• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.45-74
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• 2017

The current research proposes to fill a research gap by testing how reward uncertainty, different types of motivation, as well as individual risk-taking attitude affect consumers' promotion participation. Being offered with an uncertain reward, relative to individuals with extrinsic motivation, individuals with intrinsic motivation will have greater intention to participate in marketing promotion. In contrast, being offered with a certain reward, relative to individuals with intrinsic motivation, individuals with extrinsic motivation will have greater intention to participate in marketing promotion. This effect arises only among consumers having a low level of risk-taking attitude. For consumers having a high level of risk-taking attitude, their participation intention shows no significant difference between the two motivation type groups, under both certain and uncertain reward conditions. With an understanding of how consumer's response heterogeneously to promotions involving rewards, marketers can better understand not only how to use this promotional tactic more effectively, but also how to better allocate their budget for promotions.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.248-274
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• 2015

This study discusses a contract to promote collection and recycling of used products in a green supply chain (GSC). A collection incentive contract is combined with a reward-penalty contract. The collection incentive contract for used products is made between a retailer and a manufacturer. The reward-penalty contract for recycling used products is made between a manufacturer and an external institution. A retailer pays an incentive for collecting used products from customers and delivers them to a manufacturer with a product order quantity under uncertainty in product demand. A manufacturer remanufactures products using recyclable parts with acceptable quality levels and covers a part of the retailer's incentive from the recycled parts by sharing the reward from an external institution. Product demand information is assumed as (i) the distribution is known (ii) mean and variance are known. Besides, the optimal decisions for product quantity, collection incentive of used products and lower limit of quality level for recyclable parts under decentralized integrated GSCs. The analysis numerically investigates how (1) contract for recycling activity, (ii) product demand information and (iii) quality of recyclable parts affect the optimal operation for each GSC. Supply chain coordination to shift IGSC is discussed by adopting Nash Bargaining solution.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2021

For the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) problem, a different path results in different SLAM results. Usually, SLAM follows a trail of input data. Active SLAM, which determines where to sense for the next step, can suggest a better path for a better SLAM result during the data acquisition step. In this paper, we will use reinforcement learning to find where to perceive. By assigning entire target area coverage to a goal and uncertainty as a negative reward, the reinforcement learning network finds an optimal path to minimize trajectory uncertainty and maximize map coverage. However, most active SLAM researches are performed in indoor or aerial environments where robots can move in every direction. In the urban environment, vehicles only can move following road structure and traffic rules. Graph structure can efficiently express road environment, considering crossroads and streets as nodes and edges, respectively. In this paper, we propose a novel method to find optimal SLAM path using graph structure and reinforcement learning technique.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제11권8호
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• pp.331-338
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• 2022

차기 상태 천이 표상(Successor representation, SR) 기반 강화학습 알고리즘은 두뇌에서 발현되는 신경과학적 기전을 바탕으로 발전해온 강화학습 모델이다. 해마에서 형성되는 인지맵 기반의 환경 구조 정보를 활용하여, 변화하는 환경에서도 빠르고 유연하게 학습하고 의사결정 가능한 자연 지능 모사형 강화학습 방법으로, 불확실한 보상 구조 변화에 대해 빠르게 학습하고 적응하는 강인한 성능을 보이는 것으로 잘 알려져 있다. 본 논문에서는 표면적인 보상 구조가 변화하는 환경뿐만 아니라, 상태 천이 확률과 같은 환경 구조 내 잠재 변수가 보상 구조 변화를 유발하는 상황에서도 SR-기반 강화학습 알고리즘이 강인하게 반응하고 학습할 수 있는지 확인하고자 한다. 성능 확인을 위해, 상태 천이에 대한 불확실성과 이로 인한 보상 구조 변화가 동시에 나타나는 2단계 마르코프 의사결정 환경에서, 목적 기반 강화학습 알고리즘에 SR을 융합한 SR-다이나 강화학습 에이전트 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 더불어, SR의 특성을 보다 잘 관찰하기 위해 환경을 변화시키는 잠재 변수들을 순차적으로 제어하면서 기존의 환경과 비교하여 추가적인 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과, SR-다이나는 환경 내 상태 천이 확률 변화에 따른 보상 변화를 제한적으로 학습하는 행동을 보였다. 다만 기존 환경에서의 실험 결과와 비교했을 때, SR-다이나는 잠재 변수 변화로 인한 보상 구조 변화를 빠르게 학습하지는 못하는 것으로 확인 되었다. 본 결과를 통해 환경 구조가 빠르게 변화하는 환경에서도 강인하게 동작할 수 있는 SR-기반 강화학습 에이전트 설계를 기대한다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.680-685
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• 2005

