• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.282-288
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• 1989

This study was investigated the effects of imipramine (IMI) and electroconvulsive shock (ECS), which are used as antidepressant therapy, on the central $\beta_1$or $\beta_2$ adrenergic receptor in anesthetized rats. The resting blood pressure and heart rate decreased in reserpinized group (5 mg/kg i. p., 24 hr before), but not in order 4 groups i. e. acute IMI (20 mg/kg i. p.. 3-5 hr before), chronic IMI (Same dose, twice a day for 14 days), siggle ECS (sinusoidal 20 Hz, 120 V for 2 sec) and repeated ECS (same condition, daily for 12 days). The increase of heart rate and hypotension evoked by 1 or 3 $\mu$g intracerebroventricular (i. c. v.) administration of (+) dobutamine, $\beta_2$-agonist, 1 or 3 $\mu$g i. c. v. was significantly attenuated in repeated ECS or reserpine treatment. And, the diminuation of pulse pressure of salbutamol also reduced by repeated ECS. These results suggest that IMI or ECS result in attenuation on tachycardia by (+) dobutamine or on hypotension by salbutamol, presumably by which the central $\beta_1$ or $\beta_2$receptor sensitivity may be suppressed, repectively.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.130-135
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• 2015

Objectives : This study is to investigate stimulation effects of acupoints at differential meridian along arm and leg on the physiological phenomenon of heartbeats. Methods : 8 subjects were participated in this study. The experiments were performed in Resting session(Rs), Insertion session(Is), Stimulation session1(Ss1), Stimulation session2(Ss2), Stimulation session3(Ss3) sequence. Time of each session and the interval between each session was 30 seconds all. Acupuncture was performed manually on PC3 or LR8 at random with a two-day interval. stand deviation of N-N interval(SDNN) was measured for each session. Results : At PC3, SDNN increased in Ss1, Ss2, and Ss3 compared to Rs but at LR8, there was little change between Ss1, Ss2, Ss3 and Rs. Post-hoc analysis revealed that mean value of SDNN significantly increased in Ss1 compared with Baseline at PC3, while there was little change at LR8. When LR8 and PC3 were compared at each time point, there was a significant difference only in Ss1. Conclusions : Our results indicate that there is a correlation between specific physiological functions and acupoints.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.237-250
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• 1999

In order to investigate the pharmacologic properties of New Wonbang Woohwangchungsimwon Pill(NSCH), effects of Wonbang Woohwangchungsimwon Pill (SCH) and NSCH were compared using various experimental models. In rat aorta, NSCH and SCH made the relaxation of blood vessels in maximum contractile response to phenylephrine (10-6 M) regardless to endothelium containing or denuded rings of the rat aorta. Furthermore, the presence of the inhibitors of NO synthase and guanylate cyclase did not affect significantly the relaxing effects of NSCH and SCH. NSCH and SCH inhibited the vascular contractions induced by acetylcholine, prostaglandin endoperoxide or peroxide in a dose-dependent manner. In conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), NSCH and SCH decreased significantly heart rate. These, at high doses, had a negative inotropic effects that was a decrease of left ventricular developed pressure and (-dp/dt)/(+dp/dt) in the isolated perfused rat hearts, and also decreased the contractile force and heart rate in the isolated rat right atria. In guinea-pig papillary muscle, these had no effects on parameters of action potential such as action potential amplitude (APA), $V_{max}$ and resting membrane potential (RMP) at low doses, whereas inhibitory the cardiac contractility at high doses. Furthermore, these had a significant inhibitory effects on palpitation of the heart in normotensive rats and SHRs. These had a significant inhibitory effects on palpitation of the heart in normotensive rats and SHRs. These results suggest that NSCH and SCH have weak cardiovascular effects, and that there is no significant differences between cardiovascular effects of two preparations.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1968

