• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2008

The effect of obesity on the drug-metabolizing enzymes remains an important issue for clinician since obesity is a world wide epidemic problem. However, little is known about the effects of obesity on flavincontaining monooxygenase (FMO) production and activity. We show here for the first time that in vivo FMO activity determined by urinary ranitidine (RA) metabolites ratio in human, was higher in subjects with a high body mass index (BMI, kg/$m^2$, 21.97-30.32) than in those with an intermediate BMI (range 19.38-21.83). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between FMO activity and BMI in 209 subjects. In high fat diet-induced obese mice, we also observed that the hepatic expression of FMO (225% of lean mice) and the activity measured by the RA Noxidation rate ($513{\pm}58.1$ vs. $349{\pm}66.0$ pmol/hr per mg protein) were significantly higher than in lean mice fed a control diet. Unknown factors rather than leptin or insulin appeared to regulate the hepatic FMO production. Thus, FMO activity may be increased in obese or overweight individuals. Moreover, the regulation of FMO activity in subjects with morbid obesity, with or without complications and its clinical implications, should be investigated further.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.752-762
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• 2010

Objective : In the present study, we investigated genetic distribution of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms of PON1 between Dampness and Phlegm and non Dampness and Phlegm pattern identification(PI) among Korean stroke patients. Materials and Methods : One hundred forty stroke subject without Dampness and Phlegm and fifty eight stroke subjects with Dampness and Phlegm were participated in this study. After informed consents, eight single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in PON1 of each subjects were identified by DNA sequencing and primer extension method and statistical analysis was performed to determine the significant difference between Dampness and Phlegm and non Dampness and Phlegm groups. Results : Among anthropometric characteristics and blood parameters, waist circumference and total cholesterol were significantly higher in Dampness and Phlegm. Among 8 SNPs of PON1, frequency of M allele and subjects with M allele in L55M SNP were significantly higher in Dampness and Phlegm group (p=0.0032 and p=0.0053, respectively) but subjects with T allele in C-2033T SNP were lower in Dampness and Phlegm group(p=0.0302). Effect of L55M and C-2033T on Dampness and Phlegm were 3.07% and 1.75%, respectively. Conclusion : Our results suggest that L55M SNP in exon and C-2033T in promoter region of PON1 maybe affect to Dampness and Phlegm pattern identification. However, further study should be carried out to find out the detailed mechanism how L55M and C-2033T can affect Dampness and Phlegm stroke patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.22 no.3 s.57
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• pp.379-408
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to investigate the research trends of library and information science in Korea by means of the subject analysis of the Korean journal articles published during the last sixty years and by means of the ciation analysis of the literatures cited in the journal articles. The results of this study are as follows. First, the subjects of the journal articles are difference from the articles by publication period. The core subjects of the research have been changed over the years. Second, the subjects of library and information science literatures in foreign languages cited in the journal articles are difference from the literatures by citation period and by literature age. Third, the subjects of other disciplinary literatures in foreign langauges cited in the journal articles is difference from the literatures by citation period and by literature age. Fourth, although the half-life of library and information science literatures cited in the journal articles is difference from the literatures by subject, the half-life of the literatures of this discipline is 10-year.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.788-794
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• 2015

