• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.349-364
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• 2008

Over the years, probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) research activities conducted at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) have played an essential role in support of the agency's move towards risk-informed regulation. These research activities have provided the technical basis for NRC's regulatory activities in key areas; provided PRA methods, tools, and data enabling the agency to meet future challenges; supported the implementation of NRC's 1995 PRA Policy Statement by assessing key sources of risk; and supported the development of necessary technical and human resources supporting NRC's risk-informed activities. PRA research aimed at improving the NRC's understanding of risk can positively affect the agency's regulatory activities, as evidenced by three case studies involving research on fire PRA, human reliability analysis (HRA), and pressurized thermal shock (PTS) PRA. These case studies also show that such research can take a considerable amount of time, and that the incorporation of research results into regulatory practice can take even longer. The need for sustained effort and appropriate lead time is an important consideration in the development of a PRA research program aimed at helping the agency address key sources of risk for current and potential future facilities.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2022

Today the regulation of socio-economic development has been the subject of active scientific debate. The modern paradigm of regulatory policy in foreign countries involves a change in the role and strategy of the state, which determines the relevance of this topic. The aim of the article is to study the current state of regulatory policy research. The article is based on a bibliographic analysis of the study of regulatory policy. The study is based on the data search functions of the Scopus platform. It uses a set of VOSviewer program, online visualization of keywords in the titles of scientific journals and citations of publications. The study led to the conclusion that the number of publications that directly study the nature and features of regulatory policy is insignificant, but constantly growing. In our opinion, further research should determine the essence of regulatory policy as a separate category, a description of its features and factors of formation. It is also necessary to develop a common concept that governments should be actively involved in ensuring the quality of regulation, rather than responding to the shortcomings of regulation, which is evolving into regulatory governance.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.426-436
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• 2024

Nuclear security has been emphasized to ensure the safety of the environment and humans, as well as to protect nuclear materials and facilities from malicious attacks. With increasing utilization of nuclear energy and emerging potential threats, there has been a renewed focus on nuclear security. Korea has made efforts to enhance the regulatory oversight processes, both for general and specific legislative systems. While Korea has demonstrated effective nuclear security activities, continuous efforts are necessary to maintain a high level of security and to improve regulatory efficiency in alignment with international standards. In this study, the comprehensive regulatory oversight framework for the security of Korean nuclear facilities has been investigated. For reference, the U.S. regulatory oversight frameworks for nuclear facilities, with a focus on nuclear security, and the motivations of changes in regulatory oversight framework have been identified. By comparing these regulatory programs and frameworks, insights and considerations for enhancing nuclear security regulations have been identified. A comprehensive security inspection program tailored for the Korean regulatory oversight framework has been proposed, and has been preliminarily applied to hypothetical conditions for further discussion.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.4987-4998
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• 2014

Recently, the use of nanotechnology in products is constantly expanding, and the problems on human health hazard has emerged as a major issue. A nanomaterials regulatory policy on the products is urgently required. This study analyzed the introduction of regulatory policies of nanomaterials contained in industrial products. In this study, the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method was applied and three regulatory policies were evaluated to analyze the validity of the introduction of a nanomaterials regulatory policy. To select the optimal regulatory policy, the policy evaluation criteria were set as enforcement (effectiveness), economics, acceptability, and protection. For the regulatory policies, self-regulation, product labelling, and enforced registration were introduced and evaluated as the regulatory policies, and product labelling was selected as the optimal regulatory policy.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.263-275
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• 2016

Objective: This paper introduces the regulatory oversight approaches and issues to consider in the course of safety culture oversight model development in the nuclear field. Common understanding on regulatory oversight and present practices of international communities are briefly reviewed. The nuclear safety culture oversight model of Korea is explained focusing on the development of safety culture definition and components, and their basic meanings. Oversight components are identified to represent the multiple human and organizational elements which can affect and reinforce elements of defense in depth system for nuclear safety. Result of validation study on safety culture components is briefly introduced too. Finally, the results of the application of the model are presented to show its effectiveness and feasibility. Background: The oversight of nuclear licensee's safety culture has been an important regulatory issue in the international community of nuclear safety regulation. Concurrent with the significant events that started to occur in the early 2000s and that had implications about safety culture of the operating organizations, it has been natural for regulators to pay attention to appropriate methods and even philosophy for intervening the licensee's safety culture. Although safety culture has been emphasized for last 30 years as a prerequisite to ensure high level of nuclear safety, it has not been of regulatory scope and has a unique dilemma between external oversight and the voluntary nature of culture. Safety culture oversight is a new regulatory challenge that needs to be approached taking into consideration of the uncontrollable aspects of cultural changes and the impacts on licensee's safety culture. Although researchers and industrial practitioners still struggle with measuring, evaluating, managing and changing safety culture, it was recognized that efforts to observe and influence licensees' safety culture should not be delayed. Method: Safety culture components which regulatory oversight will have to focus on are developed by benchmarking the concept of physical barriers and introducing the defense in depth philosophy into organizational system. Therefore, this paper begins with review of international regulatory oversight approaches and issues associated with the regulatory oversight of safety culture, followed by the development of oversight model. The validity of the model was verified by statistical analysis with the survey result obtained from survey administration to NPP employees in Korea. The developed safety culture oversight model and components were used in the "safety culture inspection" activities of the Korean regulatory body. Results: The developed safety culture model was confirmed to be valid in terms of content, construct and criterion validity. And the actual applicability in the nuclear operating organization was verified after series of pilot "safety culture inspection" activities. Conclusion: The application of the nuclear safety culture oversight model to operating organization of NPPs showed promising results for regulatory tools required for the organizations to improve their safety culture. Application: The developed oversight model and components might be used in the inspection activities and regulatory oversight of NPP operating organization's safety culture.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.345-350
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• 1997

