Yoon, In Seong;Lee, Gyoon-Woo;Lee, Hyun Ji;Park, Sung Hwan;Park, Sun Young;Lee, Su Gwang;Kim, Jin-Soo;Heu, Min Soo
Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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v.49
no.3
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pp.301-309
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2016
To facilitate the effective use of butter clam shell as a natural calcium resource, we determined the optimal conditions for calcium lactate (BCCL) preparation with high solubility using response surface methodology (RSM). The polynomial models developed by RSM for pH, solubility and yield were highly effective in describing the relationships between factors (P<0.05). Increased molar ratios of calcined powder (BCCP) from butter clam shell led to reduced solubility, yield, color values and overall quality. The critical values of multiple response optimization to independent variables were 1.75 M and 0.94 M for lactic acid and BCCP, respectively. The actual values (pH 7.23, 97.42% for solubility and 423.22% for yield) under optimization conditions were similar to the predicted values. White indices of BCCLs were in the range of 86.70–90.86. Therefore, organic acid treatment improved color value. The buffering capacity of BCCLs was strong, at pH 2.82 to 3.80, upon the addition of less than 2 mL of 1 N HCl. The calcium content and solubility of BCCLs were 6.2–16.7 g/100 g and 93.6-98.5%, respectively. Fourier transform analysis of infrared spectroscopy data identified BCCL as calcium lactate pentahydrate, and the analysis of microstructure by field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed an irregular form.
The Small and Medium Business Administration specified 123 construction materials mandatory to purchase directly and forced the public owners to provide the contractors with materials as required by related law. This study extensively reviewed various characteristics and management factors of the owner-providing materials consumed in the public apartment housing under Direct Buying System(DBS) from the public owner's perspective. Subsequently, the major managed materials were identified, and the proper response plan was developed along the material procurement process. The Procurement Management Load Indices (PMLI) of 43 materials were evaluated according to rating criteria with procurement path, project-specified level, user requirement level, supplier's responsibility, on-site work requirement, additional parts, and inspection standards. The tile and aluminum windows were classified in the group needing high-level procurement efforts to reduce the errors and ensure the efficiency. The accurate quantity estimation method, definite purchase details, management activity definition before and after production, additional quantity for rework, interference coordination were defined as the essential activities for effectively responding to DBS.
In this paper, we analyzed how oil price fluctuations affect stock price by industry using the non-parametric quantile causality test method. We used weekly data of WTI spot price, KOSPI index, and 22 industrial stock indices from January 1998 to April 2021. The empirical results show that the effect of changes in oil prices on the KOSPI index was not significant, which can be attributed to mixed responses of diverse stock prices in several industries included in the KOSPI index. Looking at the stock price response to oil price by industry, the 9 of 18 industries, including Cloth, Paper, and Medicine show a causality with oil prices, while 9 industries, including Food, Chemical, and Non-metal do not show a causal relationship. Four industries including Medicine and Communication (0.45~0.85), Cloth (0.15~0.45), and Construction (0.5~0.6) show causality with oil prices more than three quantiles consecutively. However, the quantiles in which causality appeared were different for each industry. From the result, we find that the effects of oil price on the stock prices differ significantly by industry, and even in one industry, and the response to oil price changes is different depending on the market situation. This suggests that the government's macroeconomic policies, such as industrial and employment policies, should be performed in consideration of the differences in the effects of oil price fluctuations by industry and market conditions. It also shows that investors have to rebalance their portfolio by industry when oil prices fluctuate.
The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of different cardiorespiratory fitness response to exercise training on cardiovascular disease and adipocytokine release and gene expression in abdominal obesity women. forty eight middle-age women were divided to a exercise-responder (n=34) group (ERG) and a exercise-nonresponder (n=14) group (ENRG) based on cardiorespiratory fitness after exercise training (12weeks, 1200 kcal/week, moderate-vigorous intensity, walking and jogging). Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using maximal oxygen uptake with metabolic gas analysis and body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance. We measured lipid and glucose profiles, blood adipocytokines and adipocytokine genes expression in adipose tissue. Waist girth (p=0.040), and %body fat (p=0.031) were significantly decreased in ERG than ENRG. Triglyceride (p=0.023) and systolic blood pressure (0.046) were significantly decreased in ERG than ENRG. Blood leptin (p=0.022) was significantly decrease in ERG than ENRG but leptin gene expression was decreased both groups (p<0.001). These results show that exercise-responder group improved cardiovascular disease risk factors and adipocytokine more than exercise-nonresponder group after exercise training. Moreover, exercise-nonresponders group show that obese indices and blood leptin and leptin gene expression in adipose tissue were decreased despite the failure to improve fitness. Therefore, regular exercise training seems to give health benefits although the failure to improve fitness.
