• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.543-566
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• 2016

This article examines the Annulment Procedure of ICSID Arbitration Award. Although the ICSID annulment procedure is not substantially different from arbitration procedure, it does have certain unique features. Article 52 of the Convention provides that the application for annulment must be made within 120days after the date on which the award was rendered. ICSID Arbitration Rule 50, in turn, stipulates that a request for annulment of a award must: i)be addressed in writing to the Secretary-General; ii)identify the award to which it relates; iii)indicated the date of the application; and iv)state in detail the grounds for annulment on which it is based. The grounds for annulment are limited to those in Article 52(1) of the Convention. With respect to the possibility of waiving the right to annulment in advance, commentators are divided. Some authors admit the possibility of agreements eliminating the right to request annulment. Other authors, instead, have taken the position that parties cannot waive their right to annulment in advanced because no provision in the Convention allows the parties to do so, and thus the right to request annulment is inalienable. In accordance with Article 52(4), annulment decisions must comply with the requirements for awards stipulated in Article 48. Therefore; i)the committee decide questions by majority; ii)the decision must be in writing and must be signed by the members of the committee who voted for it; iii)any member of the committee may attach his individual opinion to the award; and iv)ICSID must not publish the decision without the consent of the parties. Finally, under Article 52(4), parties are not allowed to request the interpretation, revision, or annulment of a decision on annulment. Even if the committee allegedly manifestly exceeded its powers or engaged in any conduct sanctioned by Article 52(1), the parties cannot request the annulment of the decision on annulment.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2004

We propose a new speech enhancement algorithm based on left-right Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with state decision using Log-likelihood Ratio Test (LRT). Since the conventional HMM-based speech enhancement methods try to improve speech quality for all states, they introduce huge computational loads inappropriate to real-time implementation. In the left-right HMM, only the current and the next state are considered for a possible state transition so to reduce the computational complexity. In this paper, we propose a method to decide the current state by using the LRT on the previous state. Experimental results show that the proposed method improves the speed up to 60% with 0.2∼0.4 dB degradation of speech quality compared to the conventional method.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide data to increase the success rate of penalty kicks through quantifying the shape of skilled kicks by performing a kinematic analysis on the change of movement during the kicking phase which the goalkeeper uses as a vital clue. Three high definition video cameras(GR-HD1KR, JVC, Japan) were used for the study and 18 reflective markers were attached to the body joints. Corners of the goal, difficult for goalkeepers to block, were set as aims and 1 m by 1.2 m targets were installed. Each subject had five sets of kicks at random, and the analysis was done on the movements that hit the target. Time, speed of the right lower limb's center of mass, joint angle, and angular velocity were chosen as factors and the results of the analysis showed statistical significance. The player taking a penalty kick should train to avoid leaning one's body towards the kicking direction and change the angle of the right foot right before the impact to decide the direction of the ball. The goalkeeper can increase the save success rate by studying the angle of the kicker's body and the right foot as well as the timing of the kick.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1707-1714
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• 2015

The neural bases underlying within or between-language picture naming was investigated by using event-related fMRI. The present suudy explorered the following two goals: The first is to compare cortical activation areas relevant to naming process in native and foreign language, and to decide whether the activation pattern of the foreign word will be the same as native words or not. The next is to find the cerebral areas involved only in alternating language switching between native and foreign language condition. Differential activation patterns were observed for language switching against one-language. Both naming tasks all activated the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) as expected. However the differences in naming between languages were reflected in the activation amount of the LIFG, namely more activation in naming the native language than the foreign language. Especially, naming of the foreign word from English showed the similar area and size in activation with native language suggesting that the process of borrowed noun resembles that of native common noun. And the language switching between languages newly activated the right middle frontal gyrus as well as the left inferior frontal areas. The right middle frontal gyrus engagement in switching conditions obviously identified that right hemisphere is recruited in code switching possibly with respect to meta-cognition controlling language index at a subconscious level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.393-403
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• 2014