Maximal oxygen uptake was measured in thirty-three secondary school girls by means of the treadmill test. Eighteen middle school girls aged 14.0 (range: $13.0{\sim}15.9$) years and fifteen high school girls aged 16.9 (range: $16.0{\sim}18.0$) years served as subjects. Maximal treadmill run lasted for 2 minutes and 20 seconds and the expired air was collected in a Douglas bag through a J-valve during the last one minute period. In general, absolute values of various measurements in the high school girls were greater than those of the middle school girls. When values were expressed on the body weight or lean body weight basis, however, work capacity of middle school girls was superior to that of the high school girls. The detailed results are as follows: 1. In middle school girls maximal oxygen uptake was 1.78 l/min., 47.4 ml/kg body weight, 12.3 ml/cm body height, and 61.7ml/kg lean body mass. In high school girls maximal oxygen uptake was 1.93 l/min., 39.7ml/kg body weight, 12.3 ml/cm body height, and 51.2 ml/kg LBM. Although the absolute value of maximal oxygen uptake was greater in high school girls than in middle school girls, values expressed on the body weight basis showed the reverse trend, namely, values of the middle school girls was greater than those of the high school girls. 2. The ratio of maximal to resting oxygen uptake was 8.8 in the middle school girls and was 10.2 in the high school girls. 3. Maximal pulmonary ventilation in the middle school girls was 55.3 l/min. and 66.1 l/min. in the high school girls. The ratio of maximal to resting pulmonary ventilation was 10.2 in the middle school girls and 10.1 in the high school girls. 4. The correlation between body weight and maximal oxygen uptake was relatively high, namely, r=0.79 both in middle and high school girls. The correlation coefficient between body weight and maximal pulmonary ventilation was a little less that of between maximal oxygen uptake and showed a value of r=0.60 both in middle and high school girls. The lean body mass was a poor reference of maximal oxygen uptake or maximal pulmonary ventilation as compared to body weight. The correlation between maximal oxygen uptake and maximal pulmonary ventilation was high and the coefficient of correlation in middle school girls was 0.927 and in high school girls it was 0.856. 5. Maximal ventilation equivalent was 30.9 liters in middle school girls and 33.9 liters in high school girls. This indicated that no hyperventilation was induced during the maximal of oxygen uptake exercise period as related to the maximal oxygen uptake. 6. Heart rate reached to the peak value within 1.5 minutes after beginning of maximal oxygen uptake run and remained at the same peak plateau level throughout the entire running period. Heart rate decreased steeply on cessation of running and subsided slowly thereafter. The maximal heart rate was 184 beat/min. in middle school girls and 189 beat/min. in high school girls. 7. Maximal oxygen pulse was 9.4 in middle school girls and 9.9 ml/beat in high school girls.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2008

