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Trends of turfgrass withering and dying on the base of trees in golf courses (골프코스내 수목 근부 지역의 잔디고사 경향)

  • Kim Ho-Jun;Jang Duk-Hwan;Lee Tea-Wu;Kim Gun-Wu
    • Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.27-38
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    • 2005
  • This study was conducted to find out withering and dying trends of turfgrasses on the base of tree, and to investigated how much area of turfgrasses withering and dying were progressed on angle of inclination at golf course. Turfgrasses withering and dying on base of trees on slope was extended more to the down-solpe direction than to the up-solpe direction. This trend was common in all experiment plot. Turfgrasses on the base of trees were withered and dead by competing with tree root fur nutrients and moisture in soil. But the trend of the withering and dying in some experiment plots occurred by soil erosion following turfgrass withering and dying occurring on upside ridge. This trend was generally appeared in region of tree community at upside ridge. The form of turfgrass withering and dying on the base of tree in some experiment plots was similar to that of the tree crown. This withering and dying from occurred at the $11^{th}$ experiment plot in Ji San Golf Course and the $6^{th}$ experiment plot in East valley Golf Course.

A Comparative Study on Communication of Agricultural Innovation (농업 기술 전파 커뮤니케이션에 관한 비교 연구)

  • Kim, Sung-Soo
    • Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.121-136
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    • 2000
  • This study reports on a comparison between the Korean diffusion of agricultural innovation or extension service and the cooperative extension service in the United States of America. It focuses on relevant differences between the two systems and provides recommendation for improvement of the Korean system to insure success in important areas related to the diffusion of agricultural innovations. After a comparative study on diffusion of innovations it is clear that: in order to have a productive agriculture that makes effective and efficient use of natural resources and helps achieve sustainability goals, a mechanism that delivers knowledge to agricultural communities must be established and maintained. This mechanism is clearly an agricultural extension service that is cooperatively funded by federal, state and local governments and that insures participation of constituents in the process of establishing priorities and evaluating achievements. The success of US agriculture, the most productive in the world, is to a large degree to the Cooperative Extension Service. Based on the results of this study and the differences of the United States and Korea, the following recommendations should be emphasized for more effective communication for agricultural innovation and rural development in Korea: 1) In order to insure that extension educators are high caliber professional individuals, it is important to establish a system that nationally recognizes these individuals as such, and that provides a professional development path. 2) The results of the decision of transfer of extension educators to local governments has not yielded positive outcomes, especially in terms of professional status. It is clearly demonstrable that valuable professionals are leaving the service, that local governments do not have the will and resources to implement a successful extension program. 3) Because of the critical importance of diffusing innovations to agricultural producers in order to insure and quality and steady food supply, it is of critical importance that these issues be addressed before the extension service is further deteriorated. Given the cement situation, it is clear that the extension service should become nationally supported again in cooperation with local and state governments and that extension professionals be given appropriate rank at the national level, commesurate with their peers in research and teaching. 4) The common current committee practice of lengthy reporting and short discussion needs to be changed to one that results in char, brief and substantive action oriented goals. Joint participation by researchers, extension educators and farmers should be encouraged in planning, implementation and evaluation of communication for agricultural innovations. Roles and functions of committees for institutional cooperation, and or agricultural extension committees should be enlarged. 5) Extension educators should be encouraged to adopt new communication technologies to improve their diffusion of innovations methods. Agricultural institutions and organizations should be encouraged to adopt farmer-first and or client-oriented approach in agricultural extension and diffusion of agricultural technologies. The number, complexity and rapid change of information in agricultural extension require the development of a computer based information and report system to support agricultural extension. 6) To facilitate and expand the further development of communication for agricultural innovation and rural development, agricultural communication programs in universities especially in colleges of agriculture and life sciences. 7) To strengthening the sense of national and social responsibility communication for agricultural innovation and rural development among students in agricultural colleges and universities through participation in learning activities by proactive recruitment. 8) To establish and reinforce a policy that insures participation in communication for agricultural innovation and regal development activities. 9) To improve further development of communication for agricultural innovation and rural development in Korea, more research activities should be encouraged.