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to categorize nursing students' subjectivity in their attitude toward their jobs, and thereby understand the differences among these attitude types. Methods. The study used a Q-method to measure nursing students' attitude toward jobs identity types. In-depth and objective interviews and literature review formed Q sample. The P sample consisted of 25 nursing students. Results. The results of the study show that nursing students can be categorized into three types, depending on their attitudes toward their jobs. The firs type, 'interest-oriented' students, strongly disagree to the follow-ing: giving priority to job over marriage, standing unfair treatment in the workplace, the importance of pro-motion opportunity, irresponsibility, and uncertainty. The 'reward-oriented' students, on the other hand, strongly disagree to the following: indifference to career prospects, employment-related relocation of residence, irresponsibility, standing difficulties, and compromises with others. The third type of nursing students is the possession-oriented students, who strongly disapprove of irresponsibility, refusal to compromise with reality, standing unfair job allocation or promotion and career uncertainty. Conclusions. The study on nursing college students' attitude toward their jobs is meaningful in the following aspects: First, the study clarifies nursing college students' attitudes toward their job by categorizing it. Second, the study confirms the changing attitudes of nursing students toward jobs with the change of times and calls for proper educational programs to foster healthy career attitudes. Third, proper decision-making as regards jobs and job allocation for nurses, or their career attitudes, is beneficial to individuals, the medical industry, and society.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 2th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.106-118
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• 2007

Little attention has been focussed on a precise definition and evaluation mechanism for project management risk specifically related to contractors. When bidding, contractors traditionally price risks using unsystematic approaches. The high business failure rate our industry records may indicate that the current unsystematic mechanisms contractors use for building up contingencies may be inadequate. The reluctance of some contractors to include a price for risk in their tenders when bidding for work competitively may also not be a useful approach. Here, instead, we first define the meaning of contractor contingency, and then we develop a facile quantitative technique that contractors can use to estimate a price for project risk. This model will help contractors analyse their exposure to project risks; and also help them express the risk in monetary terms for management action. When bidding for work, they can decide how to allocate contingencies strategically in a way that balances risk and reward.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.1036-1057
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• 2013

Wireless body area network (WBAN) is a promising candidate for future health monitoring system. Nevertheless, the path to mature solutions is still facing a lot of challenges that need to be overcome. Energy efficient scheduling is one of these challenges given the scarcity of available energy of biosensors and the lack of portability. Therefore, researchers from academia, industry and health sectors are working together to realize practical solutions for these challenges. The main difficulty in WBAN is the uncertainty in the state of the monitored system. Intelligent learning approaches such as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) were proposed to tackle this issue. A Markov Decision Process (MDP) is a form of Markov Chain in which the transition matrix depends on the action taken by the decision maker (agent) at each time step. The agent receives a reward, which depends on the action and the state. The goal is to find a function, called a policy, which specifies which action to take in each state, so as to maximize some utility functions (e.g., the mean or expected discounted sum) of the sequence of rewards. A partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) is a generalization of Markov decision processes that allows for the incomplete information regarding the state of the system. In this case, the state is not visible to the agent. This has many applications in operations research and artificial intelligence. Due to incomplete knowledge of the system, this uncertainty makes formulating and solving POMDP models mathematically complex and computationally expensive. Limited progress has been made in terms of applying POMPD to real applications. In this paper, we surveyed the existing methods and algorithms for solving POMDP in the general domain and in particular in Wireless body area network (WBAN). In addition, the papers discussed recent real implementation of POMDP on practical problems of WBAN. We believe that this work will provide valuable insights for the newcomers who would like to pursue related research in the domain of WBAN.

• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2019

본 연구는 <블랙미러: 밴더스내치>의 서사를 게이미피케이션 개념을 통해 읽음으로써, 현재의 인터랙티브 영화의 가능성과 한계 및 발전 방안을 살펴보고자 한다. <밴더스내치>의 '도전과제'는 예측 불가능한 세계에서 이야기를 진행하는 것이며, '보상'은 엔딩의 위계화이다. 이 영화의 재미 요소의 한계 극복을 위해서는 선택지와 엔딩 사이의 불확실성을 줄이고, 유희성을 강화해야 하며 다양하고 차별적인 결말을 마련해야 한다. 이러한 분석은 게이미피케이션 요소의 강화가 인터랙티브 영화의 몰입에 긍정적 영향을 줄 수 있음을 함의한다.

• 산학경영연구
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• 제11권
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• pp.15-38
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• 1998

본 연구는 급진적인 환경면화를 대표하는 정보산업에서의 기술혁신의 진화과정을 탐색하였다. 진화론경제학이론을 바탕으로하는 동태적인 기술변화과정과 조직생태학이론으로부터의 산업-특정조직유형간의 관계를 결합하는 통합적인 모델을 개발하였다. 진화론경제학이론의 관점에 기초하여, 시감이 감에 따라 선택압력에 의해 미래기술의 지표로서 역할을 하는 소위 '기본설계'가 등장하고 그 기본설계는 일관성 있는 경로를 따르는 경향이 있으며, 그 기술이 한계점에 도달하기 전까지 기술경계들의 급진적 팽창을 촉진시키지만, 한계점에 도달했을 때 새로운 기술패러다임을 탐색한다는 것을 분석하였다. 아울러 조직군생태학 관점으로부터 5개 조직유형을 구분하였으며, 각 조직유형들은 산업내 기술변화의 진화과정에 따라 서로 다른 기회를 탐색한다는 것을 살펴보았다. 진화론경제학이론과 조직군생태학이론은 오랜 학문적 역사를 가진 생물학에 바탕을 두고 있으며 기존 전략 조직이론들이 설명하지 못했던 기술적 변화 또는 실패와 같은 전략적 사건들에 대한 인과관계를 설명하는데 깊은 통찰력을 제공해 준다. 따라서 향후 두 이론에 바탕을 둔 좀더 정교하고 통합적인 이론연구와 실증연구들이 지속될 필요가 있음을 말해준다.

• 대한불안의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2012

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate how trauma and personality system was related by comparing TCI profiles of the trauma versus non-trauma groups and PTSD symptom positive (PTSD symptom [+] group) and PTSD symptom negative groups (PTSD symptom [-] group). Methods : We compared the difference of Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) profiles between the trauma (n=61) and the non-trauma (n=61) groups, and between the PTSD symptom [+] group (n=40) and PTSD symptom [-] group (n=21). Results : Comparison of the TCI's seven higher dimensions between the PTSD symptom [+] and [-] groups showed significant differences only in C (Cooperativeness). And in the analysis of TCI's lower dimensions the significant differences were observed in the HA1 (Worry and pessimism), HA2 (Tension regarding uncertainty), and C4 (Compassion) subscales. However, significant differences in the higher dimensions appeared more clearly between the non-traumatized group and the traumatized group. Compared to the non-traumatized group, the traumatized group scored significantly higher in HA (Harm avoidance) and RD (Reward dependence), while lower in SD (Self-directedness). Conclusion : Overall, present results suggest that traumatic experiences may affect personality systems regardless of the development and of PTSD symptoms.