The ${\beta}$-Lactoglobulin (BLG) gene expression is differentially regulated during development of the mammary tissues. Such differential regulation of the BLG gene expression can be reiterated in the cultured mammary HC11 cells. In the growing non-confluent HC11 cells, the BLG promoter activity was shown to be partially repressed by the upstream regulatory sequence. The repression was gradually diminished and switched to activation as the cells grew confluent. The differential regulation of the BLG promoter was controlled by the 5'-regulatory sequence located at the upstream of 205 bp. Electromobility shift assay showed that nuclear extract from HC11 cells differentially bound on the regulatory sequence, depending on the cell confluency, which was in accordance with the differential transcriptional activity. DNase I foot-print assay, however, revealed that all nuclear extracts presented the same foot-prints, regardless of confluency of HC11 cells. These results suggest that differential regulation BLG gene expression by the 5'-regulatory sequence may be accomplished by competitive and/or cooperative binding of differential regulatory factors on the same regulatory element.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.227-236
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• 2014

Understanding germinal center reactions is crucial not only for the design of effective vaccines against infectious agents and malignant cells but also for the development of therapeutic intervention for the treatment of antibody-mediated immune disorders. Recent advances in this field have revealed specialized subsets of T cells necessary for the control of B cell responses in the follicle. These cells include follicular regulatory T cells and Qa-1-restricted cluster of differentiation $(CD)8^+$ regulatory T cells. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge related to the role of regulatory T cells in the B cell follicle.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2014.11a
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• pp.849-852
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• 2014

Reverse engineering of gene regulatory network is a challenging task in computational biology. To detect a regulatory relationship among genes from time series data is called reverse engineering. Reverse engineering helps to discover the architecture of the underlying gene regulatory network. Besides, it insights into the disease process, biological process and drug discovery. There are many statistical approaches available for reverse engineering of gene regulatory network. In our paper, we propose pairwise mutual information for the reverse engineering of a gene regulatory network from time series data. Firstly, we create random boolean networks by the well-known $Erd{\ddot{o}}s-R{\acute{e}}nyi$ model. Secondly, we generate artificial time series data from that network. Then, we calculate pairwise mutual information for predicting the network. We implement of our system on java platform. To visualize the random boolean network graphically we use cytoscape plugins 2.8.0.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.551-559
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• 2005

The recent rapid increase in genomic data related to many microorganisms and the development of computational tools to accurately analyze large amounts of data have enabled us to design several kinds of simulation approaches for the complex behaviors of cells. Among these approaches, dFBA (dynamic flux balance analysis), which utilizes FBA, differential equations, and regulatory events, has correctly predicted cellular behaviors under given environmental conditions. However, until now, dFBA has centered on substrate concentration, cell growth, and gene on/off, but a detailed hierarchical structure of a regulatory network has not been taken into account. The use of Boolean rules for regulatory events in dFBA has limited the representation of interactions between specific regulatory proteins and genes and the whole transcriptional regulation mechanism with environmental change. In this paper, we adopted the operon as the basic structure, constructed a hierarchical structure for a regulatory network with defined fundamental symbols, and introduced a weight between symbols in order to solve the above problems. Finally, the total control mechanism of regulatory elements (operons, genes, effectors, etc.) with time was simulated through the linkage of dFBA with regulatory network modeling. The lac operon, trp operon, and tna operon in the central metabolic network of E. coli were chosen as the basic models for control patterns. The suggested modeling method in this study can be adopted as a basic framework to describe other transcriptional regulations, and provide biologists and engineers with useful information on transcriptional regulation mechanisms under extracellular environmental change.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.137-159
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• 2016

Although prior studies suggest that transformational leadership and servant leadership fuel followers' creativity, there is a few study on leadership style and followers' personality interaction. Based on regulatory focus theory, this study believe that interaction impacts of leadership styles and followers' regulatory focus differed in promotion focus and prevention focus employees' creativity. To strengthen causal process and rule out alternative results, this study conducted an experimental study using field employees. Participant were randomly assigned to four conditions (transformational leadership ${\times}$ promotion focus), (transformational leadership ${\times}$ prevention focus), (servant leadership ${\times}$ promotion focus), (servant leadership ${\times}$ prevention focus). The major results of this study suggest that (1) transformational leadership was positively related to promotion focus followers' intrinsic motivation and creativity, and was negatively related to prevention focus followers' intrinsic motivation and creativity. (2) Servant leadership, on the other hand, was positively related to promotion focus and prevention focus followers' motivation and creativity. (3) Intrinsic motivation mediated the relationship between interaction effects of leadership style and follower's regulatory focus style and individual creativity. The results of this study demonstrated a remarkable differential impact based on a simple manipulation inducing feeling or thinking of a responsive situation. This research, measuring interaction impact of leadership and followers' regulatory focus in an experimental context, expands the leadership style and regulatory focus literature and provides future directions on leadership role in personality-related research domains.