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The Analysis of Activities and Satisfaction of Volunteers for Hospice Care (호스피스 자원봉사자의 활동 및 만족도 분석)

  • Kim, Boon-Han;Jung, Yun;Park, Kyung-Bok
    • Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.163-171
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    • 2002
  • Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze activities and satisfaction of volunteers for hospice care. Methods : We used 271 reports of hospice care and 20 questionnaire of activities and satisfaction of volunteers for hospice care from volunteers of in a community. Window SPSS-PC was used for the data analysis and the statistical method used were the descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results : 1) The highest score of activity was emotional area and the next activities was physical area. 2) The degree of emotional area (t=4.94, P<.05) and spiritual area (t=3.80, P<.05) was influence by religion of volunteers. 3) The mean score of satisfaction was 3.61. 4) There was correlation between duration of activity and death experience (r=.558, P<.05), emotional care (r=.698, P<.01), spiritual care (r=.474, P<.05), satisfaction (r=.651, P<.01), and the between physical care and family care (r=.559, P<.05), and the between spiritual cue and family care (r=.512, P<.05), and between emotional care and satisfaction (r=.536, P<.05). Conclution : The above result indicated that we must develope the management and education of volunteer of hospice care for various hospice care. Also, We should to encouraged the continuous education and efficient management.

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A Qualitative Study on Facilitating Factors of User-Created Contents: Based on Theories of Folklore (사용자 제작 콘텐츠의 활성화 요인에 대한 정성적 연구: 구비문학 이론을 중심으로)

  • Jung, Seung-Ki;Lee, Ki-Ho;Lee, In-Seong;Kim, Jin-Woo
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.43-72
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    • 2009
  • Recently, user-created content (UCC) have emerged as popular medium of on-line participation among users. The Internet environment has been constantly evolving, attracting active participation and information sharing among common users. This tendency is a significant deviation from the earlier Internet use as an one-way information channel through which users passively received information or contents from contents providers. Thanks to UCCs online users can now more freely generate and exchange contents; therefore, identifying the critical factors that affect content-generating activities has increasingly become an important issue. This paper proposes a set of critical factors for stimulating contents generation and sharing activities by Internet users. These factors were derived from the theories of folklores such as tales and songs. Based on some shared traits of folklores and UCC content, we found four critical elements which should be heeded in constructing UCC contents, which are: context of culture, context of situation, skill of generator, and response of audience. In addition, we selected three major UCC websites: a specialized contents portal, a general internet portal, and an official contents service site, They have different use environments, user interfaces, and service policies, To identify critical factors for generating, sharing and transferring UCC, we traced user activities, interactions and flows of content in the three UCC websites. Moreover, we conducted extensive interviews with users and operators as well as policy makers in each site. Based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data, this research identifies nine critical factors that facilitate contents generation and sharing activities among users. In the context of culture, we suggest voluntary community norms, proactive use of copyrights, strong user relationships, and a fair monetary reward system as critical elements in facilitating the process of contents generation and sharing activities. Norms which were established by users themselves regulate user behavior and influence content format. Strong relationships of users stimulate content generation activities by enhancing collaborative content generation. Particularly, users generate contents through collaboration with others, based on their enhanced relationship and specialized skills. They send and receive contents by leaving messages on website or blogs, using instant messenger or SMS. It is an interesting and important phenomenon, because the quality of contents can be constantly improved and revised, depending on the specialized abilities of those engaged in a particular content. In this process, the reward system is an essential driving factor. Yet, monetary reward should be considered only after some fair criterion is established. In terms of the context of the situation, the quality of contents uploading system was proposed to have strong influence on the content generating activities. Among other influential factors on contents generation activities are generators' specialized skills and involvement of the users were proposed. In addition, the audience response, especially effective development of shared interests as well as feedback, was suggested to have significant influence on contents generation activities. Content generators usually reflect the shared interest of others. Shared interest is a distinct characteristic of UCC and observed in all the three websites, in which common interest is formed by the "threads" embedded with content. Through such threads of information and contents users discuss and share ideas while continuously extending and updating shared contents in the process. Evidently, UCC is a new paradigm representing the next generation of the Internet. In order to fully utilize this innovative paradigm, we need to understand how users take advantage of this medium in generating contents, and what affects their content generation activities. Based on these findings, UCC service providers should design their websites as common playground where users freely interact and share their common interests. As such this paper makes an important first step to gaining better understand about this new communication paradigm created by UCC.

