• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1-18
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• 2015

Assuming that not all background music in advertising function as effective retrieval cues for the advertised messages, this study proposes that we should be able to distinguish the retrieval cue effect of music from the simple ad exposure effect. This study tries to identify which specific characteristics of music are related to the retrieval cue effect. Our experiment focuses on congruency and familiarity of music as key characteristics of music which affect the effectiveness of the music's role as a retrieval cue for the advertised messages. We used four groups of subjects to test the retrieval cue effect of the background music. Each group was exposed to one of the four different types of background music and was again sub-divided into an experimental and a control group (i.e., a total of eight independent sub-groups were included in the experiment.) The first two sub-groups were exposed to the experimental advertisement with the background music of high congruency and high familiarity. After the ad exposure, the background music was provided as a retrieval cue to only one of the two sub-groups. Comparison of the memory performance between the two sub-groups will reveal the net retrieval cue effect of the music of high congruency and high familiarity. Similarly, another two sub-groups watched the same ad but with the background music of high congruency and low familiarity. Also the same ad but with the music of low congruency/ high familiarity was shown to another two sub-groups and that of low congruency and low familiarity music was to another two. Among the two sub-groups with the same music, only one group had the music cue at the memory tasks. One hundred and seventy four undergraduate students at the college of one of authors in Asia participated in the study. Their ages ranged from 18 to 24 with a median of 20. The sample was composed of 51.7 percent male subjects. They were randomly assigned to each of the eight sub-group. The results show that the music highly congruent with the advertised message facilitates the message retrieval, while the low congruency music cue does not. It was also found that the low familiarity music cue improves memory performance only when the music is perceived as congruent with the advertised message. From a theoretical and practical perspective, this study provides boundary conditions for effective retrieval and suggests that the congruent music specifically created for the ad is a more effective retrieval cue than other types of music cues.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.145-172
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• 2011

Prospective memory (PM) is memory for activities to be performed in the future, such as remembering to purchase a piece of fruit on the way home or remembering to give someone a telephone message. Theoretically, PM retrieval can be accomplished either by controlled monitoring of intended action or by a more automatic process that spontaneously responds to the presence of intended event. The present study examined the effect of meta-cognitive awareness in PM retrieval process. In Experiment 1, we manipulated PM condition with a salient cue to stimulate participants' meta-cognitive awareness. Results showed the salient cue condition spontaneously triggered remembering to perform an intended action. In Experiment 2, we manipulated participants' meta-cognitive awareness about PM task difficulty and about the degree to which cognitive capacity is required to realize the PM task. Results showed that PM retrieval process varied with meta-cognitive awareness (i.e., more resources were allocated if the PM task was expected to be difficult). These results imply that participants' meta-cognitive awareness play an important role in PM retrieval process.

• The Journal of Information Technology and Database
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 1999

Digital image and video libraries require new algorithms for the automated extraction and indexing of salient image features. Eigen values of an image provide one important cue for the discrimination of image content. In this paper we propose a new approach for automated content extraction that allows efficient database searching using eigen values. The algorithm automatically extracts eigen values from the image matrix represented by the covariance matrix for the image. We demonstrate that the eigen values representing shape information and the skewness of its distribution representing complexity provide good performance in image query response time while providing effective discriminability. We present the eigen value extraction and indexing techniques. We test the proposed algorithm of searching by eigen value and its skewness on a database of 100 images.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.399-410
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• 2020

Detecting visual relationships in an image is important in an image understanding task. It enables higher image understanding tasks, that is, predicting the next scene and understanding what occurs in an image. A visual relationship comprises of a subject, a predicate, and an object, and is related to visual, language, and spatial cues. The predicate explains the relationship between the subject and object and can be categorized into different categories such as prepositions and verbs. A large visual gap exists although the visual relationship is included in the same predicate. This study improves upon a previous study (that uses language cues using two losses) and a spatial cue (that only includes individual information) by adding relative information on the subject and object of the extant study. The architectural limitation is demonstrated and is overcome to detect all zero-shot visual relationships. A new problem is discovered, and an explanation of how it decreases performance is provided. The experiment is conducted on the VRD and VG datasets and a significant improvement over previous results is obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.761-766
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• 2011

A hedge is a linguistic device to express uncertainties. Hedges are used in a sentence when the writer is uncertain or has doubt about the contents of the sentence. Due to this uncertainty, sentences with hedges are considered to be non-factual. There are many applications which need to determine whether a sentence is factual or not. Detecting hedges has the advantage in information retrieval, and information extraction, and QnA systems, which make use of non-hedge sentences as target to get more accurate results. In this paper, we constructed Korean hedge corpus, and extracted generalized hedge cue-word patterns from the corpus, and then used them in detecting hedges. In our experiments, we achieved 78.6% in F1-measure.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2003.10d
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• pp.163-169
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• 2003

