• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 1998

주요 침 활엽수재에 대하여 methyl methacrylate를 이용하여 만든 목재-polymer복합체에 대하여 polymer의 분포와 존재상태등을 목재의 조직학적인 면에서 조사하였으며 그것을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. polymer의 침투성은 수종에 따라 다르며 수종고유의 특성에 따라 다르다. 낙엽송은 침투성이 대단히 나쁘며 활엽수재에 있어서는 환공재가 산공재보다 침투성이 양호 하였다. 2. 횡단면에서 침투성이 가장 양호하며 방사단면과 접선단면에서의 주입은 저하되고 양자의 차이는 거의 없었다. 3. 동일 수종에서는 변재가 섬재보다 침투성이 양호 하였다. 수종에 따라 변심재간에 침투성이 다른 것은 심재화에 의한 tyloses의 형성 또는 도관중의 침착물에 의한 것으로 생각되고 있다. 4. 환공성 수종에서는 조재부가 만재부보다 polymer의 침투성이 양호 하였으며 산공재에서는 반대로 만재부가 조재부보다 침투성이 양호하였다. 5. 도관의 크기와 침투성과의 사이에는 명확한 상관이 없는 것으로 생각된다. 도관의 직경이외에도 도관의 비율, tyloses의 발달, 내용물의 충진 혹은 천공판등이 관계하는 것으로 생각되고 있다. 6. 침엽수재 방사조직에 있어서는 방사유세포보다 방사가도관의 침투성이 양호하였으며 활엽수재의 방사조직은 구성비율이 높음에도 불구하고 단량체의 방사방향에 미치는 영향은 침엽수재보다 적었다. 7. 비중과 연륜폭은 모두 polymer의 침투성과 거의 관계가 없었다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.345-355
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• 1993

한국산 두릅나무과 식물 7속 11종의 목부해부학적 형질을 비교관찰하여 속간 목부의 특수화 정도를 검토하였다. 송악속은 산공재로서, 각상도관이 집합배열하고, 도관끝벽은 단천공이고 측벽은 호생벽공이었으며 방사조직은 오직 횡주세포로 구성된 동성 II형이었다. 황칠나무속은 환공재이며 각상의 추재부 소 도관들은 접선대상배열, 단천공 및 호생벽공의 특징을 보였고 방사조직에 간혹 수평수지도가 내재된 이성 II형이었다. 팔손이속은 산공재이고 각상도관이 접선대상배열이고, 계문상천공, 계문상 벽공 및 측벽에 나선비후가 나타났으며, 방사조직은 이성 II형이었다. 음나무속은 환공재이고, 환상의 소 도관은 접선대상배열이며, 단천공 및 호생벽공 그리고 이성 II형의 방사조직이 나타났다. 그 중 음나무는 도관내 격벽의 형태를 갖는 진충체를 가졌으나, 가는잎음나무에서는 격벽의 형태를 찾아 볼 수 없었다. 땃두릅나무속은 환공재이며 각상도관이 접선대상배열이고, 단천공 및 계문상 벽공 그리고 격벽형태를 갖는 진충체가 나타났으며 방사조직은 직립세포로만 구성된 paedomorphic type I이었다. 오갈피나무속은 산공재이며 각상도관이 접선대상배열, 단천공 및 호생벽공의 특징을 보였다. 본 속에서 오갈피나무는 이성 II형의 방사조직과 이관유조직 그리고 격벽형태를 갖는 진충차가 나타났다. 가시오갈피는 직립세포로만 구성된 paedomorphic type I의 방사조직과 격벽형태인 진충체가 나타났다. 섬오갈피와 오가나무는 이성 II형의 방사조직이 나타났으나, 진충체는 없었다. 두릅나무속은 환공재이고 환상도관이 접선대상배열, 단천공과 호생벽공, 그리고 격벽형태와 망상구조를 한 진충체가 나타났고, 이성 II형의 방사조직도 보였다. 도관요소의 배열, 모양, 길이, 직경 및 천공판의 각도와 방사조직의 형태 등에 의한 이들 특수화 순서는 가장 원시적인 팔손이속으로부터, 송악속, 오갈피나무속, 땃두릅나무속, 황칠나무속, 음나무속 그리고 두릅나무속 순으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.9-20
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• 1988