The Development and Significance of Physic Gardens in the Late Goryeo and Early Joseon Dynasties (여말선초 약초원의 형성 과정과 조경사적 의미 고찰)

  • Kim, Jung-Hwa
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.45 no.5
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    • pp.60-70
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    • 2017
  • This study traces the development of physic gardens in Korea and explores their significance in the history of landscape architecture. For this purpose, records related to physic gardens from medical sources from the period of the Three States to the Joseon dynasty, when herbal medicine was systematized as a field, were searched. Physic gardens had been developed by the time of the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties, in the 13th and the 15th centuries. Yakpo(kitchen gardens for medicinal herbs) were cultivated by a group of new high-level officials in the late Goryeo dynasty, when an increasing interest in hyangyak(native herbs) emerged under the influence of the Neo-Confucian perspective on nature, which emphasized locality. The sources analyzed in this study confirm that physic gardens called jong-yakjeon(royal medicinal herb gardens) were in operation in the early Joseon dynasty when policies to investigate, discover, cultivate, and research native herbs were put into place. It is likely that the jong-yakjeon were established at the beginning of the Joseon dynasty as subsidiary facilities under its central medical institutions, the Naeuiwon and Hyeminseo, and then declined in the late Joseon dynasty. Jong-yakjeon can be confirmed to have existed in the mid-15th century. Physic gardens were located in several places outside the Fortress Wall of Hanyang, such as Yakhyeon, Yuldo, Yeoudo, and Saari. The total area encompassed by physic gardens was about 160,000 square meters in the early 18th century. In jong-yakjeon, dozens of medicinal herbs were cultivated, including Schizonepeta tenuifolia var. japonica, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, and these gardens were operated by physicians dispatched from the Naeuiwon and dozens of provincial slaves. In conclusion, the jong-yakjeon were similar to the physic gardens of Renaissance medical universities in that they reflected the interest in and development of theories about new herbs, and were similar to the physic gardens of medieval castles and monasteries in terms of species types, location, and function. This paper has limitations in that it does not present the specific spatial forms of the yakpo or the jong-yakjeon. Nevertheless, this paper is significant for the field of garden history because it shows that physic gardens in Korea appeared in the late Goryeo and early Joseon dynasties concomitantly with the development of medicine towards native herbs and functioned as utilitarian gardens to cultivate community remedies.

The distinct characteristics of phytoplankton growth response and their community structure following seven different nutrients addition in spring season of Jinhae Bay (춘계 진해만에서 농도 구배로 첨가한 영양염에 의한 식물플랑크톤 성장반응과 군집구조의 명확한 특징)

  • Son, Moonho;Baek, Seung Ho
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.16 no.10
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    • pp.6567-6574
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    • 2015
  • In order to estimate the characteristics of the growth and composition of phytoplankton according to the available nutrients, we added nitrate (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, $100{\mu}M$) and phosphate (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, $10{\mu}M$) to field samples in a eutrophic site (St. 1) and an oligotrophic site (St. 22) in 2010 as well as a eutrophic site (St. 1, 5), a mesotrophic site (St. 19), and an oligotrophic site (St. 22) in 2011 at Jinhae Bay, Korea. The phytoplankton growth in the areas with additional nitrates and phosphates on St. 1 were significantly different from the control (One-way ANOVA:P<0.01). The dominant species at St. 1 in 2010 were Heterocapsa triquetra and Pseudo-nitzchia spp., to which nitrate and phosphate were added, respectively. The dominant species at St. 22 in 2010 differed between treatment conditions as follows: nitrate treatment Chaetoceros spp. (${\leq}10{\mu}M$), Thalassiosira spp. ($20{\mu}M$), and Pseudo-nitzchia spp.(${\geq}50{\mu}M$) for nitrate treatment; Cylindrotheca spp. ($2{\mu}M$) and Pseudo-nitzchia spp. ($5{\mu}M$) for phosphate treatment. Phytoplankton growth in 2011 according to the added nutrient were significantly different with treatment concentrations (One-way ANOVA: P<0.01). Moreover, the beginning of exponential growth in phytoplanktons was different between the eutro-mesotrophic sites (St. 1, 5, and 19) and the oligotrophic sites (St. 22) on day 2 and day 6 respectively. This implies that phytoplankton growth in the low nutrient condition may be retarded. The dominant species at St. 1 were Eucampia spp. and Chaetoceros spp. in the low nutrient treatment compared to Skeletonema spp., and Thalassiosira spp in the high nutrient treatment. The dominant species at St. 5 and St. 19 were mostly Skeletonema spp. and Chaetoceros spp. However, the dominant species at St. 22 was Thalassiosira spp.. The results of this study showed that phytoplankton growth and composition were different in areas with different nutrient characteristics resulting from the additional nutrients. Therefore, the nutrients additional algal assay could be indirectly explained why the biomass and composition of phytoplankton in Jinhae Bay has shown spatial differences.

