• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.127-164
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• 2020

We perform an econometric assessment of the role that pharmaceutical innovation-the introduction and use of new drugs-has played in improving the health of Koreans, by investigating whether diseases for which more new drugs were launched had larger subsequent increases in longevity and smaller subsequent increases in hospitalization. Drugs launched during 1993-2012 are estimated to have increased mean age at death from all diseases by 1.71 years between 1995 and 2015 and 1.09 years between 2005 and 2015. We also estimate that new drugs increased the five-year relative survival rate from all cancers combined by 23.2 percentage points-78.5% of the total increase-between 1993-1995 and 2011-2015, and that new drugs launched during 2008-2010 reduced the number of hospital days in 2017 by 13.0 million. If the drugs launched during 2003-2012 had had no effect on other medical expenditure in 2015, the cost per life-year gained would not have exceeded 6332 USD. Therefore, even if we ignore the effect of new drugs on hospital utilization, the drugs launched during 2003-2012 were very cost-effective, overall. When reduced hospital utilization is accounted for, the evidence indicates that, in the long run, pharmaceutical innovation was cost-saving as well as life-year saving.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1193-1200
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• 2014

Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae and S. parauberis are main bacterial pathogens in aquaculture farms of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. We have discussed the efficacy and safety of 3 type-combined vaccines (A: S. iniae 1mg + S. parauberis 1mg + E. tarda 1mg, B: S. iniae 1mg + S. parauberis 1mg + E. tarda 0.5mg, C: S. iniae 1.5mg + S. parauberis 1.5mg + E. tarda 1mg) through intraperitoneal injections in olive flounder. None of the vaccines gave rise to any signigicant side effects on histopathology and blood chemistry. The antibody titers and lysozyme activities of A type were higher than those of B, C and control. Four weeks after vaccination, RPS (relative percent survival rates) was 62.5~75% (A type), 50~66.7% (B type) and 55.6~62.5% (C type) respectively. As the results, the combined vaccines are possible to prevent edwardsiellosis and streptococcosis, and A type : S. iniae 1mg + S. parauberis 1mg + E. tarda 1mg, is the most effective out of them.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.106-110
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• 2017

The developmental responses of insects to temperature are important considerations in gaining a better understanding of their ecology and life histories. Temperature dependent models permit examination of the effect of temperature on the geographical distributions, population dynamics, and management of insects. The measurements of insect developmental and survival responses to temperature pose practical challenges that depend. The developmental characteristics of A. diaperinus were investigated at four temperature regimes (20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$), a relative humidity of 60%, and a light:dark photoperiod of 16:8h. The developmental time from larva to adult was 129.0, 49.8, 40.5 and 31.9 days at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. Pupal rate was 80.0%, 100%, 83.3% and 91.7% at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 respectively. There is an increasing need for a standardized manual for rearing this. Pupa had significantly lower weights at $35^{\circ}C$ than at the other temperatures. Female pupae (20mg) were significantly heavier than male (17mg).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.652-659
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• 2021

Microorganism-derived compounds, such as peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, and β-glucan were supplemented in the scuticociliate Miamiensis avidus (M. avidus) vaccine to verify the specify component contribution to the adjuvant effect. Vaccine was formulated with the inactivated M. avidus antigen (YS2, 4.44×10⁵ cells/fish) in combination with either peptidoglycan (10 ㎍ and 100 ㎍/fish), lipoteichoic acid (5 ㎍ and 50 ㎍/fish), or β-glucan (10 ㎍ and 100 ㎍/fish). Olive flounder injected with peptidoglycan supplemented vaccine (10 ㎍ and 100 ㎍/fish) exhibited significant protection, and the relative percent survival (RPS) was 55% and 65% at 4 weeks post vaccination (wpv), respectively, at the corresponding doses. The vaccine groups with added lipoteichoic acid (5 ㎍ and 50 ㎍/fish) exhibited RPS of 40% and 5%, respectively. Additionally, the group with added β-glucan (100 ㎍/fish) exhibited RPS of 35%, but no effect was observed in the group with added 10 ㎍/fish β-glucan. At 8 wpv, olive flounder injected with peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid supplemented vaccines exhibited protection with RPS range of 11/11% and 5/21%, respectively, at the respective doses. M. avidus vaccine containing 10 ㎍ and 100 ㎍/fish of β-glucan exhibited the RPS of 32% and 37%, respectively. Conclusively, peptidoglycan contributed in high protection of the M. avidus vaccine, and thus, it can be used as an effective adjuvant in the M. avidus vaccine.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2020

Torsades de pointes refers to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PMVT), which is caused by the suppression of potassium channels owing to genetic and electrolytic abnormalities, resulting in the extension of the QT interval. Symptoms range from spontaneous circulation recovery to fainting and sudden death. Defibrillation, magnesium correction, and the use of lidocaine as an antiarrhythmic agent are recommended as treatments for persistent torsades de pointes. Currently, only amiodarone is available in the ambulance; however, torsades de pointes does not respond efficiently to amiodarone because it suppresses potassium channels and increases the refractory period of the myocardium. Lidocaine, in contrast, reduces the relative refractory period of the myocardium caused by suppressing sodium channels; thus, it inhibits the occurrence of and treats arrhythmia. In cases where PMVT did not respond to defibrillation, the administration of lidocaine showed no difference in survival and discharge rates compared to amiodarone. Thus, ambulances must be equipped with provisions to administer lidocaine.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.3027-3033
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• 2022

