• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-29
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• 1996

This study was conducted to elucidate the pathogenesis of Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV) by histopathologic examination. The first Korean ADV Isolate, which was isolated from piglets with clinical signs of Aujeszky's disease in Yangsan(YS) county, Kyungnam province, was inoculated into 32 days old piglets with a dose of $10^{5.9}$$TCID_{50}/ml$ through intranasal or intramuscular route. These piglets were sacrificed at intervals of every 24hrs for 8 days. The virulence of YS strain was determined by the observation of clinical signs, gross findings, and histopathologic changes in tissues. The virus recovery test was performed from brain, spleen, lung and tonsil in cell culture. The pathogenesis of YS strain was determined by the observation of histopathologlc lesions in CNS and neuronal tracts. The major clinical signs were fever, anorexia, dyspnea, constipation, tremor, ataxia, circling movement, hindleg paralysis and salivation. The clinical signs were more severe in piglets of the group inoculated intranasally than those of the intramuscularly inoculated gorup. Lymphocytopenia was detected on day 5 to day 6 postinoculation (PI). The ADV was recovered from the tissue homogenates of tonsil, lung, spleen and cerebrum in cell culture. The highest virus titer was detected from tonsil between day 6 and day 7 PI. Reddish sublobar consolidation foci were scattered in the apical and cardiac lobes of lung. Although yellowish necrotic foci were detected in tonsil and liver, hemorrhagic lesions were mainly observed in heart, kidney and lymph nodes. Histopathologically, degeneration and necrosis of nerve cells, nonsuppurative meningoe-ncephalitis, nodular gliosis and perivascular cuffings were observed in CNS. Multifocal fibronecrotic foci were observed in lung, liver, lymph nodes and spleen. The major pathologic changes were detected in the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were mainly observed in epithelia and /or macrophages of tonsil, liver, lung, spleen and submandibular lymph nodes, and neurons of brain, respectively. Observation of viral particles at various stages of replication were possible from the endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries and tonsillar crypt epithelia by transmission electron microscope.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.34 no.1B
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• pp.74-85
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• 2009

We propose an Agent-based Fault Tolerant Object Group model based on the agent technology and FTOG model with replication mechanism for effective object management and fault recovery. We define the five kind of agents - internal processing agent, registration agent, state handling agent, user interface agent, and service agent - that extend the functions of the FTOG model. The roles of the agents in the proposed model are to reduce the remote interactions between distributed objects and provide more effective service execution. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, we implemented the Intelligent Home Network Simulator (IHNS) which virtually provides general home networking services. Through the simulations, it is validated that the proposed model decreases the interactions of the object components and supports the effective fault recovery, while providing more stable and reliable services.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.271-275
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• 2022

We tested the difference and the relationship in instructional ratings by professors and college students. Subjects were 6 professors and 9 college students participated in teaching competition as a rater. They completed instructional rating forms consisted of 10 criteria for 11 participants according to Lickert Scale. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and Pearson correlation. Results were as follows: ① There was no statistical difference in mean scores between the professor and the student; ② Correlation between professors' and students' evaluations was .78 which is statistically meaningful and high. These results support the notion that students evaluate as reliably as professors. They also imply that pre-service college students can be utilized for teaching practice as meaningful peer evaluators. The findings are meaningful in that instructional ratings of instructors and students were compared in a controlled setting. However, replication studies involving wide range of instructors and students are needed for generalization since the subjects in this study were restricted to pre-service teachers and their instructors.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.320-326
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• 2022

