• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.369-379
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• 1998

Despite acknowledgment that pain is likely to be a major problem for many older adults, it is difficult to estimate the frequency of pain problems for this population. The main purpose of this study was to identify the various characteristics of chronic pain in the elderly by gender. It examines by gender, pain frequency, pain intensity, number of chronic pain sites, localization of pain, impact on activities, methods of pain management, and effects of chronic pain management. The subjects were 189 elderly people(65 years and older) living in an urban area. They were surveyed at their homes. They were surveyed by interview using a closed-ended questionnaire. The survey was done from Nov. 6th. to Dec. 6th. 1997. Descriptive statistics were used to determine all of the reported pain variables. Chi-square tests were used to determine crude differences between pain intensity and gender. T-test was used to determine differences in number of pain sites between men and women. The findings are as follows ; Of the 189 subjects, 83.6% reported experiencing pain, and men reported a lower prevalence (69.5%) than women(89.2%). Women had significantly more severe pain than did men(p=.001). Lower back pain(20.2%) and leg pain(20.2%) were the most prevalent, followed by knee pain(17.4%), arm pain(13.3%), neck and shoulder pain(11.6%), and headache(9.9%). Women experienced more multiple localizations of pain(p=.0001), the greatest impact was on movement (83.5%) , followed by usual activities(60.8%), sleep(49.4%), visiting(29.1%), and hobbies and recreations(50.0%). No differences were observed between men and women in the proportion of subjects reporting a negative impact on each of these activities. The methods of pain management were hospital visit(70.9%), drug store medication(46.7%), oriental medicine clinic(32.9%), endurance(13.3%), self-management(6.3%). Drug therapy was the most effective pain management strategy(94%), followed by physical therapy(63%) and accupuncture.byssocausis(55%). The conclusion : Pain is a symptom of great clinical importance that is often associated with disability, loss of independence, and reduced quality of life. In this study chronic pain symptoms were common but unevenly distributed in men and women. The results further advance understanding of the experience and impact of pain by gender. Future studies should incorporate questions that gather systemic and more detailed information on the characteristics of pain, especially by gender and by age.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-72
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose is to analyze the effects of parent training interventions in reducing the symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and to provide a basis for the effects. Methods : We collected literature published in international academic journals from 2009 to 2019 through ProQuest and Scopus databases. The search key terms were (ADHD OR Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) AND (Parent OR Mother OR Father) AND (Training OR Program OR Therapy OR Intervention) AND (Randomized OR Randomised OR Randomly). The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of the studies, and a meta-analysis was conducted through Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0. Results : Of 628 studies that we reviewed, 20 were eligible for inclusion. of parental training interventions for children with ADHD appeared close to a medium effect size while parent-child interventions (0.639) appeared to have a medium to large effect size. Oppositional defiant behavior and conduct disorder (0.737) in children and children's emotions (0.679) appeared close to a large effect size. ADHD symptoms hyperactivity and impulsivity (0.590) and child behavior (0.521) appeared to be over a medium effect size. We chose a random-effects model since heterogeneity tests showed significant results. Conclusion : We were able to confirm the effects of parent training interventions on the symptoms of children with ADHD. This will be used as evidence to provide a clinical basis for occupational therapists. More research related to parental training interventions should be carried out to ensure better reporting in the future.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.77-95
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• 1986

In 1962 the governing bodies of FAO and WHO approved the establishment of a joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, the creation of a jointly sponsored body to be known as the Codex Alimentarius commission to implement the Programme. It can reasonably be claimed that the Commission has assumad the leading role in establishing internation food standards throughout the world. The Codex Committee of Food Hygiene has received much advice and assistance from other international organization which have been working in this field for a number of years. In particular, it has received valuable background documentation from the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods(ICMSF) which was set up by the International Association of Microbiological Societies(IAMS), and also from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Nevertheless, in spite of the information supplied by governments and research bodies in this field, microbiological standards have proved to be a highly controversial subject from the point of view of Codex standards. When it is decided to establish a microbiological standard for a food or class of foods, the following technical and administrative aspects must be considered: 1) The standard should be based on factual studies and serve one or more of the following objectives: (1) to determine the conditions of hygiene under which the food should be manufactured; (2) to minimize the hazards to public health; (3) to measure the keeping quality and storage potential of the food 2) The standard should be attainable under practicable operating and commercial conditions and should not entail the use of excessive heat treatment or the additions of extra preservatives. 3) The standard should be determined after investigation of the processing operation. 4) The standard should be as simple and inexpensive to administer as possible, the number of tests being kept to a minimum. 5) Details of methods to be used for sampling, examining and reporting should accompany all published microbiological standards. 6) In establishing tolerance levels for the permissible number of defective samples, allowance should be made for sampling and other variations due to differences in the laboratory methods. The following additional points should be kept in mind: 1) It is not satisfactory to establish one set of microbiological standards for a miscellaneous group of foods, such as“frozen foods”or“precooked foods”. 2) Microbiological standards should be applied first to the more hazardous types of food on the basis of experience of expected microbiological levels, taking into account variations in composition, processing procedures, and storage. 3) When a standard is established, there should be a definite relationship between the standard and the hazard against which it is meant to protect the public. 4) The sensitivity, reliability, and reproducibility of the sampling and analytical methods should be compared in different laboratories and the methods to be used should be specified in detail as part of the standard. 5) Tolerances should be included in the standard to account for inaccuracies of sampling and analysis. 6) Standards should be applied on a voluntary basis before compliance is made mandatory.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2008