Osman Kula;Burak Gunay;Merve Yaren Kayabas;Yener Akturk;Ezgi Kula;Banu Tutunculer;Necdet Sut;Serdar Solak
Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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v.66
no.6
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pp.681-689
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2023
Objective : Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a condition characterized by bleeding in the subarachnoid space, often resulting from the rupture of a cerebral aneurysm. Delayed cerebral ischemia caused by vasospasm is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in SAH patients, and inflammatory markers such as systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), systemic inflammatory index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and derived NLR (dNLR) have shown potential in predicting clinical vasospasm and outcomes in SAH patients. This article aims to investigate the relationship between inflammatory markers and cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmatic SAH (aSAH) and evaluate the predictive value of various indices, including SIRI, SII, NLR, and dNLR, in predicting clinical vasospasm. Methods : A retrospective analysis was performed on a cohort of 96 patients who met the inclusion criteria out of a total of 139 patients admitted Trakya University Hospital with a confirmed diagnosis of aSAH between January 2013 and December 2021. Diagnostic procedures, neurological examinations, and laboratory tests were performed to assess the patients' condition. The Student's t-test compared age variables, while the chi-square test compared categorical variables between the non-vasospasm (NVS) and vasospasm (VS) groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory parameters, calculating the area under the ROC curve, cut-off values, sensitivity, and specificity. A significance level of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results : The study included 96 patients divided into two groups : NVS and VS. Various laboratory parameters, such as NLR, SII, and dNLR, were measured daily for 15 days, and statistically significant differences were found in NLR on 7 days, with specific cut-off values identified for each day. SII showed a significant difference on day 9, while dNLR had significant differences on days 2, 4, and 9. Graphs depicting the values of these markers for each day are provided. Conclusion : Neuroinflammatory biomarkers, when used alongside radiology and scoring scales, can aid in predicting prognosis, determining severity and treatment decisions for aSAH, and further studies with larger patient groups are needed to gain more insights.
Boundary line method was adopted to analyze the relationships between rice yield and meteorological conditions during rice growing period. Boundary lines of yield responses to mean temperature($T_a$) and sunshine hour( $S_{h}$) and diurnal temperature range($T_r$) were well-fitted to hyperbolic functions of f($T_a$) =$$\beta$_{0t}$(1-EXP(-$$\beta$_{1t}$$\times$ ($T_a$) ) and f( $S_{h}$)=$$\beta$_{0t}$((1-EXP($$\beta$_{1t}$$\times$$S_{h}$)), to quadratic function of f($T_r$) =$\beta$$_{0r}$(1-($T_r$ 1r)$^2$), respectively. to take into account to, the sterility caused by low temperature during reproductive stage, cooling degree days [$T_c$ =$\Sigma$(20-$T_a$] for 30 days before heading were calculated. Boundary lines of yield responses to $T_c$ were fitted well to exponential function of f($T_c$) )=$\beta$$_{0c}$exp(-$$\beta$_{1c}$$\times$$T_c$ ). Excluding the constants of $\beta$$_{0s}$ from the boundary line functions, formed are the relative function values in the range of 0 to 1. And these were used as yield indices of the meteorological elements which indicate the degree of influence on rice yield. Assuming that the meteorological elements act multiplicatively and independently from each other, meteorological yield index (MIY) was calculated by the geometric mean of indices for each meteorological elements. MIY in each growth period showed good linear relationship with rice yield. The MIY's during 31 to 45 days after transplanting(DAT) in vegetative stage, during 30 to 16 days before heading (DBH) in reproductive stage and during 20 days after heading (DAH) in ripening stage showed greater explainablity for yield variation in each growth stage. MIY for the whole growth period was calculated by the following three methods of geometric mean of the indices for vegetative stage (MIVG), reproductive stage (HIRG) and ripening stage (HIRS). MI $Y_{I}$ was calculated by the geometric mean of meteorological indices showing the highest determination coefficient n each growth stage of rice. That is, (equation omitted) was calculated by the geometric mean of all the MIY's for all the growth periods devided into 15 to 20 days intervals from transplanting to 40 DAH. MI $Y_{III}$ was calculated by the geometric mean of MIY's for 45 days of vegetative stage (MIV $G_{0-45}$ ), 30 days of reproductive stage (MIR $G_{30-0}$) and 40 days of ripening stage (MIR $S_{0-40}$). MI $Y_{I}$, MI $Y_{II}$ and MI $Y_{III}$ showed good linear relationships with grain yield, the coefficients of determination being 0.651, 0.670 and 0.613, respectively.and 0.613, respectively.
