Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.14407/jrp.2013.38.4.214

Review of the Radiation Risk and Clinical Efficacy Associated with Computed Tomography Cancer Screening  

Kim, Hyun Ja (Dept. of Radiologic Technology, Daejeon Health Sciences College)
Publication Information
Journal of Radiation Protection and Research / v.38, no.4, 2013 , pp. 214-227 More about this Journal
Abstract
Computed tomographic scan as a screening procedures in asymptomatic individuals has seen a steady increase with the introduction of multiple-raw detector CT scanners. This report provides a brief review of the current controversy surrounding CT cancer screening, with a focus on the radiation induced cancer risks and clinical efficacy. 1. A large study of patients at high risk of lung cancer(the National Lung Screening Trial[NLST]) showed that CT screening reduced cancer deaths by 20%(1.33% in those screened compared with 1.67% in those not screened). The rate of positive screening tests was 24.2% and 96.4% of the positive screening results in the low-dose CT group were false-positive. Radiation induced lung cancer risk was estimated the most important in screening population because ERR of radiation induced lung cancer does not show the decrease with increasing age and synergistic connection between smoking and radiation risk. Therefore, the radiation risk may be on the same order of magnitude as the benefit observed in the NLST. Optimal screening strategy remain uncertain, CT lung cancer screening is not yet ready for implementation. 2. Computed tomographic colonography is as good as colonoscopy for detecting colon cancer and is almost as good as colonoscopy for detecting advanced adenomas, but significantly less sensitive and specific for smaller lesions and disadvantageous for subsequent therapeutic optical colonoscopy if polyps are detected. The average effective dose from CT colonography was estimated 8-10 $mS{\nu}$, which could be a significant dose if administered routinely within the population over many years. CT colonography should a) achieve at least 90% sensitivity and specificity in the size category from 6 and 10 mm, b) offer non-cathartic bowl preparation and c) be optimized and standardized CT parameters if it is to be used for mass screening. 3. There is little evidence that demonstrates, for whole-body scanning, the benefit outweighs the detriment. This test found large portion of patient(86~90.8%) had at least one abnormal finding, whereas only 2% were estimated to have clinically significant disease. Annual scans from ages 45 to 75 years would accrue an estimated lifetime cancer mortality risk of 1.9%. There is no group within the medical community that recommends whole-body CT. No good studies indicate the accuracy of screening CT, at this time. The benefit/risk balance for any of the commonly suggested CT screening techniques has yet to be established. These areas need further research. Therefore wild screening should be avoided.
Keywords
Computed Tomography; Cancer screening; ERR; low-dose CT (LDCT); CT colonoscopy (CTC); Whole-body CT(WBCT);
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Cole P. Morrison AS. Basic issues in population screening for patients. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1980:64:1263-1272.
2 Black WC, Welch HG. Screening for disease. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1997;168(1):3-11.   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Herman CR, Gill HK, Eng J, Fajardo LL. Screening for preclinical disease: test and disease characteristics. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2002;179(4):825-831.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Black WC, Welch HG. Advances in diagnostic imaging and overestimation of disease prevalence and the benefits of therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993;328(17):1237-1243.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Morrison AS. Screening in chronic disease. 2nd ed. New York. Oxford University Press. 1992:25-42.
6 Laupacis A, Sackett DL, Roberts RS. An assessment of clinically useful measures of the consequences of treatment. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988:318(26):1728-1733.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 National Research Council (US). Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation, BEIR VII phase 2. Washington DC. USA. 2006.
