• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.396-405
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• 2016

Purpose: The study was done to investigate nurses' customer orientation, emotional labor, unit manager-nurse exchange and relational bonds and to identify the factors affecting nurses' turnover intentions. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using self-report questionnaires. The participants in this study were 276 nurses in tertiary hospital located in a metropolitan city, Korea. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression with the SPSS program 22.0. Results: The mean scores were $3.74{\pm}0.90$ (out of 5) for turnover intention, $5.31{\pm}0.87$ (out of 7) for customer orientation, $4.82{\pm}0.96$ (out of 7) for emotional labor, $3.58{\pm}0.61$ (out of 7) for relational bonds, and $3.18{\pm}0.57$ (out of 5) for unit manager-nurse exchange. Factors influencing turnover intention were 'emotional labor' (${\beta}$=.39, p<.001), 'unit manager-nurse exchange' (${\beta}$=-.22, p<.001), 'financial bonds' (${\beta}$=-.19, p<.001), 'perceived economic status' (${\beta}$=-.15 p=.003) and 'career' (${\beta}$=.14, p=.005). These factors explained 34.9% of the variance in turnover intension (F=30.46, p<.001). Conclusion: Findings indicate that to reduce nurses' turnover intention in the hospital, there is a need to improve unit manager-nurse exchange and to manage strategies lowering nurses' emotional labor.

• Korean Journal of Labor Studies
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-45
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• 2017

This study aims at explaining organizational mechanisms of inequality that has been rising rapidly alongside the proliferation of irregular employment in the post-crisis Korean labor market. It argues that inequality is not sufficiently explained by individual gap in human capital or widespread marketization as such. Social categories into which each individual worker falls seems more important as a source of labor market inequality. Employment types that are composed of regular and irregular employment do not simply indicate the different economic meanings of employment contracts but have rather been institutionalized as a social category of status in the context of inequality over the past two decades. They are also often matched with other social categories such as gender that have created and reproduced greater labor market inequality. We pay attention to the organizational practice of dominant incumbents who make claims for advantages of return based on their exclusive accessibility to limited organizational resources and explain how that particular practice plays a role to increase relational inequality between those insiders who achieve advantageous returns and outsiders mostly irregular workers who are excluded from those resources because of the social categories that they belong to. In this study, we identify seniority based pay as the key organizational practice that justifies categorical differences within the workplace and examine how that particular practice contributes to organizational level segmentation and income ineqaulity.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.39-45
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• 2016

Purpose - This paper explores a new possibility of care ethics for social service. As the needs for care have been growing rapidly in various social fields, 'care' became an important concept in envisioning a welfare state. However, due to the lack of proper ethics and political stance applied to the newly arisen needs and challenges, there exist lots of confusions and difficulties. Research design, data, and methodology - Introducing the feminist ethics of care, this paper examines the relationship of care and justice in social service. As a main research perspective, this study has focused on Kittay's public ethics of care and Tronto's political ethics of care. Results - Drawing on the main research perspective, this study discusses on the necessity of a political conceptualization for an integrative care ethics. In the process, The specialty and professionality of care work as a relational labor was reconsidered. Kittay's care ethics provides a persuasive justification for social support for care workers as well as care receivers, and Tronto's ethics shows us the role of care politics for democratic citizenship. Conclusions - Tronto's ethics of care with Kittay's gives us valuable insights to envision a new public ethics for social service that takes into account both care and justice properly.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.567-584
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• 2014

This paper attempts to analyze labor politics under the Kim Young-Sam regime. The labor politics transformed from conflictual pluralism to social partnership. The transition was triggered by the 'IMF economic crisis,' and the transitional direction was determined by the character of political regime and the pattern of social coalitions. These findings imply that the transitional direction of labor politics is not determined by an economic crisis or international pressure, but by the relational dynamics of social coalitions forcing social actors to new perception and strategic choice.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2011