Nowadays, it is common that most consumers are purchasing goods in e-stores. The e-stores eager to attract, revisit, retain, and finally convert them into loyal customers. The e-store marketers have planned and executed numerous marketing efforts. As one of the marketing activities, e-store managers attempt to build web sites that meet customers' functional and psychological needs. A wide array of studies has been done to identify factors that could affect customers' response of web sites. Majority of studies were conducted to verify technology-related and functional variables of the website which facilitate transactions and enhance customer responses such as purchase intention and website loyalty. However, there has been little research on the external cues of website and psychological variables of consumer that could have positive influences on customer response. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of e-store personality on e-store loyalty through mediating variables such as e-store identification, e-store trust, and e-store engagement. The authors of this study develop the model and set up the six main hypotheses and a set of sub-hypotheses based on a literature review, shown in
. This model is composed of four paths such as dimensions of e-store personality${\rightarrow}$e-store identification, e-store identification${\rightarrow}$e-store loyalty, e-store identification ${\rightarrow}$e-store trust${\rightarrow}$e-store loyalty, and e-store identification${\rightarrow}$e-store engagement${\rightarrow}$e-store loyalty. II. Research Method Ladies under 30s were the respondents of this survey. Data were collected from January 20th to February 26th in 2010. A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed and 169 respondents were analysed finally to test hypotheses because 31 questionnaires had incorrect or missing responses. SPSS 12.0 and LISREL 7.0 program were used to test frequency, reliability, factor, and structural equation modeling analysis. III. Result and Conclusion According to results from factor analysis, eigen value was over 1.0 and items which were below 0.6 were deleted. Consequently, 9 factors(% of total variance is 72.011%) were searched. All Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ values are over the recommended level(${\alpha}$ > 0.7). The overall fit indices are acceptable such as ${\chi}^2$=2028.36(p=0.00), GFI=0.87, AGFI=0.82, CFI=0.81, IFI=0.92, RMR=0.075. All factor loadings were over the recommended level. As the result of discriminant validity check with chi-square difference test between paired constructs, each construct has good discriminant validity. The overall fit indices of final model are acceptable such as ${\chi}^2$=340.73(df=36, p=0.00), GFI=0.92, AGFI=0.81, CFI=0.91, IFI=0.91, RMR=0.085. As test results, 5 out of 6 hypotheses are supported because there are statistically significant casual relationships in structural equation model, shown in
. First of all, hypothesis 1 is partially supported because sub-hypothesis 1-1 and 1-2 are supported, whereas sub-hypothesis 1-3, 1-4, and 1-5 are rejected. Specifically, it reveals that warmth and sophistication dimensions in e-store personality have positive influence on e-store identification, however, activity, progressiveness, and strictness does not have any significant relationship on e-store identification. Secondly, hypothesis 2 was supported. Therefore, it can be said that e-store identification has a positive impact on e-store trust. Thirdly, hypothesis 3 is also supported. Hence, there is a positive relationship between e-store identification and e-store engagement. Fourthly, hypothesis 4 is supported too. e-store identification has a positive influence on e-store loyalty. Fifthly, hypothesis 5 is also accepted. This indicates that e-store trust is a precedent variable which positively affects e-store loyalty. Lastly, it reveals that e-store engagement has a positive impact on e-store loyalty. Therefore, hypothesis 6 is supported. The findings of the study imply that some dimensions of e-store personality have a positive influence on e-store identification, and that e-store identification has direct and indirect influence on e-store loyalty through e-store trust and e-store engagement positively. These results also suggest that the e-store identification in e-store personality is a precedent variable which positively affects e-store loyalty directly and indirectly through e-store trust and engagement as a mediating variable. Therefore, e-store marketers need to implement website strategy based on e-store personality, e-store identification, e-store trust, and e-store engagement to meet customers' psychological needs and enhance e-store loyalty. Finally, the limitations and future study directions based on this study are discussed.
