• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

Objectives: Personal exposure to air pollution is affected by contact over time and by location. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between personal exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ and the time-activity patterns of the elderly in urban and rural areas. Methods: A total of 44 elderly participants were recruited for a 24-hour $PM_{2.5}$ personal exposure measurement. Twenty-four were from Seoul (urban area) and 20 were from Asan (rural area). Energy expenditure and spatiotemporal positioning were monitored through $PM_{2.5}$ measurement. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between $PM_{2.5}$ and time-activity pattern. Results: Daily average $PM_{2.5}$ personal exposures were $19.1{\pm}9.7{\mu}g/m^3$ in Seoul and $29.1{\pm}16.9{\mu}g/m^3$ in Asan. Although outdoor exposure was higher in Seoul than in Asan, residential indoor exposure was higher in Asan than in Seoul. Higher $PM_{2.5}$ personal exposure in Asan could be explained by longer time in residential indoor environments and higher indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations. Seoul elderly had higher energy expenditure, which may be due to the use of mass transportation. Conclusion: Personal exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ was higher among Asan elderly than Seoul elderly because of high residential indoor concentrations and longer residential time. Lack of energy spent and higher personal exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ might have led to higher risk among the Asan elderly.

• 한국고분자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국고분자학회 2006년도 IUPAC International Symposium on Advanced Polymers for Emerging Technologies
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• pp.184-184
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• 2006

We have succeeded in the preparation of high molecular weight polybenzimidazoles by solution polycondensation of 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride with isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, or with their derivatives using polyphosphoric acid both as solvent and as condensing agent. Also, we modified phosphoric acid into fluoroalkyl-phosphonic acids[F-PA]. The main reasons are as follows, first of all F-PAs are stronger acids than PA and alkylphosphonic acids which should promote proton hopping and transport. In addition, F-PA has weaker adsorption onto Pt which help to prevent electrocatalyst poisoning and promote higher oxygen reduction activity. The ionic conductivity of 85%-H3PO4 doped membranes show $10^{-2}\;Scm^{-1}\;to\;3{\times}10^{-2}\;Scm^{-1}\;at\;150^{\circ}C$ MEA with 2 %-added electrolyte shows slightly higher cell voltage than the others.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.425-450
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• 2016

Purpose: This study can provide a strategic advantage for the marketing information of CRM of apartment provider microscopically. It is also expected to contribute to policy for public housing supply in the macro. Methods: This study is contained theoretical research on CRM & Residential Satisfaction & the brand of Apartments with the search for prior literature. Establish a research model to derive a hypothesis. It performs measurements aimed at an apartment tenant. After the test the hypothesis proposes a conclusion. Results: CRM activity of the housing construction companies is confirmed that a significant positive influence on residential satisfaction and brand value. Conclusion: Housing construction companies through improved residential satisfaction have on the growth strategy that takes the brand value in regardless of environmental factors. it is necessary to focus on CRM activities.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.129-157
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• 2010

본 연구는 최종에너지 가정부문의 에너지 효율 개선 여부를 검토하는 실증분석이다. 타부문과 달리 가정부문의 최종에너지는 그 완만한 증가 추세를 보이고 있으나, 에너지 효율 정책을 평가하는 주요 잣대의 하나이므로 효율분석의 대상으로 하였다. 자료는 1990년부터 2006년까지의 연간자료를 이용하였으며, 분석 방법으로는 요인분해 방법 중 가장 광범위하게 사용하고 있는 LMDI 방법을 사용하였다. 기온효과를 제거한 후 실증분석 결과를 살펴보면, 동 기간 중 가정부문 에너지 효율은 연간 1%씩 개선효과를 보이고 있다. 용도별로는 전기기기의 에너지 원단위는 오히려 악화된 것으로 나타나고 있다. 가정부문 전체의 에너지 효율의 개선은 유사한 기간을 대상으로 선진국들의 자료와 비교하여 볼 때, 효율 개선의 방향과 크기가 유사함을 확인할 수 있다. 시기별로 나누어 볼 때, 1990년대에 에너지 효율 개선이 뚜렷이 나타났으나, 2000년대는 그 효율의 개선이 크지 않은 것으로 결과가 나타났다. 이는 가정부문에서 에너지 사용에 대한 행태의 변화에 그 원인이 있는 것으로 보인다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental factors relating to children's outdoor play and to assess how the residential neighborhood is suitable for play in the perception of parents. Based on a citywide survey of 500 parents of elementary school students in grades 1-4 in Seoul, this empirical study shows that children's outdoor play environments in residential neighborhoods of Seoul have been observed to be overall unsuitable for play activity. Three physical environmental factors (spatial availability, neighborhood attractiveness, and street difficulties) and three social environmental factors (fear of crime, social interactions, and psychological comfort) are related to children's play activity. Five factors, with the exception of the psychological comfort factor, impact the suitability of children's outdoor play environment. Specifically, it is the physical environment, rather than the social environment, that was deemed unsuitable in spite of its impacts. These findings help us understand the current conditions of neighborhood play environments associated with children's play activity. It is necessary to improve parents' perceptions of the play environment and children's play activities by improving the physical environment.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