8 http://www.index.go.kr/egams/stts/jsp/potal/stts/PO_STTS_IdxMain.jsp?idx_cd=2770
9 Henschke CI, McCauley DI, Yankelevitz DF, Naidich DP, McGuinness G, Miettinen OS, Libby DM, Pasmantier MW, Koizumi J, Altorki NK, Smith JP. Early lung cancer action project: overall design and findings from baseline screening. Lancet. 1999;354:99-105.   DOI   ScienceOn
10 Henschke CI, Naidich DP, Yankelevitz DF, McGuinness G, McCauley DI, Smith JP, Libby D, Pasmantier M, Vazquez M, Koizumi J, Flieder D, Altorki N, Miettinen OS. Early lung cancer action project: initial findings on repeat screenings. Cancer. 2001;92(1):153-159.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 International Early Lung Cancer Action Program Investigators, Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Libby DM, Pasmantier MW, Smith JP, Miettinen OS. Survival of patients with stage I lung cancer detected on CT screening. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006;355(17):1763-1771.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Sone S, Li F, Yang ZG, et al. Results of three-year mass screening programme for lung cancer using mobile low-dose spiral computed tomography scanner. Br. J. Cancer. 2001;84(1):25-32.   DOI   ScienceOn
13 Nawa T, Nakagawa T, Kusano S, Kawasaki Y, Sugawara Y, Nakata H. Lung cancer screening using low-dose spiral CT: results of baseline and 1-year follow-up studies. Chest. 2002;122(1):15-20.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Sobue T, Moriyama N, Kaneko M, et al. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose helical computed tomography:anti-lung cancer association project. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002;20(4):911-920.   DOI   ScienceOn
15 Swensen SJ, Jett JR, Hartman TE, Midthun DE, Sloan JA, Sykes AM, Aughenbaugh GL, Clemens MA. Lung cancer screening with CT: Mayo Clinic experience. Radiology. 2003;226(3):756-761.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Pastorino U, Bellomi M, Landoni C, De Fiori E, Arnaldi P, Picchio M, Pelosi G, Boyle P, Fazio F. Early lung-cancer detection with spiral CT and positron emission tomography in heavy smokers: 2-year results. Lancet. 2003;362:593-597.   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Mulshine JL, Sullivan DC. Clinical practice. Lung cancer screening. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;352(26):2714-2720.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Libby DM, Wu N, Lee IJ, Farooqi A, Smith JP, Pasmantier MW, McCauley D, Yankelevitz DF, Henschke CI. CT screening for lung cancer:the value of short-term CT follow-up. Chest. 2006;129(4):1039-1042.   DOI   ScienceOn
19 MacRedmond R, McVey G, Lee M, Costello RW, Kenny D, Foley C, Logan PM. Screening for lung cancer using low dose CT scanning: results of 2 year follow up. Thorax. 2006;61(1):54-56.
20 Bach PB, Niewoehner DE, Black WC. American College of Chest Physicians. Screening for lung cancer: the guidelines. Chest. 2003;123:83S-88S.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Paci E. Observational, one-arm studies and randomized population-based trials for evaluation of the efficacy of lung cancer screening. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2007;2:S45-S46.   DOI
22 Infante M, Lutman FR, Cavuto S, Brambilla G, Chiesa G, Passera E, Angeli E, Chiarenza M, Aranzulla G, Cariboni U, Alloisio M, Incarbone M, Testori A, Destro A, Cappuzzo F, Roncalli M, Santoro A, Ravasi G, DANTE Study Group. Lung cancer screening with spiral CT Baseline results of the randomized DANTE trial. Lung Cancer. 2008;59(3):355-363.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Infante M, Cavuto S, Lutman FR, Brambilla G, Chiesa G, Ceresoli G, Passera E, Angeli E, Chiarenza M, Aranzulla G, Cariboni U, Errico V, Inzirillo F, Bottoni E, Voulaz E, Alloisio M, Destro A, Roncalli M, Santoro A, Ravasi G, DANTE Study Group. A randomized Study of lung cancer screening with spiral computed tomography: three-year results from the DANTE Trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009;180(5):445-453.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Clark KW, Gierada DS, Marquez G, Moore SM, Maffitt DR, Moulton JD, Wolfsberger MA, Koppel P, Phillips SR, Prior FW. Collecting 48,000 CT Exams for the lung screening study of the National Lung Screening Trial. J. Digit. Imaging. 2009;22(6):667-680.   DOI
25 van Iersel CA, de Koning HJ, Draisma G, Mali WP, Scholten ET, Nackaerts K, Prokop M, Habbema JD, Oudkerk M, van Klaveren RJ. Risk-based selection from the general population in a screening trial: selection criteria, recruitment and power for the Dutch-Belgian randomised lung cancer multi-slice CT screening trial(NELSON). Int. J. Cancer. 2007;120(4):868-874.   DOI   ScienceOn
26 Pedersen JH, Ashraf H, Dirksen A, Bach K, Hansen H, Toennesen P, Thorsen H, Brodersen J, Skov BG, Dossing M, Mortensen J, Richter K, Clementsen P, Seersholm N. The Danish randomized lung cancer CT screening trial-overall design and results of the prevalence round. J. Thorac. Oncol. 2009;4(5):608-614.   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Christensen JD, Tong BC. Computed tomography screening for lung cancer: where are we now? N. C. Med J. 2013;74(5):406-410.
