires were distributed to the consumers, total 517, males and females, aged from 20 to 39, who had experience of clothing purchasing through internet shopping malls. The results showed that consumer's return factors related to the perceived risks on internet shopping process. The results were as follows. First, factors of perceived risks in internet clothing shopping were categorized into product performance, account-related, delivery, economic, and social psychological risk. 5 consumer types of perceived risk were segmented by low-perceived risk group, product performance/delivery-perceived risk group, account related-perceived risk group, harmony with oneself/account related-perceived risk group, and harmony with others/economic-perceived risk group. Second, the consumer's perceived risks on internet shopping process affected one's return behavior. The factors of return was differentiated on the types of consumer's perceived risk. The relation between consumer's perceived risks and return behavior on internet clothing shopping was significant. Therefore company had better draw various strategies to manage consumer's perceived risk, in order to reduce the returns and improve consumer's satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1003-1012
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• 2010

This study analyzed purchase behavior according to the risk perceptions when customers buy Cosmetics at Internet Shopping Malls. Participants were 232 women in their 20s and 30s with more than one buying experience at an internet fashion shopping mall. Data were analyzed using factor analysis, Cronbach's analysis, cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA and a Duncan test. Results were as follows. Firstly, five factors of risk perception were identified: These were the payment risk, service risk, quality risk, price risk and experience risk. Secondly, customers of internet shopping malls could be categorized into three groups: A low risk perception group, a payment risk perception group and a high risk perception group. Factor analysis showed significant differences between these groups( p<.001). Thirdly, purchase behavior based on the purchase standards, purchase items, information searching were investigated according to the different groups of risk perception of internet shopping malls and results again significant differences between groups (p<.05, p<.001).

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.249-260
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• 2019

The study examines the impact of financial risk, convenience risk, non-delivery risk; return policy risk and product risk on online consumer behavior of Malaysian consumers. The research employed a self-administered survey to collect empirical data from 245 Malaysian online shoppers by using convenience sampling. Cronbach alpha was calculated to confirm the reliability of the data and then normality was assessed. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was then conducted to test the model using the goodness-of-fit tests. And finally, structural equation modeling is used to test the hypotheses and draw conclusions. IBM SPSS AMOS version 22.0 was utilized for data analysis. The research indicates that product risk, convenience risk, and return policy risk have a significant and positive impact on online shopping behavior. Financial risk is found to have insignificant and negative effects on consumer behavior. In addition, the non-delivery risk is found to have a significant and negative impact on online shopping behavior. The findings provide a useful model for measuring and managing perceived risk in online shopping which may result in an increase in participation of Malaysian consumers and reduce their cognitive deficiencies in the e-commerce environment. Several managerial implications are discussed along with the scope for future research.