본 연구는 공간 특성이 서로 다른 주거공간과 사무공간의 조명환경 평가구조에 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 파악하고, 분위기항목과 행위항목과의 관계를 정립하는데 목적을 두고 먼저 조명환경에 대한 평가항목으로써 20개의 분위기항목과 15개의 행위항목을 선정하였다. 그리고 SD법에 의한 주관평가실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 공간의 특성이 달라도 조명환경의 분위기평가는 <활동성>, <안정감>, <고급감>의 3인자로 설명이 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 행위 인자에 있어서는 주거공간의 경우 <작업행위>,<휴식행위>,<오락행위>의 3인자가 추출되었고, 사무공간의 경우 <작업행위>, <비작업행위>의 2인자가 추출되었다. 주거공간에서의 3가지 행위인자를 설명하는데 있어서 가장 커다란 영향을 미치는 분위기인자는 <활동성>인자로 나타났으며, 사무공간의 경우, <작업행위>는 <활동성>인자가, <비작업행위>는 <고급감>인자가 가장 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2011

Residential space has come to maintain a degree of specialization dependent upon the division of space according to function, while roles and functions have either expanded or ceased to exist corresponding to shifts in social values. However, various human behaviors connected to lifestyle habits and values are in fact becoming obsolete. This research will examine the mental, social, and functional aspects of the relationship between residential work spaces in modern homes and the sarangche as well as the communal space of daily and social life of the Chosun Dynasty to enhance the value and function of traditional residential space. As the boundary between family and work blurs with the home office environment of today, we are experiencing a deterioration of health and seeing problems in securing family domain as well as the prolonging of overwork. While the function of the traditional sarangchae encompassed a wider variety of activities than today's homes, the sarangchae achieved an efficient use of space divisions between rooms according to the particular purpose and situation. Accordingly, a reinterpretation of modern residential work space is needed through its connection to the sarangchae with consideration to the philosophy and values of the life of the noble class and the habits of our traditional lifestyle that have previously taken place within the sarangchae in an exterior space.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1005-1013
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• 2006

A survey and auditory experiment on multiple residential noises such as floor impact, airborne, bathroom, drainage and traffic noises were conducted to develop a combined rating system and to establish criteria for multiple residential noises. Subjective reactions such as annoyance, activity disturbance, sleep disturbance, and satisfaction to overall noise environment and each residential noise were recorded. The effect of individual noise perception on the evaluation of the overall noise environment was also investigated. The survey results showed that satisfaction for floor impact noise most greatly affects the overall satisfaction for overall noise environment and annoyance most greatly affects the satisfaction for individual noise sources. Auditory experiments were undertaken to determine the percent satisfaction for individual noise levels. Result of auditory experiment showed that the noise level corresponding to 40 % satisfaction is 49 dB $(L_{i,Fmax,AW})$ for floor impact and is about 40 dB(A) for airborne, drainage and traffic noise. From the results of the survey and the auditory experiments, an equation for predicting the overall satisfaction for multiple noises was developed and a classification of multiple residential noises was proposed.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2004

The environment pollution is very important problem. Even at the field of architecture, a study about method of saving energy and constructing environment friendly building will have performed with activity. But trends of Korea housing market are changed that the height of building become more higher and the level of comfort going up. Therefore, these requirements force to increase the energy usage for indoor environmental controls. Thus, the purpose of this study is to reduce the heating and cooling energy requirements of High-rise Residential Buildings by the analysis of Energy Performance. From now on, we search improvement plan for the most efficient Energy Saving at present High-rise Residential Buildings.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

This study aims to provide basic data for designing aged care residential facilities in Korea, based on the investigation and analysis of the aged care residential services and their communal living areas in Australia focusing on their types, scales, arrangement and the specific design of each compartment. -. A residential building with 10 beds is composed of private zones and communal ones, and their space arrangement depends on how to arrange bedrooms where residents mainly stay. -. A lounge, 26.7 m$^2$ of its average scale, is a main space for daily lives and an important place for making friends with neighboring residents. -. A dining hall is an important area for activity as well as a space for dining. The average scales of dining room, kitchen, and whole space are 42.7 m$^2$, 28 m$^2$, and 70.8 m$^2$ respectively, and those for person are 2.7 m$^2$: 1.7 m$^2$:4.4 m$^2$, although the scales depend on facilities. -. An activity room is used for promoting the social relationship between residents and visitors. Three of the investigated facilities have big rooms of 42 m$^2$, 39 m$^2$ and 51 m$^2$. -. If there is no lavatory in a bedroom, 2-6 bathrooms for residents are arranged near bedrooms and they are relatively big including shower baths. If there is a lavatory in a bedroom, 1 toilet for visitors is arranged in a communal living area and its scale is small.