• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2012

Objectives : Perceived stress scale is a self-report inventory to estimate the degree of individual perceived stress in daily life. The aim of this study was to introduce this scale and test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of PSS. Methods : The total of 154 female hospital workers were included in this study. The survey questionnaires were conducted for demographic information. All participants were required to complete PSS, Hamilton Anxiety scale and Beck Depression Inventory. Reliability and validity studies were conducted and internal consistency was examined. Results : The mean score of the PSS reported in this sample was $20.69{\pm}4.56$. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.819, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.66. PSS had a significant positive correlation with the HAM-A(r=0.49, p<0.01), and the BDI(r=0.55, p<0.01). Factor analysis yielded 2 factors with eigenvalues of 3.924 and 2.608, accounting for 65 percent of variance. Factor 1 represented "stress" and factor 2 represented "control of stress". Conclusions : This study indicates that the PSS is appropriate for estimating the perceived stress levels. These results support the use of PSS in large sections of the population in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2012

Objectives : The objective of this study is to measure and to compare the rate of depression, anxiety, self-es-teem and the quality of life of the patients with chest pain. Based on the result of this study, the necessity of the psychiatric assessment and treatment of the patients with chest pain is emphasized. This study is a preliminary research for a larger scale investigation to be carried out in the future. Methods : Thirty nine patients with chest pain who visited Cardiovascular Division of Dept. of Internal Medicine Pusan National University Hospital and fourty normal control group(NC) were included in this study. The patients were classified into typical chest pain group(TCP, N=19) and atypical chest pain group(ACP, N=20) based on the cause of the pain. The cause was determined by cardiac computed tomography, exercise stress test, coronary angiography, and questionaires by a cardiology specialist. The patients were assessed with Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale(RSES) and Korean version of the Smith Klein Beecham 'Quality of Life' scale(KvSBQOL). Results : 1) When the risk factors of cardiac disease is compared, most of the factors(Hypertension, Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia, Cerebral infarction) did not differ significantly among the two chest pain groups, except for the family history, for which TCP group showed higher risk than ACP group did. 2) As for the self-report questionaires scores, BDI score, which indicates the rate of depression, of both ACP group and TCP group was significantly higher than that of NC group in BDI for depression. STAI score, which measures anxiety, was also significantly high in both groups. Especially, STAI score was significantly higher in ACP group than TCP group. 3) In the aspect of self-esteem and quality of life, ACP group scored significantly lower than TCP group and NC group. The scores for TCP group and NC group did not differ significantly. Conclusions : The patients with chest pain showed more depression and anxiety than normal control group, regardless of the cause of the pain. However, TCP group did not show significantly larger drop in self-esteem and quality of life than ACP group did. This result implies that early psychiatric assessment and treatment is needed for the patients with such chest pain, since it is highly likely that the pain would lead to lower quality of life of the patients.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.615-628
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• 2000

This report is to study on the progress on which foot arch and planta has been changed according to body type based on 4 tilting of scapular & ilium. This study has been carried out to help contribute to some basic information like these. One was to find out how to assess and analysize the deformity of feet and ankle joint which may have the most impact on ideal alignment of anatomical posture. The other was to figure out how to diagnose and treat the deformity to get to the restoration. The results of this study is as followings; 1. The findings which had been made from 22 persons(50%) having left scapular and ilium forward tilt are as follows. 1) On the longitudinal length of the planta left parts of 18 persons(82%) are longer than the right one. On the transversel length of the planta right parts of 17 persons(77%) are longer than the left one. 2) On the size of medial longitudinal arch the left parts of 20 persons(91%) are more wider than the right one. 3) On the sign of supinated foot, the left parts of 18 persons(82%) are more common than the right one. 4) On the thickness of big toe, the left parts of 14 persons(64%) are thicker than the right one. 2. The findings which had been made from 15 persons(34%) having right scapular and ilium forward tilt are as follows. 1) On the longitudinal length of the planta right parts of 11 persons(73%) are longer than the left one. On the transversel length of the planta left parts of 13 persons(87%) are longer than the right one. 2) On the size of medial longitudinal arch the right parts of 13 persons(87%) are more wider than the left one. 3) On the sign of supinated foot, the right parts of 12 persons(80%) are more common than the left one. 4) On the thickness of big toe, the right parts of 7 persons(47%) are thicker than the left one. 3. The findings which had been made from 3 persons(7%) having left scapular and right ilium forward tilt are as follows. 1) On the longitudinal length of the planta right parts of 2 persons(67%) are longer than the left one. On the transversel length of the planta left parts of 2 persons(67%) are longer than the right one. 2) On the size of medial longitudinal arch the right parts of 3 persons(100%) are more wider than the left one. 3) On the sign of supinated foot, the right parts of 2 persons(67%) are more common than the left one. 4) On the thickness of big toe, the left parts of 2 persons(67%) are thicker than the right one. 4. The findings which had been made from 4 persons(9%) having right scapular and left ilium forward tilt are as follows. 1) On the longitudinal length of the planta left parts of 3 persons(75%) are longer than the right one. On the transversel length of the planta right parts of 2 persons(50%) are longer than the left one. 2) On the size of medial longitudinal arch the left parts of 3 persons(75%) are more wider than the right one. 3) On the sign of supinated foot, the left parts of 3 persons(75%) are more common than the right one. 4) On the thickness of big toe, the left parts of 3 persons(75%) are thicker than the right one.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2008