Lespedeza species have been widely used not only as plant resources for bark, leaves and honey, but also as erosion control materials. This study was carried out to investigate the structural and wood tiber characteristics in order to obtain basic information for the utilization of the wood. The wood structure was investigated for 10 selected species and the wood fiber, for the 5 selected species among Lespedeza species distributed all over the country. The following results were obtained. In the cross section, campylotropis showed ray diffuse porous wood, L. bicolor, L. cyrtobotrya, L. thunbergii var. intermedia, diffuse porous wood, and L. tomentella, L. angustifolioides. L. maritima, L. robusta, L. patentibicolor, ring porous wood. The maximum diameter of a single vessel ranged 66-123 ${\mu}$ in all species. Campylotropis showed the most number of vessels, L. angustifolioides, the least. The number of ray per mm ranged 7-22, Campylotropis showed the most number of rays, L. angustifolioides, the least. In the radial section the average length of vessel ranged 121-250 ${\mu}$ in all species. L. thunbergii var. intermedia showed the longest vessel, L. tomentella, the shortest. In tangential section the average width of the uniseriate ray ranged 9.2-14.7${\mu}$, that of the multiseriate ray, 19.2-42.1 ${\mu}$. The average height of the uniseriate ray ranged 143.0-1162.0 ${\mu}$. The width of fiber ranged 10.12-13.61 ${\mu}$, L. maximowiezii showed the narrowest tiber, L. thunbergii var. intermedia. the widest, the thickness of fiber wall ranged 2.93-3.71 ${\mu}$ in the five species. L. maximowiezii showed the most thin fiber wall, L. thunbergii var. intermedia, the thickest, L. cyrtobotrya showed the difference in the size of fiber between the shade and the sunny sites but L. maximowiezii showed no difference. There was significant difference in fiber length, fiber width and wall thickness between L. eyrtobotrya and L. maximowiezii.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제81권4호
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• pp.357-362
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• 1992

아까시나무와 산돌배나무의 수분이동(水分移動) 경로(經路)를 이해하고, 수분이동(水分移動) 경로(經路)를 이용한 무늬목을 생산하기 위하여, 염료침투경로(染料浸透經路)를 0.5% acidic fuchasin 용액과 0.5% fast green 용액을 수목(樹木)에 주입시켰다. 환공재(環孔材)이면서 타이로시스를 갖고있는 아까시나무와 산공재(散孔材)이면서 목섬유(木纖維)에 많은 벽공(壁孔)이 존재하는 산돌배나무의 목부구조(木部構造)와 수분이동(水分移動) 경로(經路)를 비교했다. 그 결과 아까시나무의 수분통도(水分通導)는 당해년도(當該年度)와 전년도(前年度)에 형성된 조재부(早材部)의 대도관(大導管)에 의해서 주도되었다. 그리고 타이로시스가 도관(導管) 내강(內腔)을 폐쇄(閉鎖)하고 있는 심재(心材)와 이행재(移行材)에는 염료침투(染料浸透)가 되지 않았다. 산돌배나무는 수(髓)를 제외하고 전부위에 염색되었으며, 특히 도관(導管)이외에 목섬유(木纖維)의 벽(壁)에 염료(染料)의 침착이 이루어졌다.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2007

In this report, we describe the anatomical features of Gmelina arborea Roxb. belong to the genera of Verbenaceae native to Bangladesh and safranine penetration depth in radial and longitudinal directions. The wood of this species was characterized mostly by distinct growth ring boundaries, diffuse-porous, simple perforations, alternate non-vestured intervessel pits, and relatively short vessel elements and medium fibers. Thin to thick walled septate fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits are confined to the radial walls. Tyloses are common. They are paratracheal axial parenchyma vascicnetric and confluent. Rays not higher than 1milimeter are found, and larger rays commonly 4 to 5 seriate are dominantly present, as are multi seriate rays composed of a procumbent ray with 1 row of square or upright cells. Acicular crystals are present in ray cells. Another experiment was taken under consideration to observe the liquid penetration depth in longitudinal and radial directions using safranine. It was found that safranine penetrated easily in longitudinal direction and sapwood was more permeable than heartwood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1-13
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the variations of dimension and exterior shape of vessel elements, morphology of spiral thickening and ray-vessel pit in korean diffuse-porous woods (56 species, 18 families), The tangential pore diameter and vessel element length was increased, whereas the pore number per unit area($1mm^2$) was decreased from pith outwards. The tangential pore diameter was decreased but the length of vessel element was not changed from earlywood to latewood within an annual ring. However, the dimensional variations of vessel element was not able to be recognized among relative positions in peripheral variation. The exterior shape of vessel element could be classified into four types; Type 1 is without tail, Type 2 with ligulate tail, Type 3 with broad taper tail and Type 4 with the very short length between perforations. The distribution frequency of Type 2 and 3 was relatively high in comparision with the others. According to the prominence, distribution position and branched shape, the spiral thickenings could be divided into five types. The spiral thickenings occurred 52% in the species observed. Thus it was doubtful to consider the simple presence of spiral thickening as diagnostic index in diffuse-porous woods. The morphology of ray-vessel pit could be grouped as reticulate, scalariform, oval, linear and coalescent type. Most of species examined showed oval and linear type.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.24-28
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• 1997

