• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.640-647
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• 2008

This study was carried out to select the utilizable plants for the slope revegetation in dams, lakes and streams. In this study, 4 Iris species were investigated for their survival and growth characteristics in the complete and partly flooding condition with various flooding periods. The results are as followings; Iris pseudoacorus showed the highest flooding tolerance based on survival rate and growth condition. Iris ensata var. spotanea, I. setosa and I. nertschinskia followed after Iris pseudoacorus in the order of flooding tolerance. When I. pseudoacorus were completely submerged in the water, their growth was disturbed but they did not die up to 120 days. On the other hand, I. nertschinskia, I. setosa and I. ensata var. spotanea showed a significant growth disturbance in the complete water submergence and died in 90 days. This explained that they were relatively strong in flooding tolerance. They are considered to grow back to normal with some changes of water level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.75-86
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• 2018

This research was thereby made to study and analysis ecological, landscape, and stability qualities of roadside cut Slopes in expressways and national highways that went through revegetation works. Also, evaluation items and framework for integrated assessment of plant structure and restored state for the maintenance were suggested. Following is the summary of the result. firstly, for stabilization of introduced native plant species on roadside cut slops, assessment on the post-project environmental management through long-term monitoring and maintenance works must be made. It signifies a form of authentic recovery and restoration by the native plants. second, current evaluation framework on the test beds is well managed with clear evaluation standards and table while its method of assessing the post management with only test bed results lacks conformity with this study site. Newly developed evaluation framework on the post construction sites is estimated to be used as assessment standards on any roadside construction sites. Third, after site investigation distinction was observed among different revegetating construction types in the long-term perspective. Due to the different duration time of vegetation state between seed-spray measures(degraded in time) and layer-spray measure(maintained), the use of coarse straw-mat mulching work or Coir net was suggested in long term maintenance of cut slopes. forth, segmentation of post environmental assessment is organized into three large categories of "ecological", "stabile", and "landscape" qualities regarding post restoration quality and stability of slope through native plants with which categories marks 50, 30, 20 points of rates. fifth, components of the post environmental assessment were segmented in twelve categories driving results from former experimental construction and newly focused items on site. In the future, it is possible to propose a customized assessment method considering the location and location of construction work if the research on the application of post-environment assessment methods for road construction surface recording is conducted systematically.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.98-109
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop revegetation methods for the restoration of the steep slopes by recycling of bark compost and mushroom media. In general, bark compost and mushroom media can be used as soil media for the restoration works, because they can increase infiltration of rainfall and give enough porous to breathe and elongate for the root growth as well as environmental value. This experiment was carried out to know the effect of soil media composed by different ratio of mushroom media for the restoration of steep rock-exposed slopes, and to certificate how soil media(PEC) will be effective to germinate and grow for native plants. The main results of the study are summarized as follows; 1. In percent coverage, the soil media PEC1 is more valuable than PEC2. The seed mixtures recommended by Government of Transportation and Construction can be used at PEC1 and PEC2, but it will be more useful if the total amount of seed are reduced and seed mixtures are altered in a direction of native plants. 2. The soil media is under 20 mm tested by Yamanaka Hardiness Tester which is available for the seed germination and growth. 3. The surface cracks are not occurred in PEC1 and PEC2, but more than 30 cracks per 1 square meter are occurred at soil media which is constructed by normal soil-seed-fertilizer hydro-seeding methods. 4. The soil moisture contents are over 20 percent level during 15 day. Such moisture content in soil media will be effective for the plant growth. By using Terra-Control, PEC can maintain enough soil moisture. 5. The eroded soils from $60^{\circ}$ slopes by artificial rainfall with the intensity of 20 mm/hr in one day after seeding are estimated under 1%. By the results of erosion test, it comes to the conclusion that soil media of PEC can be adapted at steep rock exposed slopes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.296-301
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• 2005