28 Lopes Pegna A, Picozzi G, Mascalchi M, Maria Carozzi F, Carrozzi L, Comin C, Spinelli C, Falaschi F, Grazzini M, Innocenti F, Ronchi C, Paci E, ITALUNG Study Research Group. Design, recruitment and baseline results of the ITALUNG trial for lung cancer screening with low-dose CT. Lung Cancer. 2009;64(1):34-40.   DOI   ScienceOn
29 National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM, Gareen IF, Gatsonis C, Marcus PM, Sicks JD. Reduced Lung-Cancer Mortality with Low-Dose Computed Tomographic Screening. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011;365(5):395-409.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Boiselle PM, Lynm C, Livingston EH. JAMA patient page. Lung cancer screening. JAMA. 2013;309(18):1948.   DOI
31 Thompson DE, Mabuchi K, Ron E, Soda M, Tokunaga M, Ochikubo S, Sugimoto S, Ikeda T, Terasaki M, Izumi S, et al. Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part II. Solid tumors, 1958-1987. Radiat. Res. 1994;137(2 suppl):S17-S67.   DOI
32 National Research Council. Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations Health effects of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR V. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1990.
33 Brenner DJ. Radiation risks potentially associated with low-dose CT screening of adult smokers for lung cancer. Radiology. 2004;231(2):440-445.   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Pierce, D.A., G.B. Sharp, and K. Mabuchi. Joint effects of radiation and smoking on lung cancer risk among atomic bomb survivors. Radiat. Res. 2003;159(4):511-520.   DOI   ScienceOn
35 Albert JM. Radiation risk from CT: implications for cancer screening. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2013;201(1):W81-87.   DOI
36 Tokarskaya ZB, Scott BR, Zhuntova GV, Okladnikova ND, Belyaeva ZD, Khokhryakov VF, Schollnberger H, Vasilenko EK. Interaction of radiation and smoking in lung cancer induction among workers at the Mayak nuclear enterprise. Health Phys. 2002;83(6):833-846.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Preston DL, Ron E, Tokuoka S, Funamoto S, Nishi N, Soda M, Mabuchi K, Kodama K. Solid cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors: 1958-1998. Radiat. Res. 2007;168(1):1-64.   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Nishizawa K, Iwai K, Matsumoto T, Sakashita K, Iinuma TA, Tateno Y, Miyamoto T, Shimura A, Takagi H. Estimation of the exposure and a risk-benefit analysis for a CT system designed for a lung cancer mass screening unit. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 1996;67(2):101-108.   DOI   ScienceOn
39 Lee CI, Haims AH, Monico EP, Brink JA, Forman HP. Diagnostic CT scans: assessment of patient, physician, and radiologist awareness of radiation dose and possible risks. Radiology. 2004;231(2):393-398.   DOI   ScienceOn
40 Italian Multicentre Study Group, Citarda F, Tomaselli G, Capocaccia R, Barcherini S, Crespi M. Efficacy in standard clinical practice of colonoscopic polypectomy in reducing colorectal cancer incidence. Gut. 2001;48(6):812-815.   DOI   ScienceOn
41 Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Bond JH, Ahnen DJ, Garewal H, Chejfec G. Use of colonoscopy to screen asymptomatic adults for colorectal cancer: Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group 380. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000;343(3):162-168   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Coin CG, Wollett FC, Coin JT, Rowland M, DeRamos RK, Dandrea R. Computerized radiology of the colon: a potential screening technique. Comput. Radiol. 1983;7(4):215-221.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Brenner D, Georgsson MA. Mass screening with CT colonography: should the radiation exposure be of concern? Gastroenterology. 2005;129(1):328-337.   DOI   ScienceOn
44 Pickhardt PJ, Kim DH. CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy): a practical approach for population screening. Radiol. Clin. North Am. 2007;45(2):361-375.   DOI   ScienceOn
45 van Dam J, Cotton P, Johnson CD, McFarland BG, Pineau BC, Provenzale D, Ransohoff D, Rex D, Rockey D, Wootton FT 3rd. American Gastroenterological Association. AGA future trends report: CT colonography. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(3):970-984.   DOI   ScienceOn
46 Pickhardt PJ, Choi JR, Hwang I, Butler JA, Puckett ML, Hildebrandt HA, Wong RK, Nugent PA, Mysliwiec PA, Schindler WR. Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;349(23):2191-2200.   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Macari M, Bini EJ, Xue X, Milano A, Katz SS, Resnick D, Chandarana H, Krinsky G, Klingenbeck K, Marshall CH, Megibow AJ. Colorectal neoplasms: prospective comparison of thin-section low-dose multi-detector row CT colonography and conventional colonoscopy for detection. Radiology. 2002;224(2):383-92.   DOI   ScienceOn