A Study on Soil Washing for Diesel-contaminated Soil by using Decomposition of NaOH/H$_2$O$_2$ (디젤유로 오염된 토양의 NaOH/H$_2$O$_2$ 분해를 이용한 토양세척에 관한 연구)

  • Hwang, Jong-Hyun;Choi, Won-Joon;Kim, Min-Chul;Jung, Jong-Hyeon;Ha, Soo-Ho;Oh, Kwang-Joong
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.30 no.10
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    • pp.999-1005
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    • 2008
  • The main reaction for soil washing with using sodium hydroxide(NaOH) and hydrogen peroxide(H$_2$O$_2$) was desorption and flotation of petrochemical contaminant by means of oxygen bubble. We found the rate of decomposition by rate constant according to various temperature. For the purpose of optimizing the operation factor, we examined the effect of concentration of NaOH and H$_2$O$_2$, washing time, and soil:water ratio. The rate of decomposition for H$_2$O$_2$ in liquid phase is the first order reaction by its concentration. The rate constant of k$_1$ was 0.9439 $\times$ exp(-1376.82/RT) when concentration of NaOH was lower than 0.1 M, and the rate constant of k$_2$ was 17.3588 $\times$ exp(-2320.06/RT) when it was higher than NaOH of 0.1 M. It found that NaOH was facilitated at the beyond of specific concentration. We confirmed the optimum concentration of NaOH/H$_2$O$_2$ by means of rate constants during soil washing. Also, the optimum conditions during soil washing were washing time of 15 min, soil : water ratio of 1 : 3, and NaOH/H$_2$O$_2$ concentration of 0.25 M/0.1 M.

Special Educators and Music Therapists' Recognition of Music Therapy in Special Education Class in Elementary School (초등학교 특수학급 음악치료에 대한 특수교사와 음악치료사의 인식 조사)

  • Kim, Jeong Ran
    • Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2006
  • It has been passed more than 50 years of the history of music therapy on school aged children since there had been enforced the 'Education for All Handicapped Children Ace' in United states 1975, which had made an important role of music therapist augmented. In the case of South Korea, through reforming the law on March 2005 that therapist educator has to be allocated on the special class in general school, at least, patrol teacher is charged on that, which made possible to start music therapy as initial stage was realized in realistic way on the spot of school. This research has primary concerns as following. The one thing is intended that figuring the opinions of special educators and music therapists involved with the music therapy in elementary school. And the other thing is intended that making a investigation of actual condition on the spot of existing school, moreover, pinpointing at issue and suggesting the change for the better than now. In order to undertake theses intentions, I examined preceding researches and existing data, distributed the questionnaire involved the music therapy of elementary school to the people who are composed of special educators-65 persons and music therapists-30 persons from 18th October to second of November, and analyzed collected by descriptive statistics. According to the analyzed results, it says that special educator and music therapist know well about the necessity of music therapy in elementary school and its effectiveness is manifested in positive way. Moreover, in order to systemize and promote a program of music therapy, what is most urgent thing is the completion of instrument and music therapy room and there are needed strong supports at the level of nation and institution. It has become pervasive on the demand of therapy education by parents in all of the places involved with disabled children such as special school, special class, local welfare community, and early education. This research shows that how therapy and education was connected as music therapy on the spot of the elementary school, and the necessity of the education of music therapy.