After Canada has struggled with a radioactive waste problem over for 20 years, the Canadian government finally found out that its approach by far has been lack of social acceptance, and needed a program such as public and stakeholder engagement (PSE) which involves the public in decision-making process. Therefore, the government made a special law, called Nuclear Fuel Waste Act (NFWA), to search for an appropriate nuclear waste management approach. NFWA laid out three possible approaches which were already prepared in advance by a nuclear expert group, and required Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) to be established to report a recommendation as to which of the proposed approaches should be adopted. However, NFWA allowed NWMO to consider additional management approach if the other three were not acceptable enough. Thus, NWMO studied and created a fourth management approach after it had undertaken an comparison of the benefits, risks and costs of each management approach: Adaptive Phased Management. This approach was intended to enable the implementers to accept any technological advancement or changes even in the middle of the implementation of the plan. The Canadian PSE case well shows that technological R&D are deeply connected with social acceptance. Even though the developments and technological advancement are carried out by the scientists and experts, but it is important to collect the public opinion by involving them to the decision-making process in order to achieve objective validity on the R&D programs. Moreover, in an effort to ensure the principles such as fairness, public health and safety, security, and adoptability, NWMO tried to make those abstract ideas more specific and help the public understand the meaning of each concept more in detail. Also, they utilized a variety of communication methods from face-to-face meeting to e-dialogue to encourage people to participate in the program as much as possible. Given the fact that Korea has been also having a hard time in dealing with spent nuclear fuel management, all of these efforts that Canada has made with a PSE program would give good lessons and implications to the Korean case. In conclusion, as a deliberative participation program, PSE could be a possible breakthrough approach for the Korean spent nuclear fuel management.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 1970

The yeasts in the soy sauce mash were isolated and identified, and they were classified by coloring with the treatment of TTC(2, 3, 5, triphenyltetrazolium chloride) agar and counted in process of time. The results obtained were as follows: a) The number of ordinary and osmophilic yeasts in 1 ml. of the soy sauce mash showed a tendency to be increased from the mashing to the mature stages and to decrease in the aging stages: $127{\times}10^3$ immediately after mashing, $83{\times}10^3$ 1 month after, $356{\times}10^3$ 3 months after, $1250{\times}10^3$ 6 months after and $65{\times}10^3$ 2 years after mashing in the case of ordinary yeasts, and 0 after mashing, $40{\times}10^3$ 1 month after, $81{\times}10^3$ 3 months after, $358{\times}10^3$ 6 month after and $23{\times}10^3$ 2 years after mashing in the case of osmophilic yeasts. b) 50 strains of yeasts were isolated from the soy sauce mash optionally in process of fermentation period, and they were identified as 7 genera and 18 species: 10 strains of Saccharomyces rouxii, 1 strain of Saccharomyces marxianus, 3 strains of Saccharomyces rosei, 1 strain of Saccharomyces fermentati, 6 strains of Saccharomyces mellis, 1 strain of Saccharomyces acidifaciens, 1 strain of Saccharomyces pastori, 3 strains of Pichia polymorpha, 2 strains of Hansenula anomala, 1 strain of Hansenula saturnus, 2 strains of Hansenula suaveolens, 5 strains of Nadsonia fulvescens, 8 strains of Debaryomyces hasenii, 1 strain of Debaryomyces nicotianae, 1 strain of Debaryomyces kloeckeri, 2 strains of Torulopsis sake, 1 strain of Torulopsis holmii and 1 strain of Candida pelliculasa. c) Distribution of yeasts according to the fermentation period was as follows: i) Saccharomyces rouxii, Saccharomyces marxianus, Saccharoymces rosei, Pichia polymorpha, Debaryomyces hansenii, Torulopsis sake, Candida pelliculosa, Debaryomyces nicotianae, Nadsonia fulvescens, Hansenula suaveolens and Hansenula saturnus were found in the early stages of fermentation. ii) Saccharomyces rouxii, Saccharomyces rosei, Saccharomyces fermentati, Saccharomyces mellis, Saccharomyces pastori, Hansenula anomala, Saccharomyces acidifaciens and Debaryomyces hansenii appeared in the mature stages. iii) Saccharomyces rouxii, Saccharomyces mellis, Nadsonia fulvescenes, Dedaryomyces hansenii, Debaryomyces kloeckeri, Torulopsis sake and Torulopsis holmii were distributed in the aging stages. d) TTC white yeasts were found in abundance in the early stages of fermentation and TTC red yeasts appeared more than 50 per cent in the mature and aging stages. e) The yeasts belonging to Saccharomyces mellis and Saccharomyces pastori were classified as TTC red yeasts, Saccharomyces acidifaciens were reel pink, Hansenula saturnus Debaryomyces kloeckeri, and Torulopsis holmii were pink, Saccharomyces marxianus and Nadsonia fulvescens were white and the others were the same as the description in the previous report. Saccharomyces rouxii ware classified for the most part as TTC red yeasts, and while some of them were red pink. f) Species of yeasts in the soy sauce mash were similar to those in the soy sauce koji, but the latter were not osmophilic and in the former case, the osmophilic yeasts were increased in process of fermentation period.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.3860-3871
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• 1975

