• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.1-29
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• 2014

Relativization is one of the common syntactic operations to merge two different clauses into a single information unit. This operation plays a pivotal role to structuralize multiple clauses cohesively as well as serves to specify the property an individual has within the context. That implies that relativization contributes to information structure of multiclausal sentences. In this context, this paper delves into information structure of relative clauses in English with an eye toward creation of a computational model from a standpoint of machine translation. The current work employs Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG, Pollard and Sag (1994)) as a theory of grammar and Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS, Copestake et al. (2005) as a meaning representation system. Building upon these formalisms, this paper addresses how information structure of relative clauses can be represented and constrained. The current work makes use of Individual CONStraints (ICONS) for modeling relative clauses with respect to information structure. The current work also investigates which relative clause involves which information structure constraint. The present study argues that non-restrictive relative clauses impose a more specific constraint on information structure than restrictive relative clauses.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.80-90
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• 1994

Basic constraint equations derived from orthogonality conditions between a pair of body-fixed vectors and a body-fixed vector or a vector between two bodies are reformulated by using relative coordinate kinematics between two adjacent reference frames. Arithmetic numbers of operations required to compute derivatives of the constraint equations are drastically reduced. A mixed formulation of relative and cartesian coordinates is developed to further simplify derivatives of the constraints. Advantages and disadvantages of the new formulation are discussed. Possible singularity problem of para llelism constraints is resolved by introducing an extra generalized coordinate. Kinematic analysis of a McPherson strut suspension system are carried out to illustrate use and efficiency of the new formulation.

• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2001

The displacement of the prepositional object from PP (DPO) was strictly prohibited in Old English (OE). No matter how such a prohibition is theoretically analyzed, it seems clear that OE had some sort of constraint against DPO. In this paper, I address the issue of what motivated the constraint by explaining what made DPO so difficult in OE. In particular, on the basis of the discussion about relative obliqueness among OE NP arguments, I propose that what was behind the constraint is both a high degree of obliqueness of OE prepositional arguments, which was rigidly marked and represented by the preposition as an obliqueness marker, and the representation and maintenance of relative obliqueness among OE NP arguments.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.874-882
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• 2011

The decoupling design for the one-degree-of-freedom controller system is treated within the $H_{\infty}$ framework. In the present study, we demonstrate that the $H_{\infty}$ performance problem in the decoupling design is reduced into interpolation problems on scalar functions. To guarantee the properness of decoupling controllers and the overall transfer matrix, the relative degree conditions on the interpolating scalar functions are derived. To find the interpolating functions with relative degree constraints, Nevanlinna-Pick algorithm with starting function constraint is utilized in the present study. An illustrative example is given to provide details regarding the solution.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.35-53
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• 2001

As a subtype of English relative clause constructions, free relative constructions like what John ate in I ate what John ate exhibit complicated syntactic and semantic properties. In particular, the constructions have mixed properties of nominal and verbal: they have the internal syntax of sentence and the external syntax of noun phrase. This paper provides a constraint-based approach to these mixed constructions, and shows that simple constructional constraints are enough to capture their complexities. The paper begins by surveying the properties of the constructions. In discusses two types(Specific and nonspecific) of free relatives, their ,lexical restrictions nominal properties and behavior with respect to extraposition, piped piping and stacking Following these it sketches the basic framework of the HPSG(Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar) which is of relevance in this paper. As the main part, the paper presents a constraint- based analysis in which tight interactions between grammatical constructions and a rich network of inheritance relations play important roles in accounting for the basic as well as complex properties of the constructions is question.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.576-582
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• 2022