This study was conducted to get the basic data on an effect of food waste compost for rock cut-slopese vegetation. Two foreign cool-season grasses and native plants were used for this experiment. Cool-season grasses were Festuca ruba and Lolium perene, Native plants were Amorpha fruticosa, and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria. Amorpha fruticosa, Indigofera psendo-tinctoria, and Lolium perenne decreased in germination rate and plant height at NaCl concentrations of $0.4\%$ or over suddenly. Festuca rubra occurred to the sudden growth hindrance at NaCl concentrations of $0.2\%$ or over. Amorpha fruticosa and Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria appeared for germination of $45\%$ at all experiment plots. Lolium perenne increased in plant height as trial rate of food waste compost was abundant. Ground cover rate was the highest in Mixture III by $89.3\%$ and was fluctuated from $47.0\%$ after 30 days to $64.1\%$ after 45 days in Mixture 1. Descending order of ground cover rates in 4 treatments was Mixture III, Mixture IV, Mixture II, and Mixture I. As the growth

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 1997

This study was conducted to find out the hydroseeding timing of woody plants. Five native plants were used for this experiment and were seeded on the cut slopes by hands in April, May, June, September and October. In order to identify the best seeding time, germination percentage, ground cover rate and plant height were investigated. There was a difference in germination percentage and ground cover rate depending on the seeding time. The results are summerized as follows 1. Characteristics of germination : Seeding was best carried out in spring(May, June) or autumn(September). In spring, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya shows quick germination and rapid growing which can be compared with herbaceous plants using in the hydroseeding. As for Pinus thunbergii, there was little difference in germinatin according to different seeding timing. But Evodia daniellii, Parthenocis년 tricuspidata and Alnus hirsuta seem to need seed treatments to improve the seed germination. 2. Ground cover rate : The most rapid growing plant is Lespedeza cyrtobotrya and the next is Amorpha fruticosa. The other plants show extreamly low ground cover rate, so they seem to be surpressed by herbaceous plants which will be mixed for erosion control. 3. Plant height : On 8 weeks later after seeding, the Lespedeza cyrtobotrya which was seeded in June recorded 17.1cm plant height. It will be enouch height to compete with herbaceous plants. As the Parthenocissus tricuspjdata seeded in May shows 27cm plant length, it can be used more frequently on seeding works if the seed germination were improved. In sum, seeding is best carried out in May. When deciding seeding rate for the purpose of hydroseeding, it will be necessary to adjust the woody plants germination percentage according to seeding timing.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.113-123
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• 1995

This study was conducted to find out appropriate rates of seed mixture of both native and foreign plants in order for stabilization of early afforestation and proper vegetation on road slope. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Characteristics of germination : After seeding, 2 weeks for both Lespedeza bicolor and Lespedeza cuneata, and 4 weeks for both Arundinella hirta and Zoysia japonica were needed for vigorous germination, and 1-4 wee17s for 3 cool-season grasses were spent for gradual germination. 2. Plant height : There was no difference between Lespedeza cuneata and Lespedeza bicolor in plant height by 7 treatments. As mixture rates of cool-season grasses were lowered, plant height of Arundinella hirta became longer. Descending order of co81-season grasses for plant height was Tall fescue, Perennial ryegrass and Creeping redfescue. 3. Number of tillers : The number of tillers tended to increase in the experimental plots where competition was low. 4 Ground cover rate : Ground cover rate was the highest in Mixture IV (96.7%) and was fluctuated from 13.3% on Sept. 13 to 45% on Nev. 3 in Mixture III. Descending order of gronud cover rates in 7 treaments was Mixture IV, Mixture III. Mixture II, Mixture Ⅶ, Mixture V, Mixture Ⅵ, Mixture I, and Mixtur III when measured on Oct. 13 5. Visual assessment: High preferences were observed on Mixture IV and Ⅶ In sun the best seed mixtures were Mixture IV and Ⅶ. It meant that (1) either mixture of 70% the native plants with 30% cool-season graaes or (2) mixture of 80% the native plants with 20% cool-season glasses was best for this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.54-63
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• 1999