48 Halligan S, Altman DG, Taylor SA, et al. CT colonography in the detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proposed minimum data set for study level reporting. Radiology. 2005;237(3):893-904.   DOI   ScienceOn
49 Taylor SA, Slater A, Burling DN, Tam E, Greenhalgh R, Gartner L, Scarth J, Pearce R, Bassett P, Halligan S. CT colonography: optimisation, diagnostic performance and patient acceptability of reduced-laxative regimens using barium-based faecal tagging. Eur. Radiol. 2008;18(1):32-42.   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Zalis ME, Perumpillichira JJ, Magee C, Kohlberg G, Hahn PF. Tagging-based, electronically cleansed CT colonography: evaluation of patient comfort and image readability. Radiology. 2006;239(1):149-159.   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Flicek KT, Hara AK, Silva AC, Wu Q, Peter MB, Johnson CD. Reducing the radiation dose for CT colonography using adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction: a pilot study. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2010;195(1):126-131.   DOI   ScienceOn
52 Regge D, Laudi C, Galatola G, Della Monica P, Bonelli L, Angelelli G, Asnaghi R, Barbaro B, Bartolozzi C, Bielen D, Boni L, Borghi C, Bruzzi P, Cassinis MC, Galia M, Gallo TM, Grasso A, Hassan C, Laghi A, Martina MC, Neri E, Senore C, Simonetti G, Venturini S, Gandini G. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomographic colonography for the detection of advanced neoplasia in individuals at increased risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA. 2009;301(23):2453-2461.   DOI   ScienceOn
53 Berrington de Gonzalez A, Kim KP, Berg CD. Low-dose lung computed tomography screening before age 55:estimates of the mortality reduction required to outweigh the radiation-induced cancer risk. J. Med. Screen. 2008;15(3):153-158.   DOI   ScienceOn
54 Johnson CD, Chen MH, Toledano AY, Heiken JP, Dachman A, Kuo MD, Menias CO, Siewert B, Cheema JI, Obregon RG, Fidler JL, Zimmerman P, Horton KM, Coakley K, Iyer RB, Hara AK, Halvorsen RA Jr, Casola G, Yee J, Herman BA, Burgart LJ, Limburg PJ. Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008;359(12):1207-1217.   DOI   ScienceOn
55 Taylor SA, Halligan S, Bartram CI, Morgan PR, Talbot IC, Fry N, Saunders BP, Khosraviani K, Atkin W. Multi-detector row CT colonography: effect of collimation, pitch, and orientation on polyp detection in a human colectomy specimen. Radiology. 2003;229(1):109-118.   DOI   ScienceOn
56 van Gelder RE, Venema HW, Serlie IW, Nio CY, Determann RM, Tipker CA, Vos FM, Glas AS, Bartelsman JF, Bossuyt PM, Lameris JS, Stoker J. CT colonography at different radiation dose levels: feasibility of dose reduction. Radiology. 2002;224(1):25-33.   DOI   ScienceOn
57 Illes J, Fan E, Koenig BA, Raffin TA, Kann D, Atlas SW. Self-referred whole-body CT imaging: current implications for health care consumers. Radiology. 2003;228(2):346-351.   DOI   ScienceOn
58 Beinfeld MT, Wittenberg E, Gazelle GS. Cost-effectiveness of whole-body CT screening. Radiology. 2005;234(2):415-422.   DOI   ScienceOn
59 Berland LL, Berland NW. Whole-body computed tomography screening. Semin. Roentgenol. 2003;38(1):65-76.
60 Casarella WJ. A patient's viewpoint on a current controversy. Radiology. 2002;224(3):927.   DOI   ScienceOn
61 Furtado CD, Aguirre DA, Sirlin CB, Dang D, Stamato SK, Lee P, Sani F, Brown MA, Levin DL, Casola G. Whole-body CT screening: spectrum of findings and recommendations in 1192 patients. Radiology. 2005;237(2):385-394.   DOI   ScienceOn
62 Brenner DJ, Elliston CD. Estimated radiation risks potentially associated with full-body CT screening. Radiology. 2004;232(3):735-738.   DOI   ScienceOn
63 http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/news/newdetarget.cfm?ID=5
64 You JJ, Levinson W, Laupacis A. Attitudes of family physicians, specialists and radiologists about the use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in Ontario. Health Policy. 2009;5(1):54-65.
65 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. OECD health care resources. http://stats.oecd.org
66 National health insurance statistical yearbook. 2012.
67 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. National Council on Radiation Protection Report no. 160. Ionizing radiation exposure of the population of the United States(2009). Bethesda, MD, USA. 2009.
68 Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, Kim KP, Mahesh M, Gould R, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Miglioretti DL. Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography examinations and the associated lifetime attributable risk of cancer. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009;169(22):2078-2086.   DOI   ScienceOn
69 Obuchowski NA, Graham RJ, Baker ME, Powell KA. Ten criteria for effective screening: their application to multislice CT screening for pulmonary and colorectal cancers. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001:176(6):1357-1362.   DOI   ScienceOn