Objectives : The study set out to analyze correlations between emotional labor and job stress among dental hygienist, who have direct and lasting relationships with patients in dental clinic, and provide basic data to resolve stressors and manage stress. Methods : A survey was taken among dental hygienists working at dental clinics, and 200 questionnaires were used in analysis. The gathered data were put to Cronbach's alpha with the SPSS WIN12.0 program to test the reliability of the inventories to measure their emotional labor and job stress. In addition, correlation analysis was conducted to examine relations between the items of emotional labor and those of job stress along with regression analysis to examine relations between emotional labor and job stress. Finally, t-test and One-way ANOVA were conducted to test mean differences in the job stress items according to the degrees of emotional labor with the statistical significance level set at 0.05. Results : 1. The measurement tool used in the study recorded 0.7 for all the areas of Cronbach's alpha for internal reliability and thus achieved high reliability. 2. The overall mean of emotional labor was 2.74, which indicates that the dental hygienists had 'average' or higher stress for emotional labor. 3. Emotional labor had statistically significant relations with educational background, place of work, motivation to choose to be a dental hygienist, and religion of their general characteristics. 4. There was statistical significance in relations between general characteristics and job stress according to educational background, position at work, and experience with change of occupation. 5. The correlations between emotional labor and the stress areas were analyzed. As a result, emotional labor was in positive(+) correlations with job demand, lack of job autonomy, relational conflict, job instability, organizational system, and corporate culture. In addition, regression analysis was conducted to test causal relations between emotional labor and job stress. The results indicate that there were positive(+) influences between emotional labor and job stress. Conclusions : The results show that emotional labor can serve as a mediating variable for job stress in dental clinic. Thus both dental clinics and dental hygienists need to have ways to deal with job stress derived from emotional labor in which they are forced to process their emotions according to the dental clinics' demands, properly. The study will hopefully trigger ongoing follow-up researches on the deployment of dental hygienists according to their job characteristics and the situational variables to alleviate the negative results of emotional labor.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.67-85
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• 2023

Purpose - This study seeks to investigate the determinants of global sourcing intention in clothing sewing industry, in particular with its focus on women's knit wear production. Design/methodology/approach - This study collected a unique set of qualitative data through 31 in-depth interviews with fashion brands, promotion agencies, and sewing factories between July 2023 and October 2023. In addition, it analyzed the dataset using the MAXQDA to complement the research findings. Findings - We have two findings. First, the interviewees commonly mentioned the following factors as reasons for considering global sourcing: the human factors(aging of skilled technicians and labor shortages), the financial factors(gap in production unit prices at home and abroad), the relational factors(lack of novelty), and the physical factors(loss of production infrastructure and network), while the human factors(skilled workforce), the production factors(delivery date and product quality), and the relational factors(timely communication and mutual trust) as reasons for continuing domestic sourcing. Additional code analysis of interview also supports this finding. On the other hand, there was also a subtle difference between buyers(brands) and suppliers(promotion agencies and processing plants), and buyers consider the exact delivery date critical so that they could see trend-sensitive women's knit wear on time, and suppliers took production costs, labor costs, and labor shortages, which are financial factors, more seriously. Research implications or Originality - This study provides a richer and more balanced view of existing literature, which has generally tended to introduce global sourcing across the clothing industry despite the existence of various diversity within the industry. In addition, through qualitative research, we introduce that the sewing industry is carried out according to complex factors, and by revealing and categorizing the determinants of global sourcing, we supplement the existing research on the clothing sewing industry centered on survey. On a practical note, this study introduces that there is a difference in view of domestic sourcing and global sourcing between buyers(brands) and suppliers(promotion agencies and sewing factories), suggesting practical implications for revitalizing networks and deriving win-win cooperation network models among members in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.170-183
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• 2020