This experiment was carried out to establish the mechanized methods in stumping and root-clearing, which were the most important works in the reclamation of sloping uplands. The determination of optimum teeth interval of rake blades and its operation methods to reduce the quantity of transported topsoil during the works, are the aims of this investigation. A newly designed rake blade, whose net teeth intervals could be regulated by three stages as 15cm, 25cm, and 35cm, was manufactured to attach to the bulldozer of 13ton. The experiments were carried out at Kilsang-Myon, Kwangwha-Gun, from Aug. 9 to Aug. 23, 1975. For each interval, 36 test plots of 50${\times}$10mn in size, which were regulated under three levels of land slopes of 10, 20, and 30% and two different tree stand density of high or medium values, were randomly chosen and arranged by two-replicated split-split plot design. Each stump classified by its diameter was stumped and cleared by the rake dozer to be related between diameter and stumping time. The results obtained in this experiment can be summarized as follows: 1. Stumping times for the diameters ranging from 6 to 18cm of stumps are almost the same and they are not varied by the difference of teeth intervals of rake dozer. 2. By back-ward stumping method, the number of stumps which can be stumped per hour ranges almost from 100 to 170, showing significant difference with respect to the teeth intervals. The working area is sharply varied with not only the stand density of stumps but the teeth intervals. 3. Optimum stumping distance for each teeth interval of rake dozer to minimize the quantity of transported topsoil are varied with such the rates as it is 15m or 20m for 15cm of teeth interval, but 25m for 25cm or 35cm, respectively. The clearing distance could be chosen almost double as long as the operating distance. 4. The working areas per hour of the simultaneous stumping and clearing methods are no significant difference among the various treatments of working conditions, but they are affected by the operating techniques. However, the influencing factors of the working conditions as classified before and the working directions are ranged from 10 to 15 per cent of total working area, respectively. 5. The residual rates of stumps which are not stumped by the rake dozer in each test plot are generally reduced as the teeth interval gets narrower, but there are no significant difference among them. The mean residual rates average to be about 4% for the simultaneous stumping and clearing method. The back-ward stumping method are recommended to be supervised and directed by more than one man, to show the operator where the stumps are located. 6. The results according to the stumping and clearing methods are summarized as Table IV-2. And the selection of working methods is recommended to follow as shown in Fig. IV-9 with respect to the stand density of the field. 7. Generally speaking, the narrower the teeth interval, the better become the working results, but the more the quantity of transported topsoil is increased. Therefore, it is recommended that the teeth interval should be reduced from the present distance of more than 30cm to 25cm or 15cm, by developing suitable working methods through more field works and experiments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2011

The environmental impacts of 95% remediation of a total petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil were evaluated using life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA of two remediation systems, soil vapor extraction (SVE) and biopile, were conducted by using imput materials and energy listed in a remedial system standardization report. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results showed that the environmental impacts of SVE were all higher than those of biopile. Prominent four environmental impacts, human toxicity via soil, aquatic ecotoxicity, human toxicity via surface water and human toxicity via air, were apparently found from the LCIA results of the both remedial systems. Human toxicity via soil was the prominent impact of SVE, while aquatic ecotoxicity was the prominent impact of biopile. This study also showed that the operation stage and the activated carbon replacement stage contributed 60% and 36% of the environmental impacts of SVE system, respectively. The major input affecting the environmental impact of SVE was electricity. The operation stage of biopile resulted in the highest contribution to the entire environmental impact. The key input affecting the environmental impact of biopile was also electricity. This study suggested that electricity reduction strategies would be tried in the contaminated-soil remediation sites for archieving less environmental impacts. Remediation of contaminated soil normally takes long time and thus requires a great deal of material and energy. More extensive life cycle researches on remedial systems are required to meet recent national challenges toward carbon dioxide reduction and green growth. Furthermore, systematic information on electricity use of remedial systems should be collected for the reliable assessment of environmental impacts and carbon dioxide emissions during soil remediation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.1050-1055
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• 2006