As a way to revive the traditional technology of Korean golden varnish(Hwangchill), the exudates of D. morbifera, this study was carried out at first to investigate the anatomical characteristics and the chemical composition of D. morbifera stems and their exudates. Trees of more than 20 years old were harvested at Wando and Jejudo islands in the southwestern part of Korean peninsula during different physiological seasons of winter, spring, and summer, The results obtained are as follows: 1. In the anatomical aspect of wood, Hwangchil woods is ring-porous wood, has alternate inter-vessel pittings and horizontal intercellular canal in xylem. 2. In the chemical aspect of wood and bark, the general compositions appeared hot to differ from those of other hardwoods, and ash and alcohol-benzene extractives showed little increase with the increase of atmospheric temperature of harvesting season. 3. In the solvent-sequential extraction of bark, wood and exudate, the exudates was extracted up to 80% by ether, but the bark and wood contained a very small amount of ether extractives, about 2% in the bark and 0.5% in the xylem.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.617-632
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the anatomical structure and fiber quality of four lesser-used wood species namely Benuang (O. sumatrana), Duabanga (D. moluccana), Pisang Merah (H. hellwigii), and Terap (A. odoratissimus). This study evaluated its suitability for raw material in pulp and paper manufacturing. The anatomical structure was observed macro- and microscopically. Macroscopic structures were observed directly to the wood samples, while microscopic characteristics were observed through microtome specimens. Fiber dimension was measured through macerated specimens and fiber quality was analyzed following the Rachman and Siagian's method. Results showed that these four timber species have similarity in the indistinct growth ring, diffuse porous in a radial pattern, rounded solitary vessel outline, 1 to 3 cells of ray width, deposits within the rays, fiber length, and cell wall thickness. Differences were found on vessel diameter, vessel grouping, vessel frequency, tyloses existence, type of axial parenchyma, and ray height. Based on fiber length and its derived values, the wood fibers of all species studied are suitable for pulp and paper manufacturing. They belong to the II quality class. The produced pulp and paper would have good quality, especially in tensile, folding, and tear strength. To promote their utilization, silviculture aspect of these four species has to be well understood.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.248-258
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• 2017

A study was carried out to observe the 1% aqueous safranine solution flow speed in longitudinal and radial directions of softwood Thuja orientalis L., diffuse-porous wood Gmelina arborea Roxb., and ring-porous wood Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Longitudinal flow was considered from bottom to top while the radial flow was considered from bark to pith directions. In radial direction, ray cells and in longitudinal direction tracheids, vessel and wood fiber were considered for the measurement of liquid penetration speed at less than 12% moisture contents(MC). The variation of penetration speed for different species was observed and the reasons behind for this variation were explored. The highest radial penetration depth was found in ray parenchyma of T. orientalis but the lowest one was found in ray parenchyma of P. amurense. The average liquid penetration depth in longitudinal trachied of T. orientalis was found the highest among all the other cells. The penetration depth in fiber of G. arborea was found the lowest among the other longitudinal cells. It was found that cell dimension and also meniscus angle of safranine solution with cell walls were the prime factors for the variation of liquid flow speed in wood. Vessel was found to facilitate prime role in longitudinal penetration for hardwood species. The penetration depth in vessel of G. arborea was found highest among all vessels. Anatomical features like ray parenchyma cell length and diameter, end-wall pits number were found also responsible fluid flow differences. Initially liquid penetration speed was high and the nit gradually decreased in an uneven rate. Liquid flow was captured via video and the penetration depths in those cells were measured. It was found that even in presence of abundant rays in hardwood species, penetration depth of liquid in radial direction of softwood species was found high. Herein the ray length, lumen area, end wall pit diameter determined the radial permeability. On the other hand, vessel and fiber structure affected the longitudinal flow of liquids. Following a go-stop-go cycle, the penetration speed of a liquid decreased over time.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.55-68
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to investigate the crack of coated Nitrocellulose Lacquer on flatand edge-grained boards of Quercus acutissima, ring-porous wood, and Betula platyphylla var. japonica, diffuse-porous wood, by variations of moisture contents at 7, 13 and 21%. Cold check system was used as an accelerating method for crack development, in which one cycle of the system consisted of 10 replications of each unit cycle, $60^{\circ}C$ for 4hr followdd by $-20^{\circ}C$ for 4hr. The analysis of Nitrocellulose Lacquer characteristics was made by means of water permeation measurement, F.T.I.R. spectroscopy, N.M.R. spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, gas chromatography, and D.S.C. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The number of cracks increased with the increasing moisture content of board. 2. The crack of coated film on flat-grained board was fewer in number than on edge-grained board. 3. The crack occurred in Quercus acutissima was more numerous on edge-grained board but less frequent on flat-grained board compared with that in Betula platyphylla var. japonica, respectively. 4. The cold crack vertically developed to the grain both in Quercus acutissima and Betula platyphylla var. japonica. 5. Water permeability in intermediate coated film was lower than in under and top coated film, but the difference was not confirmed between under and top coated film.