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Review of the Radiation Risk and Clinical Efficacy Associated with Computed Tomography Cancer Screening (암의 조기발견을 위한 CT촬영에서의 임상적 효능과 방사선위해에 대한 고찰)

  • Kim, Hyun Ja
    • Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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    • v.38 no.4
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    • pp.214-227
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    • 2013
  • Computed tomographic scan as a screening procedures in asymptomatic individuals has seen a steady increase with the introduction of multiple-raw detector CT scanners. This report provides a brief review of the current controversy surrounding CT cancer screening, with a focus on the radiation induced cancer risks and clinical efficacy. 1. A large study of patients at high risk of lung cancer(the National Lung Screening Trial[NLST]) showed that CT screening reduced cancer deaths by 20%(1.33% in those screened compared with 1.67% in those not screened). The rate of positive screening tests was 24.2% and 96.4% of the positive screening results in the low-dose CT group were false-positive. Radiation induced lung cancer risk was estimated the most important in screening population because ERR of radiation induced lung cancer does not show the decrease with increasing age and synergistic connection between smoking and radiation risk. Therefore, the radiation risk may be on the same order of magnitude as the benefit observed in the NLST. Optimal screening strategy remain uncertain, CT lung cancer screening is not yet ready for implementation. 2. Computed tomographic colonography is as good as colonoscopy for detecting colon cancer and is almost as good as colonoscopy for detecting advanced adenomas, but significantly less sensitive and specific for smaller lesions and disadvantageous for subsequent therapeutic optical colonoscopy if polyps are detected. The average effective dose from CT colonography was estimated 8-10 $mS{\nu}$, which could be a significant dose if administered routinely within the population over many years. CT colonography should a) achieve at least 90% sensitivity and specificity in the size category from 6 and 10 mm, b) offer non-cathartic bowl preparation and c) be optimized and standardized CT parameters if it is to be used for mass screening. 3. There is little evidence that demonstrates, for whole-body scanning, the benefit outweighs the detriment. This test found large portion of patient(86~90.8%) had at least one abnormal finding, whereas only 2% were estimated to have clinically significant disease. Annual scans from ages 45 to 75 years would accrue an estimated lifetime cancer mortality risk of 1.9%. There is no group within the medical community that recommends whole-body CT. No good studies indicate the accuracy of screening CT, at this time. The benefit/risk balance for any of the commonly suggested CT screening techniques has yet to be established. These areas need further research. Therefore wild screening should be avoided.

The Association between Types of Smoking and Periodontal Disease according to the Survey Year Using the Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (조사연도에 따른 흡연 유형과 치주질환의 관련성 분석: 제4기, 제5기 국민건강영양조사를 이용하여)

  • Kim, Myoung-Hee;Yoon, Mi-Sook;Lim, Youn-Hee;Lee, Sae-Rom;Kim, So-Yeon;Park, Seon-Ju;Shin, Sun-Jung
    • Journal of dental hygiene science
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.487-494
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    • 2017
  • There is little evidence on the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on prevalence of periodontal disease. The aims of this study were to explore the trends of prevalence of periodontal disease and types of exposure to smoke, including ETS according to the survey year, identify factors affecting periodontal disease, and compare the effect size of periodontal disease between active smokers and secondhand smokers. Data on 11,643 individuals were obtained from the fourth and fifth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. Information on exposure to ETS at home and work was self-reported. Severity of periodontal disease was evaluated using the community periodontal index. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to model periodontal disease using types of smoking and the survey year. Overall, the prevalence of periodontal disease was 26.0% (n=3,029) and about 9% of the study population were secondhand smokers. The prevalence of periodontal disease among smokers was significantly increased according to smoking types by year. Active smokers showed a statistically significant adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for having periodontal disease except in the year 2007, whereas secondhand smokers had significant associations only in 2010 (aOR, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.70) compared to non-smokers. For secondhand smokers, the statistical relationship of predicting periodontal disease was weaker than that of active smokers. However, ETS should separately be considered as an important risk factor for periodontal disease. This study suggested the need for further investigation of the impact of ETS on prevalence of periodontal disease using in-depth research designs and objective measurements for assessing periodontal disease and ETS.