Most of the emerging diseases that threaten humans are caused by RNA viruses which are extremely mutable during evolution. The fish RNA virus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) can infect a broad range of aquatic animal hosts, but the transmissibility of VHSV to mammals has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the potential adverse effects of VHSV in mammals. Briefly, the survival of VHSV was determined using only minimum essential media (MEM-2) and mammalian SNU-1411 and hepa-1c1c7s cells at 15℃ and 37℃. Mice (Mus musculus, 27.3 ± 1.9 g) were intravenously injected with VHSV (2.37E+05 TCID₅₀·mice^-1) in triplicate. Clinical signs and survival rates were examined at 14 days post-challenge, and infection was confirmed in the surviving mice. The 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀) and polymerase chain reaction analysis were used to determine viral titers and the infection rate, respectively. The titer of VHSV suspended in MEM-2 at 15℃ was reduced by only one log after 8 days, whereas the virus maintained at 37℃ was inactivated 8 days post-inoculation (dpi). There were no recognizable cytopathic effects in either SNU-1411 or hepa-1c1c7s cells inoculated with VHSV at 15℃ and 37℃. VHSV in those cell lines at 37℃ was rapidly decreased and eventually inactivated at 12 dpi, whereas virus at 15℃ remained at low concentrations without replication. In vivo experiment showed that there were no signs of disease, mortality, or infection in VHSV-infected mice. The results of this study indicate that it is highly unlikely that VHSV can infect mammals including humans.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.193-202
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• 2023

Porcine epidemic diarrhea is an infectious intestinal disease caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Especially, when suckling piglets are infected, the mortality rate is close to 100%. PEDV is classified into G1 and G2 types based on genetic differences. The G2 type PEDV outbreak in the United States in 2013 was highly pathogenic and contagious, and it has spread worldwide and caused continuous economic losses. Most commercial vaccines used are G1 type vaccines, and existing vaccines do not fully protect piglets due to genetic differences. In this study, we evaluated the safety of the newly developed G2 type attenuated HSGP vaccine strain by inoculating it into piglets and testing whether the vaccine virus spreads to the non-vaccinated, negative pigs and whether the vaccine reverts to its virulence during serial passage experiments. Each experiment lasted for 7 days for each passage, and fecal viral titers, clinical symptoms, and weight gain were measured daily. After the experiment, necropsy was performed to measure intestinal virus titer and pathological evaluation. As a result of the first passage, no transmission of the vaccine virus to negative pigs co-housed with vaccinated pigs was observed. In addition, after four consecutive passage experiments, the clinical symptoms and small intestine lesions were gradually alleviated, and no virus was detected in the feces in the fourth passage experiment. Therefore, it was concluded that the vaccine was safe without virulence reversion in accordance with the guidelines of the current licensing authority. However, further studies are needed on the genetic changes and biological characteristics of the mutant virus that occur during successive passages of the attenuated vaccine since the replication and clinical symptoms of the virus increased until the third passage during successive passages of the vaccine virus. Based on this study, it was concluded that virulence reversion and safety evaluation of attenuated vaccines through serial passage in target animals can be useful to evaluate the safety of attenuated viruses.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.451-462
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• 2017

This study selected 3D printing that is highly likely to be adopted in schools. This research was conducted in two stages: 1) proposing the learning activity framework for utilizing 3D printing in education, and 2) exploring the potential of integrating 3D printing in the school field. The '3D printing learning activity framework' proposed in this study includes four phases that are categorized according to the complexity of problem-solving processes and collaborative interaction: Step 1 as production through replication, Phase 2 as means of imaginary expression, Phase 3 as near problem-solving, and Phase 4 as expanded problem-solving. Next, we conducted the field study with 23 students in the 6th grade math class where they learned the various solid shapes and volumes through 3D printing-integrated activities. The lesson was considered as Phase 1, which is the production through replication. Overall, the results showed that the participants had positive perceptions about the efficacy of 3D printing activities, the quality of learning experience, and satisfaction. On the other hand, it was found that the usability of 3D printers and CAD program needs further improvement The contribution of this study can be found in the learning activity framework that can guide 3D printing activity design in school, and in the exploration of enhancing the connection between 3D printing activities and curricular relevance beyond simple interest toward a novel technology.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.79-91
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• 2008