This study examines changes in walking ability among patients with stroke after applying dual-task training under the condition of visual control and unstable supporting ground; the purpose is to provide reference data for selecting intervention methods that enhance the walking ability of patients with stroke. Among the patients with stroke who received rehabilitation treatment(at Rehabilitation Hospital B in Gyeonggi, South Korea from May 2014 to July 2014), 29 patients were selected as research subjects; all of them understood the purpose and contents of this research and agreed to participate in the experiment. The research subjects were divided into a visual control and unstable supporting ground dual-task(VUDT) group(10 patients), a visual control dual-task(VDT) group(10 patients), and an unstable supporting ground dual-task(UDT) group(9 patients); all of the subjects received 30-minute trainings, three times a week for a total of four weeks. A Timed-Up-and-Go(TUG) test was performed to investigate the change of walking function among the subjects, and a 10m walking test was conducted to measure their walking speed. According to the study results, all three groups showed significant differences after dual-task training; the dual-task training group under the condition of visual control and unstable supporting ground showed the most prominent change. This study confirmed that dual-task training using visual control and unstable supporting ground has a positive impact on the walking ability of patients with stroke. Through the study results, we found that implementing dual-task training under the condition of visual control and unstable supporting ground can more effectively improve the walking ability of patients with stroke, rather than performing visual control dual-task training or unstable supporting ground dual-task training only.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of visual block (eyes open or closed), mental task type, and participation in an exercise program on static balance in the elderly. The subjects were 34 elderly (>65 years old) residents of a social welfare institute in Gyeonggi-do. We measured the following variables. Berg balance scale, mini mental state examination, balance performance monitor (sway area, path, and maximal sway velocity), age, weight, height and whether the subject participated in an exercise program. Scores for the Berg balance scale and mini mental state examination were evaluated to assess static balance ability either alone (single task paradigm) or while performing a mental task (dual task paradigm). Static balance variables that were measured included sway area, path, and maximal sway velocity. Each test was repeated three times. Multiple regressions analysis was used to examine the effect of each variable on static balance ability. For the dual task paradigm, static balance was affected by whether the subject participated in an exercise program. The Berg balance scale score for subjects with their eyes open was affected by whether they participated in an exercise program, while this variable in addition to the height and weight of subjects were determining variables in subjects with their eyes closed. As a result, whether subjects participated in an exercise program affected their static balance irrespective of whether their eyes open or closed. Therefore, regular exercise is recommended for elderly people and further research is needed to examine the relationship between static and dynamic balance while performing mental tasks such as cognition and attention.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1327-1330
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• 2015

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common cancer in the oral area. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and especially MMP-2 and MMP-9 are increased in malignancy and lymph node involvement in oral SCCs. We aimed to evaluate the serum levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with oral SCC compared to normal subjects and their relation with clinicopathological findings. Materials and Methods: In this case control study, 20 patients with oral SCC and 20 healthy subjects were included and serum levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were compared between groups. Also, the correlation between these markers with clinicopathological findings including grade (T) and node (N) were evaluated. Results: Patients with oral SCC had significantly higher serum levels of MMP-2 (p=0.01) and MMP-9 (p<0.001) compared to healthy subjects. With increase in grade T, MMP-2 was significantly increased (p=0.001), but in the MMP-9 case this was not significant (p=0.27). The levels of MMP-2 (p=0.002) and MMP-9 (p=0.01) in cases with lymph node involvement and that of MMP-2 in subjects with smoking history (p=0.001) were significantly high. There was significantly positive correlation between MMP-2 with grade T tumor (r=0.598, p=0.005), lymph node involvement (r=0.737, p<0.001) and smoking (r=0.674, p=0.001) and also between MMP-9 and lymph node involvement (r=0.474, p=0.03). Conclusions: Both markers are significantly increased in oral SCC compared to healthy subjects. However, MMP-2 was better for evaluating lymph node involvement and tumor grade.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.78-90
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• 1999

This study investigated the high school students' and science teachers' understanding of idealization involved in the physics experiment. Major research questions are as follows: (1) what kind of ideal conditions do subjects identify from the presented experimental context? (2) do subjects think how well ideal conditions are satisfied with the experiment? (3) how well do subjects expect the effect of idealization on the experimental result? (3) what kind of view point do science teachers have about the ideal condition involved in the experiment? A total of 85 subjects were given 6 questions related with the research questions I. 2. and 3. with simple experiment about the brightness of the bulbs connected with parallel to the battery. And another 4 questions for the forth research question were given to 42 science teachers. Subjects' responses were summarized and used to draw the implications for the teaching of physics experiment.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2002