This study was conducted to suggest the ecological restoration and environmentally friendly revegetation technology for the rock-exposed cut-slopes by the Natural Topsoil Restoration Methods (NTRM) with the following restoration objectives; (1) prevention or reduction of wind and water erosion, (2) provision of food and cover for variety of animal species, (3) improvement of the visual or aesthetic quality of the disturbed slopes. On Nov. in 1995, the 5cm thick layer of artificial soil and 2cm thick layer of straw-mulching was attached at rock-exposed cut-slopes by NTRM without using anchor wire and anchor pin. The main results during four years surveying on the ground-coverage effect, plant growth, species diversity and importance values were summarized as follows. 1. Artificial soil attached at rock exposed cut-slopes was not eroded until recovered by tree and herbaceous vegetation in spite of not using anchor wire and anchor pin. Also it shows low soil hardiness and has almost the same amount of bacteria and fungi with in surrounding natural topsoil. 2. In 'combination for the woody vegetation', Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Albizzia julibrissin, Rhus chinensis, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria occupied upper layer vegetation. Since three years after seeding, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria had overwhelmed the other woody plants and cool season foreign grasses, Erigeron canadensis, Taraxacum mongolicum, Commelina communis, Arundinella hirta (Thunberg) and Oenothera erythrosepala grows at lower part of the vegetation, 3. The heights of the Rhus chinensis grows 1.8m, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria 2.0m, so it seems that the objectives of woody vegetation with native plants could be accomplished. 4. After 4 years later after seeding in 'combination for the herbaceous vegetation', the most dominant plant was Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria, the next was in order of cool-season grasses, Taraxacum mongolicum, Erigeron canadensis, lxeris dentata (Thunberg), Oenothera erythrosepala, Arundinella hirta (Thunberg). The diversity index in 'combination for woody vegetation' was higher than that in 'combination for the herbaceous vegetation'. The tendency of the intrusion of secondary succession plants was more effective in 'combination for the herbaceous vegetation' than in 'combination for the woody vegetation'.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.79-89
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• 2014

This study was carried out to provide basic information to improve the surrounding ecosystems with benefit analysis and monitoring in cut slopes following establishment of a test construction to improve ecological environment in slopes of an expressway. Field tests from October 2012 to May 2013 were conducted in Seosejong IC and Shinyang IC. In order to improve the view of slopes, soil condition is an important factor. The earth slope, it is possible to introduce directly the plant. Stable construction method was applied, another foundation for planting is necessary. The mixing ratio of the seeds according to the experimental results, the difference was found at an early stage plants in Site I (Seosejong IC). Trees were planted on terraced structures were well coordinated and pictures. The growth of planted trees was good in Site II (Shinyang IC). Due to the use of plants in the landscape will continue to change. Thus, long-term monitoring and landscape analysis will be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.110-119
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• 2004

This research was conducted to develop spraying cultivation method using forest topsoils in order to restore the disturbed slopes. In November the researcher collected a depth of 5 cm of topsoils from a well developed forest, after the fallen leaves were cleared. The essential results of the research are as follows: In the case of using the forest topsoils, during the early stages of planting, time is necessary for the desired vegetation to reach a similar state to the vegetation being restored. The best possible effect is obtained through a method utilizing forest topsoil(30%)+loam silt soil(70%)+seeding with grasses and native plants including trees, shrubs, and herbs. Several plants such as Pinus densiftora, Potentilla fragarioides, Miscanthus sinensis, Erigeron canadensis seemed to be naturally emerged from the topsoils From this experiment, it was recommended that environment potential within topsoil should be comprehended. Also, topsoil deposit and gathering methods should be experimented properly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.39-49
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• 2015

This study was to evaluate the growth and spatial distribution characteristics of Rhus javanica population. The study was conducted between 2015 January and July at the cut-slope revegetation site in Dae-Ji Mountain. Seeds of native species were sowed on the disturbed cut-slope in 2002. There were 119 vascular plant species 55 families and 94 genera on the cut-slope. Compositae, Rosaceae, and Leguminosae plants were dominant species, which are pioneer species in dry and barren site. Canopy of trees covered 44.1% total area, which was 8.3% increase from 2008. Rhus javanica, main species, dominated all DBH classes except DBH >24cm. Albizzia julibrissin showed high frequency in the 6~17cm DBH class and Salix koreensis was abundant at >12cm. Elaeagnus umbellata, Corylus heterophylla var. heterophylla, Alnus sibirica, and Acer pictum were not observed. Rhus javanica population was the most frequently observed on the south facing cut-slope. The average DBH of Rhus javanica was $7.3({\pm}3.7)cm$ and the average height of them was $5.2({\pm}1.7)m$. Annual average DBH growth was 7.9mm/yr and the maximum growth(12.0mm/yr) was the $3^{rd}$ year. It decreased after $6^{th}$ years. Although Rhus javanica population in the Dae-Ji Mountain was a seed originated plantation, the forest had reverse J shape diameter frequency distribution. It indicated that the forest is uneven-aged forest. The Rhus javanica population was expected to sustain.