This study sought to investigate the relationship between emotional labor and commitment to organization of flight attendants as a way to identify solutions for service quality issues attributed to reduced commitment. It was also intended to determine the relational routes in terms of the effects of social support as a supplementary factor in reduced air service quality. A survey was conducted from January 2020 for about one month and a total of 426 copies were used in the final analysis. SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 statistical programs were used for the data analysis. The results are as follows. First, the emotional labor of flight attendants showed a negative impact on the social support including support from peers, families, and team leaders. Second, support from peers and team leaders had a positive impact on commitment to organization. Third, the emotional labor of flight attendants showed a negative impact on their commitment to organization. Fourth, support from peers and team leaders were found to have a mediated effect on the relationship between emotional labor and commitment to organization.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.302-316
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate a structural model for the quality of life (QoL) among high-risk pregnant women, based on Roy's adaptation model. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data from 333 first-time mothers diagnosed with a high-risk pregnancy in two obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Cheonan, Korea, or participating in an online community, between October 20, 2021 and February 20, 2022. Structured questionnaires measured QoL, contextual stimuli (uncertainty), coping (adaptive or maladaptive), and adaptation mode (fatigue, state anxiety, antenatal depression, maternal identity, and marital adjustment). Results: The mean age of the respondents was 35.29±3.72 years, ranging from 26 to 45 years. The most common high-risk pregnancy diagnosis was gestational diabetes (26.1%). followed by preterm labor (21.6%). QoL was higher than average (18.63±3.80). Above-moderate mean scores were obtained for all domains (psychological/baby, 19.03; socioeconomic, 19.00; relational/spouse-partner, 20.99; relational/family-friends, 19.18; and health and functioning, 16.18). The final model explained 51% of variance in QoL in high-risk pregnant women, with acceptable overall model fit. Adaptation mode (β=-.81, p=.034) and maladaptive coping (β=.46 p=.043) directly affected QoL, and uncertainty (β=-. 21, p=.004), adaptive coping (β=.36 p=.026), and maladaptive coping (β=-.56 p=.023) indirectly affected QoL. Conclusion: It is essential to develop nursing interventions aimed at enhancing appropriate coping strategies to improve QoL in high-risk pregnant women. By reinforcing adaptive coping strategies and mitigating maladaptive coping, these interventions can contribute to better maternal and fetal outcomes and improve the overall well-being of high-risk pregnant women.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.642-659
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• 2012

The main aim of this article is to examine theoretical issues on the 'global-local connectivity' of regional industrial cluster and regional innovation system which have been presented since the 2000s in terms of three different aspects. Firstly, the concept of 'geographical proximity' is discussed within the context of its importance for the regional industrial development by considering relationships of cluster, local buzz and global pipeline. Secondly, concepts on knowledge gatekeeper and temporary cluster are explored with respect to their role of a mediator in forming or transforming global-local connectivity. Finally, policy implications of the global-local connection are presented. Authors arguments are as follows; firstly, in order to improve regional industrial cluster on the basis of geographical proximity, relational proximity which is beyond different spatial scales has to be secured. It means that geographical convenience and inconvenience are required simultaneously for regional industrial development. Secondly, A base of the global-local connectivity is socal capital and embeddedness. Therefore, it needs to understand that relational proximity is embedded into different culture and habit at different spatial scales. Finally, within the context of the global-local connectivity, in order to overcome spatial hierarchy by the division of labor of firms, it needs to consider the complex system which is composed of vertical and horizontal hierarchy by the spatial division of labor by firms, openness and closeness of clusters, and the scope of policies' inclusion and exclusion by central and local governments.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 2021

Childcare teacher experience emotional labor that suppresses, exaggerates, controls and regulates their emotions in order to produce the positive image required in the nursery field. The working environment for infants and toddlers has a problem of lowering the quality of life as a cause of psychological exhaustion of the emotional labor childcare teacher. Because singing helps to improve the quality of human life, research is needed to enable emotional labor childcare teacher to recover from psychological exhaustion and plan a positive life in the process of self-care. First, how is the psychological exhaustion of the emotional labor childcare teacher through song psychotherapy? Second, how is the process of self-care of the emotional labor childcare teacher through song psychotherapy? The study was conducted from March 2017 to May 2020, and through qualitative case studies, data such as in-depth interviews, direct observations, and participation observations were collected at the ○○○ daycare center for 50 minutes every 12 sessions. Based on the above findings, the following conclusions were drawn: First, through singing psychotherapy, emotional labor and childcare staff were able to discover, understand, recognize, face, communicate, and insight into their will to live, psychologically exhausted themselves. Emotional support from others can reduce the experience of emotional depletion and demonstrate a recovery of experience and an improvement in achievement due to frustration at work. Second, the self-care of the emotional labor child care teacher through song psychotherapy proved the temporal, spatial, relational, and emotional caring process, while maintaining the balance between caring for others and caring for oneself, body, mind, and spirituality are organic change. In this study, the psychological exhaustion and self-care process provides an opportunity to discover the essence of life, explore and express one's inner self, take care of others and oneself in a balanced manner, and provide insights for a whole person and healthy self. It is significant in providing opportunities to improve the quality of life through growth.