Objectives : To evaluate the DNA damage by hair dyeing in human lymphocytes Methods : Comet assays were carried out to evaluate the DNA damage in lymphocytes by hair dyeing. Twenty subjects were selected from women volunteers whose age ranged from 55 to 67 year old. All subjects had no smoking history. Blood samples were collected before and 6 hours after hair dyeing. DNA damage was evaluated by means of the tail moments, which were quantified by a KOMET 4.0 image analysis system. Results : The tail moments before hair dyeing showed no significant differences among subjects except for the high frequency group. The mean values of the tail moments in subjects with low and high frequencies of hair dyeing were 1.39 and 1.77, respectively (p<0.05). The tail moments after hair dyeing increased significantly, The mean values of tail moments in subjects before and after hair dyeing were 1.45 and 1.79, respectively (p<0.01). However, the difference levels of DNA damage in lymphocytes before and after hair dyeing were found to be slightly lower in both the dietary supplement taking group and high frequency group. Conclusions : The high frequency group appears to have a higher level of DNA damage than the low frequency group before hair dyeing. DNA damage in lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher in the volunteers after hair dyeing. In this study, the related factors such as high frequency and taking dietary supplements appeard to reduce DNA damage in lymphocytes after hair dyeing.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.523-529
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Commensality, eating together with others, is a major representation of human sociality. In recent time, environments around commensality have changed significantly due to rapid social changes, and the decline of commensality is perceived as a serious concern in many modern societies. This study employs a cross-cultural analysis of university students in two East Asian countries, and examines cross-cultural variations of perceptions and actual practices of commensality and solo-eating. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The analysis was drawn from a free-list survey and a self-administrative questionnaires of university students in urban Korea and Japan. The free-listing survey was conducted with a small cohort to explore common images and meanings of commensality and solo-eating. The self-administrative questionnaire was developed based on the result of the free-list survey, and conducted with a larger cohort to examine reasons and problems of practices and associated behaviors and food intake. RESULTS: We found that Korean subjects tended to show stronger associations between solo-eating and negative emotions while the Japanese subjects expressed mixed emotions towards the practice of solo-eating. In the questionnaire, more Korean students reported they prefer commensality and tend to eat more quantities when they eat commensally. In contrast, more Japanese reported that they do not have preference on commensality and there is no notable difference in food quantities when they eat commensally and alone. Compared to the general Korean cohort finding, more proportion of overweight and obese groups of Korean subjects reported that they tend to eat more when they are alone than normal and underweight groups. This difference was not found in the overweight Japanese subjects. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed cross-cultural variations of perceptions and practices of commensality and solo-eating in a non-western setting.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.1192-1204
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• 2013

This study aims to analyze the trend of study related to infant multicultural education, targeting the theses carried on Korean journals articles KCI journal and preliminary KCI journal from 2001 to 2012, and to provide analysis results as the basic data for execution of multicultural education. To achieve such goal of study, I analyzed the study trend of infant multicultural education studies carried in Korean journals per year, research subjects, research objects and research methods. As a result of this study, first, the number of studies related to infant multicultural education carried in Korean journals articles from 2001 to 2012 was a total of 190 pieces; for year, 27 pieces in 2008, 23 pieces in 2009, 40 pieces in 2010, 46 pieces in 2011 and 36 pieces in 2012, totaling 172 pieces corresponding to 90.5% of the entire thesis. This means that the number of study thesis began to increase substantially from 2008, meaning increased necessity of multicultural education in the field of child education. Second, as a result of analyzing the study trend per research subjects, research subjects was found in the order of 'beliefs recognition attitudes efficacy'(60 pieces), 'child development and adaptation'(48 pieces), 'programs and scale development'(28 pieces). Third, as a result of analyzing the study trend per objects of research, research objects was found in the order of 'teacher'(75 pieces), 'child'(67 pieces), 'literature'(43 pieces). And lastly, as a result of analyzing the study trend per research methods, research methods was found in the order of 'quantitative research'(112 pieces), 'literature research'(57 pieces), 'qualitative research'(31 pieces).