Purpose : As a result of advances in neonatal intensive care and perinatal care, neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight infant(VLBWIS) is expected to lead to improvement. The aim of this study was to report neurodevelopmental outcomes and risk factors of neurologic impairment of very low birth weight infants during the past 10 years. Method : We performed a retrospective study of 447 newborn infants below 1,500 gm admitted to neonatal intensive care unit of Taegu Fatima Hospital between Janury 1996 and December 2004. Infants were subdivided into group 1(Jan. 1996 to Dec. 1998), group 2(Jan. 1999 to Dec. 2001), and group3(Jan. 2002 to Dec. 2004). We analyzed epidemiologic data to study changes of neurodevelopmental outcomes and risk factors of neurologic impairment. Result : The incidence of cerebral palsy and developmental delay decreased significantly in periods 2 and 3(vs period 1; cerebral palsy 10 percent, developmental delay; 18 percent, P<0.05). Periventricular leukomalacia incidence decreased in period 3(vs period 1; 14.5 percent, P<0.05). The overall survival rate of VLBWIS increased significantly in period 2 and 3(vs period 1; 90.0 percent, P<0.05). The risk factors of neurologic impairment are long-term ventilator care(above 1 wk), low Apgar score, low gestational age and low birth weight. Conclusion : In the most recent 10 years, neurologic impairments of VLBWIS significantly decreased, as a result of advances in neonatal intensive care and perinatal care.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.370-375
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• 2002

Purpose : In most cases, myelodysplastic syndrome(MDS) transforms into a more aggressive state or acute myelogenous leukemia; it's prognosis is very poor. It is believed that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(HSCT) is the only curative treatment of MDS, but available data in children are very sparse. In this report, the short term outcome of HSCT in childhood MDS was analyzed. Methods : Ten children with MDS(CMMoL 5, RAEB 3, RAEBt 2) underwent HSCT(HLA-matched sibling transplantation 4, HLA-matched unrelated transplantation 4, cord blood transplantation 1, HLA-mismatched familial transplantation 1) between November 1995 and January 2001 at St. Mary's Hospital. Median follow-up duration was 11 months. Results : Engraftment was successful in all cases and 8 patients are alive without disease. Three cases of VOD were observed and improved without complication. Four cases of grade II and 1 case of grade III acute GVHD were observed and well controlled with treatment. Three patients relapsed after transplantation. One patient is alive without disease after cytoreduction with allogenic stem cell rescue and 2 patients died of relapse. Conclusion : HSCT is a curative strategy of MDS and the survival rate is relatively higher than that of adults. But there is an obvious need for more studies because of the small number of patients and the short duration of the follow-up.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.548-553
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• 2003

Purpose : Matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-9 is known to breakdown the blood-brain barrier by degrading the extracellular matrix of the subendothelial basement membrane in meningitis. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase(TIMP)-1, a known inhibitor of MMP-9, has been postulated to inhibit the proteolytic activity of MMP-9 by bindng to MMP-9, but their interaction has not been fully understood yet. So far, there have been some reports on the relationship of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in bacterial meningitis, but few reports in viral meningitis. Furthermore, there has been no report on this in Korea. We investigated the concentrations of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of patients with viral meningitis and control subjects, and evaluated their relationship with other clinical parameters of meningitis. Methods : CSF and blood were obtained from 25 subjects with viral meningitis and 14 control subjects. After centrifugation, supernatants were stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ and we assayed concentrations of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 by the sandwich ELISA method. Results : Concentrations of CSF MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were significantly elevated in patients with viral meningitis, when compared with those in control subjects. Their serum levels showed no differences between the two groups. MMP-9 levels were closely correlated with TIMP-1 levels in the CSF($r_s=0.42$, P<0.05). CSF MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios were significantly higher in patients with viral meningitis than those in the control subjects(P<0.05). Both CSF MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels positively correlated with CSF total leukocyte counts($r_s=0.43$, P<0.05, $r_s=0.48$, P<0.05). TIMP-1 levels positively correlated with total protein concentrations in the CSF($r_s=0.43$, P<0.05). Conclusion : MMP-9 and TIMP-1 may play an important role in the breakdown and maintenance of BBB in viral meningitis, respectively.