Objectives : There has been a continued debate regarding the role of eye movements in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing(EMDR). This study examined the possible autonomic effect of horizontal eye movements after being exposed to fearful stimuli. Methods : Fifty two healthy adult women were randomly allocated to eye movement or eye fixed groups after watching a five minute fear-inducing film clip. ECG was recorded during the resting state, after watching the clip, and the treatment. A spectral power analysis of the heart rate variability was performed. As the variables violated the rule of normal distribution and the number in each group is small the non-parametric test was used. Results : Overall, we did not find the differences between the groups in both time and frequency domains. Some minor differences found were not consistent with results from previous studies. Conclusions : Effect of eye movement on autonomic nervous system during fear desensitization was not supported in this experiment. Further study with other psychophysiological measures is needed to understand the role of eye movements in treatment of traumatic memory.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of smoking on aerobic physical fitness among physical education major male university students participating in regular exercise. Methods: A group of 42 healthy male students majoring physical education were divided into two groups: non-smokers (n=$26, 20.61{\pm}2.78 $yrs) and smokers (n=16, $21.25{\pm}2.29 $ yrs). Graded exercise testing for maximal oxygen consumption ($VO_2max$) was measured by Bruce protocol. Results: $VO_2max$ was not different between non-smokers and smokers, however, exercise duration time in non-smokers was more longer than smokers'. In non-smokers, ventilatory threshold (VT) time was delayed longer than smokers (p<0.01). %VT/VEmax was significantly different between non-smokers and smokers (p<0.01). Resting heart rate (p<0.01) and recovery heart rate at 80 seconds (p<0.01) in non-smokers were significantly lower than those of smokers. The decrease in heart rate recovery in non smokers was greater than in smokers at 40(p<0.05), 60(p<0.05) and 80(p<0.01) seconds. Conclusions: These results suggest that smoking has negative effects on aerobic fitness of male university students in physical education major.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Qigong training after physical training stress in untrained college students For this study, 6 voluntary subjects(male 4, female 2) were chosen in untrained students of K University. they were trained by teachers during 6 weeks and tested just before Qingong training and after 6 weeks. Each subject was performed a treadmill exercise(model Q65, Quinton Co, U.S.A.) to the all-out state. During exercise stress test, electrocardiogram, heart rate were checked by stress test monitor(model Q4500, Quinton Co, U.S.A) and also oxygen uptake, maximal oxygen uptake analyzed continuously by automatic gas analysis(model QMC, Quinton Co, U.S.A). During physical training the serum were collected 3 times, pre-experimental rest time, and serum catecholamine were measured by HPLC.T-test of statistical analysis system was used in every experiment for statistical assessment. The results of T-test on these data were summarized as follow:1.Heart rate change during exercise stress test after Qigong training was shown more decreasing tendency than before training. Especially, heart rate change after Qigong training during resting periods was decreased significantly than before training.2. Oxygen uptake change during exercise stress test after Qigong training was shown more increasing tendency than before training, And also maximal oxygen uptake after Qigong training was shown more increasing tendency than before 6 weeks.3. Epinephrine level of after Qigong training was more decreased significantly than before training in all-out state. And norepinephrine level of after Qigong training was shown more decreasing tendency than before training in all-out state and after 30 minutes rest time. Above results indicate that Qigong training for 6 weeks could be effective to elevate the cardiopulmonary functions and diminish the stress responses of the physical stress.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Taegeuk acupuncture on reducing mental stress by analyzing heart rate variability in Soyangin. Methods : Eight Soyangin-diagnosed women participated in this study. They were randomly divided into group A and group B. Each participant went through 3 sessions every week with 1 week of washout period in between each session. HRV was measured three times at every session; at baseline, after administering mentally stressful circumstances and after applying either one of simple rest, Soyangin Taegeuk acupuncture or Soeumin Taegeuk acupuncture. This study was designed as a crossover clinical trial. After same initial simple resting session for both groups at week 1, acupuncture for group A were executed in the order of Soyangin Taegeuk acupuncture and Soeumin Taegeuk acupuncture at week 2 and 3 respectively, with acupuncture for group B conducted in reverse order. Results : Simple rest and Soeumin Taegeuk acupuncture did not show the significant changes in response to LF(norm) and HF(norm) after stress stimuli. Soyangin Taegeuk acupuncture did, however, significantly decrease LF(norm) and increase HF(norm). Soyangin Taegeuk acupuncture, compared to Soeumin Taegeuk acupuncture, significantly stabilized autonomic nervous system. Conclusions : This study suggests that Soyangin Taegeuk acupuncture might be an effective means of stabilizing mental stress-induced imbalance of autonomic nervous system for Soyangin.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Taegeuk acupuncture on reducing mental stress by analyzing heart rate variability in Taeeumin. Methods : 16 Taeeumin-diagnosed healthy participated in this study. They were randomly divided into group A and group B. Each participant went through 3 sessions every week with 1 week of washout period in between each session. HRV was measured three times at every session; at baseline, after administering mentally stressful circumstances and after applying either one of simple rest, Taeeumin Taegeuk acupuncture or soyangin Taegeuk acupuncture. This study was designed as a crossover clinical trial. After same initial simple resting session for both groups at week 1, acupuncture for group A were executed in the order of Taeeumin Taegeuk acupuncture and soyangin Taegeuk acupuncture at week 2 and 3 respectively, with acupuncture for group B conducted in reverse order. Results : Simple rest, Taeeumin Taegeuk acupuncture and Soyangin Taegeuk acupuncture did show the significant changes in decrease LF(Norm) and increase HF(Norm) after stress stimuli. Taeeumin Taegeuk acupuncture, compared to Soyangin Taegeuk acupuncture, significantly decreased LF(Norm) and increased HF(Norm). Conclusions : This study suggests that Taeeumin Taegeuk acupuncture might be an effective means of stabilizing mental stress-induced imbalance of autonomic nervous system for Taeeumin.

• 우울조울병
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2017

Objectives : Early life stress (ELS) may have impact on functions of the autonomic nervous system. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a reliable psychophysiological marker for functions of the autonomic nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics of HRV associated with ELS in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods : We compared HRV measures of MDD patients with ELS and without ELS in a 5-minute resting-state electrocardiogram recoding. Forty subjects participated in the study (25 with ELS, 15 without ELS). The Mann-Whitney test was conducted to identify group differences. Results : We found significant group differences in standard deviation of the NN interval (SDNN) and total power (TP). SDNN was lower in the ELS group (M=38.80 ms, SD=13.05 ms) than in the Non-ELS group (M=53.53 ms, SD=19.47 ms). TP was lower in the ELS group ($M=7.07ms^2$, $SD=0.69ms^2$) than in the Non-ELS group ($M=7.72ms^2$, $SD=0.77ms^2$). Conclusion : ELS may have a negative impact on the autonomic nervous system function in patients with MDD. ELS and dysfunction of autonomic nervous system should be considered in treatment for patients with MDD.