Objectives: Korean Occupational Safety and Health Agency(KOSHA) intended to provide guidance to respirator program administrators on respirator selection. The purpose of this project is to suggest a preliminary respirator selection guide(PRSG) for the final guidance certified by KOSHA for the correct selection of respirators in the workplace. Materials: This PRSG was made on the based of current status of respirator usage including respirators available in Korea, foreign documents search and so on. PRSG was partially modified NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards, 3M Respirator Protection Resource Guide(RPRG) and OSHA Assigned Protection Factor(APF) rulemaking. Results: Respirators for chemicals having Korean Occupational Exposure Limits(KOELs) can be recommended in PRSG. For the others chemicals that have no KOELs, PRSG tells you what respirators you can select, using a simple step-by-step approach after health hazard assessment like HSE procedure. Conclusions: PRSG helps you to decide the right level of protection for a given hazardous substance and how to select the right respirators. PRSG is thus expected to reduce significant misuses of respirators for the work environment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2014

Preoperative surgical simulation in orthognathic surgery has progressed in recent years; the movement of the mandible can be anticipated through three-dimensional (3D) simulation surgery before the actual procedure. In this case report, the mandible was moved to the intended postoperative occlusion through preoperative surgical 3D simulation. Right-side condylar movement change was very slight in the surgical simulation, suggesting the possibility of mandibular surgery that included only left-side ramal osteotomy. This case report describes a patient with a mild asymmetric facial profile in which the mandibular menton had been deviated to the right and the lips canted down to the left. Before surgery, three-dimensional surgical simulation was used to evaluate and confirm a position for the condyle as well as the symmetrical postoperative state of the face. Facial asymmetry was resolved with minimal surgical treatment through unilateral intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy on the left side of the mandible. It would be a valuable complement for the reduction of the surgical treatment if one could decide with good predictability when an isolated intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy can be done without a compensatory osteotomy on the contralateral side.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2019

In the recent industry, unmanned systems are expected to continue to spread throughout the economy. Especially in case of cosmetics, Users do not buy it right away. They look around, test it thoroughly, check the reviews, and decide on the purchase. Therefore, unmanned system using kiosk is more popular than face - to - face service of clerks. In this study, the persona analysis was completed based on the results obtained from the questionnaires and in - depth interviews. After sorting out the needs of the users, we applied them to the kiosk UI design of "Lalavela". The purpose of this study is to propose a kiosk UI design that helps many users who want to know information about the product though they are reluctant to ask directly to the clerk.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.64
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• pp.99-128
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• 2014

Last year, Seoul International Dispute Resolution Center(SIDRC) was set up to facilitate and promote international arbitration in Korea. This study was focused on the revision of arbitration rules such as ICC, SIAC, HKIAC and JCAA. As a leading arbitration institution in the world, ICC has tried continuously to provide more efficient service to their client by adopting emergency arbitrator(EA) & multi party arbitration. Other three institutions also introduced almost same mechanism to compete each other. These two new system is very innovative in international arbitration. First of all, EA was designed to provide interim measure service to preserve or protect parties' right before the constitution of arbitral tribunal. Arbitration institutions and arbitral tribunals should be careful to decide these requests are legitimate or not because too hasty approval on joinder or consolidation without full consideration such as parties' intention or argument may issue another serious problem - setting aside an award rendered after joined or consolidated.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.409-415
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• 2015

According to the globalization of world economy on distribution and sales, logistics and transportation parts are playing an important role. Especially, they have to decide what is the key factor of route choice model and how to choose the right transport route in multimodal transport system. By considering the key factors in rote choice model for freight forwarders between Mongolia and Korea, this paper propose 4 main factors: Cost, Delivery time, Freight and Logistics service with 13 sub factors. The importance of factors is surveyed base on AHP through interview with freight forwarders. In results, the empirical insights about current status of Mongolian forwarders are provided with different factors between transportation modes. Expecially, the Time factor is a role factor to choose transport route for air transportation forwarders.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.1
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• pp.72-75
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• 1992

Lighting made interior space visible and to recognize space itself. Sp9ace and form are established not themselves , but lighting. and dextrous treatment of natural light accomplished poeteic space. Inflowing of lighting in interior space is main factor to decide space character and image . That was recognized in interior space through many centries. At this point, this study was described for that present inflowing of lighting adapting space character and right method in lighting program. The present study is to present the planning method of the most appropriate and the most rational natural lighting in planing for lighting. Under this premise the followings are made ; I. An introduction , the purpose, the sphere, and the method of this study are stated. II, The present writer studied the general characteristics of natural lighting. III. this author studied the factor of decision on control and representation skill of lighting along the following. IV. Analyzing interior space in which the natural lighting is introduced through some literature and case studies. Physics, psychology, structure, equipment, material. V. The last, the author rearranged the results of this study.