In this paper, we discuss the relative positioning of Wh-related English prepositions in a Wh-interrogative construction within the Optimality Theory [1-2]. By employing the two key constraints such as ^*Prep-Str and Align which are developed for the positioning of Wh-related prepositions from Romance languages such as French and Italian [3] and for the positioning of Wh-related prepositions from the middle English prose from 1500 to 1900 [4-6], and by slightly modifying the constraint hierarchy of ^*Prep-STR >>Align into ^**PrepSTR <<>>Align, Choi argues that his new theory can properly explain the unique behaviors of English Whrelated prepositions being able to take two 'optional' operations such as pied-piping and stranding to find legitimate landing sites in a Wh-interrogative construction [7]. However, this new analysis again reveals the following critical problems: (1) Unlike the 'light' English Wh-related prepositions which can two optional operations for legitimate landing sites in a Wh-interrogative construction, 'heavy' Wh-related English prepositions are not allowed to have such two options: they take just one option of pied-piping only. Thus, (2) his argumentation based on the existing constraints and the modified constraint hierarchy is neither general enough nor proper to explain the issue of the relative positioning for all English Wh-related preposition cases. To include such exceptional syntactic property of the 'heavy' preposition cases within the Optimality Theory, we suggest a new constraint of ^*HPrep-STR ranked at the highest position of the constraint hierarchy to disallow a 'heavy' or multi-syllabic Wh-related English preposition to stay alone at the end of a sentence. The new final hierarchy of constraints we suggest to explain the exceptional positioning of 'heavy' Wh-related prepositions together with the other 'light' Wh-related prepositions in English Wh-interrogative construction will be as follows: ^*HPrep-STR>>Align<<>>^*Prep-STR.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.713-722
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• 2009

중력측량은 지구중력장 결정, 지각의 수직운동, 지오이드면의 변화, 해수면변화, 기후변화 등 측지학적, 지구동력학적 연구의 기초이다. 국토지리정보원에서는 최근 들어 FG-5 절대중력계를 도입하여 절대중력 기준망의 구축을 위한 틀을 마련하였고 다차원 다기능 기준점인 통합기준점을 전국에 약 1,200점을 설치하여 상대중력측량을 실시함으로써 한국의 고정밀 지오이드모델의 개발에 큰 기여를 할 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서는 상대중력측량의 기본적인 이론 및 방법을 상세하게 설명하였고, 최신 상대중력계 Scintrex CG-5를 이용하여 총 21점에 대한 상대중력측량을 수행하였으며, 자유망조정 및 무게제한 망조정 방법을 이용하여 중력성과를 계산 및 비교 분석하였다. 결과, 두 가지 방법 모두 높은 정밀도의 중력성과 계산이 가능하지만 자유망조정이 무게제한 망조정 방법에 비해 상대적인 우위를 보여주는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.445-450
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• 2000

In this paper, a numerical method is proposed for cam synthesis. kinematics of closed loop system with cam and follower is presented using relative coordinates. The system is transformed into an open loop system by cutting fictitiously higher-pair contact of cam and follower and envelope constraint equations are derived. Follower constraint equations are derived from the motion of the follower ends. The joint variables and follower profile parameters are calculated from the envelope constraint equations and follower constraint equations by using the Newton - Raphson iterative method. Algorithms for cam synthesis are presented and simulations are done to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2012

In this paper, a parallel manipulator is comprised of two sliders and four links. Sliders execute a linear reciprocating motion depending on parallel guides and make the connected links rotate. A couple of links connected by sliders do coupling motion. The end-effector called a link tip has orientation angle. Through the kinematics analysis of this manipulator, we found displacement, velocity and acceleration using direct and inverse kinematics. We used equations that derived from this analysis and determined five constraint conditions. These conditions had much to do with rotation states of links, the relative relation of link length and coupling motion state. To verify those, we suggest a new algorithm regarding constraint conditions of a manipulator. With the result which performed the algorithm, we found out that operation range of coupled links was limited by relative relation of link length and that manipulator was not able to carry out a series of link motion, in case of being the link vertical between two parallel guides.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1239-1245
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• 2002

A formulation which seeks steady-state equilibrium positions of constrained multibody systems driven by constant generalized speeds is presented in this paper. Since the relative coordinates are employed, constraint equations at cut joints are incorporated into the formulation. To obtain the steady-state equilibrium position of a multibody system, nonlinear equations are derived and solved iteratively. The nonlinear equations consist of the force equilibrium equations and the kinematic constraint equations. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed formulation, two numerical examples are solved and the results are compared with those of a commercial program.