Background: In this study, various types of deep-learning models for predicting in vitro radiosensitivity from gene-expression profiling were compared. Methods: The clonogenic surviving fractions at 2 Gy from previous publications and microarray gene-expression data from the National Cancer Institute-60 cell lines were used to measure the radiosensitivity. Seven different prediction models including three distinct multi-layered perceptrons (MLP), four different convolutional neural networks (CNN) were compared. Folded cross-validation was applied to train and evaluate model performance. The criteria for correct prediction were absolute error < 0.02 or relative error < 10%. The models were compared in terms of prediction accuracy, training time per epoch, training fluctuations, and required calculation resources. Results: The strength of MLP-based models was their fast initial convergence and short training time per epoch. They represented significantly different prediction accuracy depending on the model configuration. The CNN-based models showed relatively high prediction accuracy, low training fluctuations, and a relatively small increase in the memory requirement as the model deepens. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a CNN-based model with moderate depth would be appropriate when the prediction accuracy is important, and a shallow MLP-based model can be recommended when either the training resources or time are limited.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.705-713
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• 2022

The feeding habits of Hexagrammos otakii were studied by analyzing the stomach contents of 508 specimens collected from July 2009 to December 2010 off the Yeosu coast of Korea. The total length of the H. otakii specimens ranged from 10.7 to 41.5 cm. H. otakii was found to be a bottom-feeding carnivore that mainly consumed brachyura, amphipoda, but also sonsumed cephalopoda, pisces, anomura, polychaeta, and gastropoda. It was shown through relative importance analysis that the benthic share was 58.1% for brachyura, 24.5% for amphipoda, 7.5% for caridea, and 7.3% for pisces. Brachyura was the main prey item for H. otakii, occupying 35% of the stomach contents. The proportion of brachyura and amphipoda decreased with the growth of H. otakii, and their decrease paralleled the increased consumption of pisces. The shift in feeding habits to larger prey organisms with increasing fish size seems to be one of survival strategies to maximize net energy gain.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.190-201
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• 2022

Background: The introduction of new living modified (LM) crops may pose a latent threat to the biodiversity of each country. Here, we used sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) as a study system to investigate the potential for invasiveness of LM crops under different environmental conditions when released into a natural ecosystem in South Korea. We examined the seed germination, survival, and flowering of sunflowers under competition with wild plants at different sowing dates (March-December) and plot sizes (1 m × 1 m and 2 m × 2 m). Results: The germination rate showed a significant difference according to the sowing date. In addition, several sunflowers survived in plots with a high germination rate, which also led to a higher flowering rate. We found that the smaller the plot, the smaller the area available for inter-species competition, and the higher the number of surviving sunflower plants. The relative dominance and importance value of the species varied significantly between the sowing dates; in particular, sunflowers sown in March could compete with wild plants for longer than those sown on other sowing dates. Conclusions: These observations indicate that the potential for invasiveness of sunflowers differs depending on the environmental conditions and seed density at the time of release.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.204-206
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• 2022

The global economy and the air transport business have been affected since the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. As countries tighten restrictions on international movements, the growing emphasis on air cargo puts pressure on airports to maintain and upgrade their cargo policies, facilities, and operations. Hence, ensuring the competitiveness of cargo airports becomes pivotal for airports survival under the volatile global demand. The study aims to evaluate the importance of the competitiveness factors for cargo airports and identify areas for further improvement. The study applies the Best-Worst Method (BWM) to assess the cargo airports' competitiveness factors: 'Transport Capacity,' 'Airport Operations and Facility Capacity,' 'Economic Growth,' 'Financial Performance,' and 'Airport Brand Value.' The selected airports include Heathrow Airport, Aéroport de Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Hong Kong International Airport, and Incheon International Airport. The results identify 'Transport Capacity' as the most significant competitiveness factor, and Hong Kong International Airport the best performing cargo airport. This research forms a reference framework for evaluating cargo airports' competitive position, which may help identify airports' relative strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, this framework can also serve as a tool facilitating the strategic design of airports that may accommodate both air cargo and passenger demand flexibly under the demand uncertainty.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2024

This study analyzed the current operational status, business continuity, and business continuity strategies of 11 Soho fashion shopping malls through a longitudinal case study (2019/2020 and 2022/2023). The aim was to determine how Soho fashion shopping malls are continuing their business having been successfully established in the fiercely competitive current online fashion market. Regarding changes in shopping mall operation status, all cases displayed changes in items, distribution channels, marketing channels, core values, and profit structures. After establishing the businesses, a crisis arose due to the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to difficulties in creating new customers. Moreover, there was excessive business expansion, resulting in saturation of the online platform store market. This meant companies were experiencing reduced sales (5) or difficulties in maintaining their business (3). However, there were differences in the direction of overcoming the crisis and continuing or converting the business. These revealed that to continue the business after successful establishment of an online fashion shopping mall, it is essential to have the expertise of entrepreneurs, work performance, and marketing ability, as well as differentiation capabilities such as product power and management strategy and core competitiveness that provides a relative advantage over other shopping malls. Customized government support at the level of the start-up ecosystem is also essential for the survival and business continuity of a SOHO online fashion shopping mall with poor human and material resources.