Park, In Won;Koh, Hyung Ki;Kang, Yoon Jung;Choi, Jae Sun;Yoo, Jee Hoon;Shin, Jong Wook;Lim, Seong-Yong;Choi, Byoung Whui;Seo, Seung Cheon;Na, Moon Jun;Hue, Sung Ho
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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v.44
no.1
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pp.154-161
/
1997
Background : Although the long term adverse effects of cigarette smoking on health are well known, the acute possible detrimental effects of smoking on pulmonary or cardiovascular function, especially when these systems are stressed by the metabolic demands of exercise, have not been well studied The purpose of this study is to determine the acute action of cigarette smoking on cardiopulmonary function under stress. Method : Twenty -one healthy smoking subjects were studied. Before exrecise testing, history taking, physical examination and baseline studies, including CBC, chest PA, PFT and EKG, were done. The subjects performed an incremental bicycle exercise test to exhaustion on two occasions, one without smoking and the other after smoking 5 cigarettes/h for 2 hours. All indices of P.F.T. and bicycle ergometry were compared between before and after smoking. Results : 1. $VO_2$max and $O_2$ pulse showed significant decrease in smoking day. 2. Although there were no significant differences, anaerobic threshold showed a tendency of decrease and HRmax showed that of increase in smoking day. 3. P.F.T. and respiratory indices showed no significant change io smoking day. Conclusion : Cigarette smoking has immediate adverse effect, especially on the cardiovascular system rather than the respiratory system. These results would be due to the effect of elevated HbCO and/or impaired blood flow in response to the exercise stimulus.
During the two-years(1979 to 1980) fertilization trial on 4-year-old chestnut tree plantations, total insolation was diminished in 1980 because of unseasonable weather. In every fertilization treatment plot, especially in the NPK-fertilized plot with magnesium, growth of trees and yield of chestnuts have been increased significantly. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The growth in the NPK-fertilized plot with boron and magnesium was 20 percent higher than in plots fertilized with NPK alone. 2) Although there was some frost damage to trees on November 14, 1979, the 1979 weather was otherwise normal and daily insolation averaged 7 hours from June through september, The 1979 fertilization indices for chesnut yield were 167 for NPK with boron and 207 for NPK with magnesium, as compared with the base index of 100 for NPK alone. 3) In 1980, the second year of the fertilization trial, unseasonable weather decreased the average daily insolation from June through September to 3.8 hours. Under such conditions, the fertilization indices for chestnut yield were 620 for NPK with boron and 741 for NPK with magnesium, and Boron, as compared to the base index of 100 for NPK alone; i.e. the yields of plots treated with NPK and magnesium were 21 percent higher than for plots with NPK and boron and 7 times the yields for plots with NPK alone, But in the trial plot of NPK, yield of chestnut in 1980 decreased compared with 1979, 4) All test plots had natural magnesium levels lower than 0.8me/100gr., and the treatments with NPK and magnesium would have been less apparent on soils with higher magnesium level. The spectacular effects of treatment with NPK and magnesium during periods of low insolation may result from increased chlorophyll production and corresponding increases in active carbon assimilation, which should play an important role in carbohydrate formation.
Kim, Hee Jin;Oh, Soo Yeon;Lee, Jin Bum;Park, Yun Sung;Lew, Woo Jin
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
/
v.65
no.4
/
pp.269-276
/
2008
Background: Although the prevalence of tuberculosis infections (PTBI) is one of the basic epidemiologic indices, no survey has been carried out since 1995 because the nation-wide tuberculosis prevalence survey was changed to a surveillance system. Subjects without a BCG scar are examined in a tuberculin survey. However, it is very difficult to select these subjects under high vaccination coverage. It is important to evaluate the impact of BCG vaccinations on the tuberculin response and estimate the PTBI regardless of the BCG vaccination status. Methods: A nation-wide, school-based cross-sectional tuberculin survey was carried out among first graders in elementary school in 2006. A total of 5,148 children in 40 schools were selected by quota sampling. Tuberculin testing with 0.1 ml of two tuberculin units of PPD RT23 was carried out on 4,018 children. The maximum transverse diameter of induration was measured 48 to 72 hours later. The presence of a BCG scar was checked separately. Results: There were no BCG scars in 6.3% of the subjects. The mean induration size of tuberculin testing was $3.7{\pm}4.4mm$, which included 1,882 (46.8%) subjects with an induration size of 0 mm. The PTBI was 10.9% (439 subjects) using a cut-off point of ${\geq}10mm$ (conventional method). The annual risk of tuberculosis infections (ARTI) was 1.9% when the mean age of the subjects was assumed to be 6 years. There was no difference in the PTBI according to the presence or absence of a BCG scar [11.2% vs 7.6% (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 0.98~2.43)]. Using a mirror image technique with 16 mm as the cut-off point, the PTBI and ARTI had decreased to 2.4% and 0.4% respectively. Conclusion: PTBI and ARTI, as estimated by conventional methods, appear to be high among BCG vaccinated children. A mirror image technique is more suitable for estimating the indices in a country with an intermediate burden of tuberculosis than the conventional method.
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