SITES(Site Information and Total Environmental Data Management System) has been developed for the purpose of systematically managing site characteristics and environmental data produced during the pre-operational, operational, and post-closure phases of a radioactive waste disposal facility. SITES is an integration system, which consists of 4 modules, to be available for maintenance of site characteristics data, for safety assessment, and for site/environment monitoring; site environmental data management module(SECURE), integrated safety assessment module(SAINT), site/environment monitoring module(SUDAL) and geological information module for geological data management(SITES-GIS). Each module has its database with the functions of browsing, storing, and reporting data and information. Data from SECURE and SUDAL are interconnected to be utilized as inputs to SAINT. SAINT has the functions that multi-user can access simultaneously via client-server system, and the safety assessment results can be managed with its embedded Quality Assurance feature. Comparison between assessment results and environmental monitoring data can be made and visualized in SUDAL and SITES-GIS. Also, SUDAL is designed that the periodic monitoring data and information could be opened to the public via internet homepage. SITES has applied to the Wolsong low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste disposal center in Korea, and is expected to enhance the function of site/environment monitoring in other nuclear-related facilities and also in industrial facilities handling hazardous materials.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.44-62
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of herbal medicine for recovery and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) after loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). Methods: We searched two english, one chinese and four korean database up to November 4, 2019. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible. Primary outcome included Human papilloma virus (HPV) clearance rate and the effective ratio of treatment. And vaginal bleeding time and volume, improvement of symptoms, and recovery of wound were regarded as secondary outcomes. The risk of bias was assessed by two independent authors using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: Of 47 screened, 10 RCTs were included. Number of participants per study ranged from 58 to 360. The studies which used HPV clearance rate as primary outcome were considered as low risk of bias. Most of the studies had considerable heterogeneity in terms of type of intervention, comparison and time-points for outcome measurement. Compared to LEEP alone, herbal vaginal suppository combined group showed favorable results for HPV clearance in patients (5 studies, n=627, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.55, I²=75%). And compared to LEEP alone, herbal external application also showed favorable results for HPV clearance in patients (2 studies, n=252, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.61, I²=86%). Three studies reported mild and temporary adverse events, and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions: The studies showed that herbal medicine can significantly effective on recovery of CIN after LEEP. However, included studies suffered from incomplete reporting, high or unclear risk of bias and substantial heterogeneity between studies. In the Future, further high-quality RCTs are needed to prove effectiveness of herbal medicine for CIN after LEEP and reduce the risk of bias.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.31
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• pp.193-223
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• 2005

As the number of TV channels rapidly grows, the systematic marketing and PR communication of broadcasters are becoming more and more important. To overcome the challenges the sharply increased competition poses, TV stations ave to intensify their strategic marketing efforts. This paper analyses the editorial information aired about the broadcasters and their TV programming as part of the PR efforts made. This present research project is based on one week periods of analysis of TV programming produced and aired by German broadcasters. The program analysis of the five TV channels included in this study revealed a total of 406 cases in which editorial references were made. The result shows no systematic differences between the public and commercial Broadcasters. Channel-specific differences are, however, obvious. PR communication embedded in the regular programs is increasingly tied to media organization and frequently occurs in the reporting of journalistic content. The high number of promotions as part of informational, and even more so as part of magazine and news formats, must be viewed as problematic. Program related branding and the specific tools used to promote the programs provided further evidence regarding the importance of media economic factors. TV channels not only promote their own programs, but also those of affiliated stations, and the increasing influence of economic considerations will have long-range consequences on the variety and quality of the journalistic output. The study furthermore revealed that TV channels utilize program promotion at any time of the day.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2015