Recently, with highly Interest In Location-Based Service(LBS) utilizing location data of moving objects, the GALIS(Gracefully Aging Location Information System) which is a cluster-based distributed computing architecture was proposed as a more efficient location management system of moving objects. In the SLDS(Short-term location Data Subsystem) which Is a subsystem of the GALIS, since the SDP(Short-term Data Processor) Master transmits current location data and queries to every SDP Worker, the SDP Master reassembles and sends query results produced by SDP Workers to the client. However, the services are suspended during the SDP Master under failure and the response time to the client is increased if the load is concentrated on the SDP Master. Therefore, in this paper, the extended SLDS was designed and implemented to solve these problems. Though one SDP Master is under failure, the other can provide the services continually, and so the extended SLDS can guarantee the high reliability of the SLDS. The extended SLDS also can reduce the response time to the client by enabling two SDP Masters to perform the distributed query processing. Finally, we proved high reliability and high availability of the extended SLDS by implementing the current location data storage, query processing, and failure takeover scenarios. We also verified that the extended SLDS is more efficient than the original SLDS through the query processing performance evaluation.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2010

Management of driver hours of service (HOS) for commercial vehicle operators has been a continual safety challenge. One of the more critical issues to government and motor carriers is fatigue and fatigue-related accidents. To reduce truck drivers’fatigue-related accident risk in other countries, the government issued the HOS regulations. However, korea government does not have any HOS regulations. The objective of this research gives the clues that korea should have the HOS regulation to reduce truck drivers’fatigue-related accident risk. This study examines the HOS regulation over other countries and conducts relative accident risk analysis using the real data from 3 freight companies. The data set includes 231 accident involved drivers and 462 non-accident drivers. Therefore, the size of the total data set is 693 drivers. One of the most important aspects of early studies of safety and HOS was the need to characterize continuous driving by using the notion of "survival". Subsequent research used a data replication scheme and logistic regression to capture the survival effect. This study uses time-dependent logistic regression. The test of significance between parameters indicates that the first three hours are almost the same risk. In the 10th hour of driving, the risk was more than 2.2times that in the baseline first hour. In conclusion, as driving time goes on, the crash risk increases.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.5-25
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• 2009

In recent years the popularity of multi-hop wireless networks has been growing. Its flexible topology and abundant routing path enables many types of applications. However, the lack of a centralized controller often makes it difficult to design a reliable service in multi-hop wireless networks. While packet routing has been the center of attention for decades, recent research focuses on data discovery such as file sharing in multi-hop wireless networks. Although there are many peer-to-peer lookup (P2P-lookup) schemes for wired networks, they have inherent limitations for multi-hop wireless networks. First, a wired P2P-lookup builds a search structure on the overlay network and disregards the underlying topology. Second, the performance guarantee often relies on specific topology models such as random graphs, which do not apply to multi-hop wireless networks. Past studies on wireless P2P-lookup either combined existing solutions with known routing algorithms or proposed tree-based routing, which is prone to traffic congestion. In this paper, we present two wireless P2P-lookup schemes that strictly build a topology-dependent structure. We first propose the Ring Interval Graph Search (RIGS) that constructs a DHT only through direct connections between the nodes. We then propose the ValleyWalk, a loosely-structured scheme that requires simple local hints for query routing. Packet-level simulations showed that RIGS can find the target with near-shortest search length and ValleyWalk can find the target with near-shortest search length when there is at least 5% object replication. We also provide an analytic bound on the search length of ValleyWalk.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.12D no.2 s.98
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• pp.289-302
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• 2005

The mobile agent has very various performance according to the element of communication number of times between hosts, quantity of transmission data agent's size, network state etc. specially, migration method is caused much effect in whole performance of distributed system. Most existing migration methods have simplicity structure that it moves doing to accumulate continuously result after achieving task by visiting host in the fixed order. Therefore, in case there are situation such as fault, obstacle, and service absence etc. This can be inefficient due to mobile agent increased network required time. In this paper, we design and implementation Multicast Migration Model for minimizing network required time by solving this problems. Multicast Migration Model includes components such as mobile agent including call module and naming agent, which provides object replication information and distributed server's location transparence. And we evaluate and compare with existing migration method applying prototype system to verify implemented migration model.