현재의 질의응답 시스템은 TREC(Text Retrieval Conference) 질의집합에 대해 최대 80% 정도의 응답 성공률을 보이고 있다. 하지만 질의 유형에 다라 성능의 많은 차이가 있으며, 인과관계에 대한 질의에 대해서는 매우 낮은 응답 성공률을 보이고 있다. 본 연구는 인접한 두 문장 혹은 두 문장 혹은 두 명사구 사이에 존재하는 인과관계를 추출하고자 한다. 기존의 명사구 간 인과관계 추출 연구에서는 인과관계 단서구문과 두 명사구의 의미를 주요한 정보로 사용하였으나, 사전 미등록어가 사용되었을 때 올바른 선택을 하기 어려웠다. 또한, 학습 코퍼스에 대한 인과관계 부착과정이 선행되어야 하며, 다량의 학습자료를 사용하기가 어려웠다. 본 연구에서는 인과관계 명사구 쌍에서 추출된 어휘 쌍을 기존의 단서구문과 같이 사용하는 방법을 제안한다. 인과관계 분류를 위해 나이브 베이즈 분류기를 사용하였으며, 비지도식 학습과정을 사용하였다. 제안된 분류 모델은 기존의 분류 모델과 달리 사전 미등록어에 의한 성능 저하가 없으며, 학습 코퍼스의 인과관계 분류 작업이 선행될 필요 없다. 문장 내 명사구간의 인과관계 추출 실험 결과 79.07%의 정확도를 얻었다. 이러한 결과는 단서구문과 명사구 의미를 이용한 방법에 비해 6.32% 향상된 결과이며, 지도식 학습방식을 통해 얻은 방법과 유사한 결과이다. 또한 제안된 학습 및 분류 모델은 문장간의 인과관계 추출에도 적용가능하며, 한국어에서 인접한 두 문장간의 인과관계 추출 실험에서 74.68%의 정확도를 보였다.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.193-221
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• 2017

Grouping episodes into semantically related categories is necessary for better mnemonic structure. However, the effect of grouping on memory of subordinate details was not clearly understood. In an fMRI study, we tested whether attending superordinate during semantic association disrupts or enhances subordinate episodic details. In each cycle of the experiment, five cue words were presented sequentially with two related detail words placed underneath for each cue. Participants were asked whether they could imagine a category that includes the previously shown cue words in each cycle, and their confidence on retrieval was rated. Participants were asked to perform cued recall tests on presented detail words after the session. Behavioral data showed that reaction times for categorization tasks decreased and confidence levels increased in the third trial of each cycle, thus this trial was considered to be an important insight where a semantic category was believed to be successfully established. Critically, the accuracy of recalling detail words presented immediately prior to third trials was lower than those of followed trials, indicating that subordinate details were disrupted during categorization. General linear model analysis of the trial immediately prior to the completion of categorization, specifically the second trial, revealed significant activation in the temporal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus, areas of semantic memory networks. Representative Similarity Analysis revealed that the activation patterns of the third trials were more consistent than those of the second trials in the temporal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and hippocampus. Our research demonstrates that semantic grouping can cause memories of subordinate details to fade, suggesting that semantic retrieval during categorization affects the quality of related episodic memory.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.43-60
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• 2012

Identifying citing sentences from article full-text is a prerequisite for creating a variety of future academic information services such as citation-based automatic summarization, automatic generation of review articles, sentiment analysis of citing statements, information retrieval based on citation contexts, etc. However, finding citing sentences is not easy due to the existence of implicit citing sentences which do not have explicit citation markers. While several methods have been proposed to attack this problem for English, it is difficult to find such automatic methods for Korean academic literature. This article presents a rule-based approach to identifying Korean citing sentences. Experiments show that the proposed method could find 30% of implicit citing sentences in our test data in nearly 70% precision.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.323-332
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• 1997

In order to use analog more systematically in science class, an instructional model was designed on the basis of analogical reasoning processes (encoding, inference, mapping, application, and response) in the Sternberg's component process theory. The model has five phases (introducing target context, cue retrieval of analog context, mapping similarity and drawing target concept, application, and elaboration), and the instructional effects of using the model upon students' comprehension of science concepts and motivation level of learning were investigated. The treatment and control groups (1 class each) were selected from 8th-grade classes and taught about chemical change and chemical reaction for the period of 10 class hours. The treatment group was taught with the materials based on the model, while the control group was taught in traditional instruction without using analog. Before the instructions, modified versions of the Patterns of Adaptive Learning Survey and the Group Assessment of Logical Thinking were administered, and their scores were used as covariates for students' conceptions and motivational level of learning, respectively. Analogical reasoning ability test was also administered, and its score was used as a blocking variable. After the instructions, students' conceptions were measured by a researcher-made science conception test, and their motivational level of learning was measured by a modified version of the Instructional Materials Motivation Scale. The results indicated that the adjusted mean score of the conception test for the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group at .01 level of significance. No significant interaction between the instruction and the analogical reasoning ability was found. Although the motivational level of learning for the treatment group was higher than that for the control group, the difference was found to be statistically insignificant. Educational implications are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2012

Objectives : Autobiographical memory (ABM) is a special type of episodic memory, containing events that have occurred in a personal life. Overgeneral tendency of ABM refers to the retrieval of memory with only general and categorical descriptions rather than specific events. ABM specificity in depression and posttraumatic stress disorder is a robust finding with relation to cognitive vulnerability, affect regulation, problem-solving ability. It is also implicated in bipolar disorder with frequent relapses. In this study, we investigated whether ABM specificity was related to manic or euthymic mood states in patients with bipolar disorder. Methods : Forty bipolar patients with manic and euthymic episodes and 25 healthy controls participated in this study. Prompted by 5 positively and 5 negatively valenced emotional cue words, each participant was instructed to recall positive or negative memories and describe them in detail. The One-way ANOVA was used to compare ABM scores and post-hoc analyses were done. Results : Comapred to the healthy persons, the bipolar patients reported significantly more general than specific negative memories in both manic and euthymic episodes (p = 0.003). However, there was no significant difference between manic and euthymic patients (p = 0.074). Conclusions : These results suggest that overgeneral tendency of negative ABM may be a trait abnormality in bipolar disorder. Moreover, this phenomenon might be related to underlying cognitive deficits or affect regulation irrespective of the mood state.