Background: The recent change in pharmaceutical education system following the paradigm shift to patient-oriented pharmacy service requires an in-depth discussion to reorganize a future direction and establish a basis for maximizing social values of community pharmacy service. Objective: This study was conducted to review the current status of community pharmacy service provision in Korea based on published literatures. Methods: The electronic databases of National Digital Science Library and Electronic National Assembly Library were used to search the journal articles and dissertation papers. A search term "community pharmacy" was used and the published period was limited to papers published after year 2001, when the legal separation of prescribing and dispensing was implemented. Relevant study reports were also searched manually. Information about pharmacy service provision and study outcomes were retrieved from the selected papers, and classified by predefined individual service scope. Results: A total 33 papers reporting services provided by community pharmacies were selected (journal article 11, dissertation paper 17, and study report 5). Pharmacy services identified in these papers could be classified into prescription dispensing service, pharmaceutical care service, self medication service, other products service, and health promotion service. Twenty papers reported prescription dispensing services, three papers reported pharmaceutical care service, and only two papers reported health promotion service. Current community pharmacy services are highly dependent on prescription drugs while expanded services such as pharmaceutical care and health promotion are peripheral. Most prevalent research topic was medication counseling service (18 papers), reflecting that community pharmacists generally consider it to be the most important and fundamental service. Overall, current pharmacy services are very limited and focus on prescription dispensing service. Conclusion: At this point of time requiring expansion and quality improvement of community pharmacy services, we suggest further lively discussion to strengthen pharmacist's functional identity and set conditions for providing socially expected services.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.15-25
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• 2012

The research on the FPGA CAD tools in academia has been lacking practicality due to the underlying FPGA fabric architecture which is too simple and inefficient to be applied for commercial FPGAs. Recently, the database of placement positions and routing graphs on commercial FPGA architectures has been built, and provided for enabling the academic development of placement and routing tools. To extend the limit of academic CAD tools even further, we have developed the evaluation toolkit for the K-FPGA architecture which is under development. By providing interface for exchanging data with a commercial FPGA toolkit at every step of mapping, packing, placement and routing in the tool chain, the toolkit enables individual tools to be developed without waiting for the results of the preceding step, and with no dependency on the quality of the results, and compared in detail with commercial tools at any step. Also, the fabric primitive library is developed by extracting the prototype from a reporting file of a commercial FPGA, restructuring it, and modeling the behavior of basic gates. This library can be used as the benchmarking target, and a reference design for new FPGA architectures. Since the architecture is described in a standard HDL which is familiar with hardware designers, and read in the tools rather than hard coded, the tools are "data-driven", and tolerable with the architectural changes due to the design space exploration. The experiments confirm that the developed library is correct, and the functional correctness of applications implemented on the FPGA fabric can be validated by simulation. The placement and routing tools are under development. The completion of the toolkit will enable the development of practical FPGA architectures which, in return, will synergically animate the research on optimization CAD tools.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.67-100
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• 2011

This study assesses the current status of community child centers in Jeollabuk-do by analyzing data from evaluations of 225 centers in 2009. The results are as follows. First, as of 2004, there was a total of 37 Jeollabuk-do community child centers; the number has been increasing at a rate of 20~40% yearly. The number of community child centers has been increasing since government funding was implemented, especially as an authorization is not required to open a center. In order to prevent an excessive amount of childcare centers, and to ensure that new centers meet a standard of quality, it is necessary to examine replacing the current reporting system with an authorization system. Second, out the 6,144 children in the 255 centers, 1,711 children (27.8%) were not from low-income families. This may be positive in that children from various income level families are learning together. However, in order for the community child centers to operate as they were intended, it is necessary to reinforce the itemized regulations. Third, the community child centers scored relatively poorly in utilizing community and human resources. This is because although most Jeollabuk-do childcare centers are using volunteer personnel, they are not fully utilizing community resources. The governments of the cities and counties should support the community child centers by promoting their services and roles, and thereby enable the centers to develop a network of professionals in the community.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 2003

Rice, which occupies about 60% of the farmland in Korea, is a staple crop in Asia. It not only absorbs $CO_2$ from the atmosphere, but also emits carbon in a form of CH$_4$. It has a potential role in the global budget of greenhouse gases because of its relative contributions of carbon absorption and emission associated with changing hydrologic cycle. To better understand its current and future role, seasonal variations of energy and $CO_2$ exchange in this critical ecosystem need to be quantified. The purpose of this study was to measure, document and understand the exchange of energy and $CO_2$ in a typical rice paddy in Korea throughout the whole growing season. Since late April of 2002, we have conducted measurements of energy and $CO_2$ exchange in a rural rice paddy at Hari site, one of the Korea regional network of tower flux measurement (KoFlux). After the quality control and gap-filling, the observed fluxes were analyzed in the context of micrometeorology and biophysics. $CO_2$ and energy exchanges varied significantly with land cover changes (e.g., plant growth stages), in addition to changes in weather and climate conditions. This study, reporting first direct measurement of energy and $CO_2$ exchange over a rice paddy in Korea, would serve as a useful database as one of the reference sites in AsiaFlux and FLUXNET.