• 환경영향평가
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.467-483
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• 2007

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a kind of planning technique to seek ways to minimize environmental impact, a scheme to encourage sustainable development. With the launch of the Ministry of Environment in 1980, the EIA was introduced in Korea. Its full operation was initially driven by regulations on documenting EIA reports in 1981, which was piloted as a decision-making scheme where final decision were made at the development department after considering opinions suggested by the Ministry of Environment. At that time, dominance of the economic logic overwhelmed environ-friendly opinions, but thanks to the fourth revision of the Environmental Conservation Law in 1986, private projects came to be included on the EIA list. This was a turning point for the EIA to become a regulatory system. Local governments are also conducting the EIA regardless of the national-level EIA. In order to prevent and resolve increasingly severe environmental problems in Seoul in advance due to various construction projects, the Seoul Metropolitan Government, for the first time as a local government in Korea, legislated city decrees to introduce the EIA which has been underway from September 1, 2002. In particular, the Seoul government, unlike the Ministry of Environment, has included construction works on the list of evaluation projects, adopting the scoping and screen procedure scheme. In addition, complementing operational setbacks, the city government has revised and implemented decrees and enforcement laws on the Impact Assessment on Environment, Transportation and Disasters by shortening the consultation period, eliminating the submission of reports on construction, and expanding the waiver requirements in consultation over the reports. Therefore, development measures for the EIA scheme of the Seoul Metropolitan Government will be the target of the research. To that end, the up-to-date data of the Ministry of Environment, the Seoul government and local governments was collected, and latest materials from the EU, previous research and the Internet were gathered for analyses. By doing so, the flow of the EIA was reviewed, and the EIA schemes of local governments under the national EIA were analyzed. Furthermore, based on the Seoul government's recent data on the EIA based on the decrees, the background and legislation of the Seoul government's EIA were analyzed along with the developments for the environmental organizations. Setbacks were derived from the implementation period, evaluation procedures, consultation period and details of the EIA, and corresponding development measures were proposed.

• 한국무역상무학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국무역상무학회 2006년도 제35회 하계 정기세미나
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• pp.45-72
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• 2006

The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for ethical project finance. These principles commit banks and other signatories to not finance projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation and launched in 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks have adopted the Principles, and with these banks among them accounting for more than three quarters of all project loan market volume the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental effects of projects to be financed. While regarding the Principles an important initiative, NGOs have criticised the Principles for not producing real changes in financing activities and for allowing projects to go through that should have been screened out by the Principles, such as the Sakhalin-II oil and gas project in Russia. In early 2006, a process of revision of the principles was begun. The Equator Principles state that endorsing banks will only provide loans directly to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). - For all medium or high risk projects (Category A and B projects), sponsors complete an Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key environmental and social issues. - The Environmental Assessment report addresses baseline environmental and social conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, applicable international treaties and agreements, sustainable development and use of renewable natural resources, protection of human health, cultural properties, and biodiversity, including endangered species and sensitive ecosystems, use of dangerous substances, major hazards, occupational health and safety, fire prevention and life safety, socio-economic impacts, land acquisition and land use, involuntary resettlement, impacts on indigenous peoples and communities, cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future projects, participation of affected parties in the design, review and implementation of the project, consideration of feasible environmentally and socially preferable alternatives, efficient production, delivery and use of energy, pollution prevention and waste minimization, pollution controls (liquid effluents and air emissions) and solid and chemical waste management. - Based on the Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with their clients on how they mitigate, monitor and manage those risks through an 'Environmental Management Plan'. Compliance with the plan is required in the covenant. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective action, which if unsuccessful, could ultimately result in the bank canceling the loan and demanding immediate repayment. - For risky projects, the borrower consults with stakeholders (NGO's and project affected groups) and provides them with information on the risks of the project. - If necessary, an expert is consulted. The Principles only apply to projects over 50 million US dollars, which, according to the Equator Principles website, represent 97% of the total market. In early 2006, the financial institutions behind the Principles launched stakeholder consultations and negotiations aimed at revising the principles. The draft revised principles were met with criticism from NGO stakeholders, who in a joint position paper argued that the draft fails by ignoring the most serious critiques of the principles: a lack of consistent and rigorous implementation.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제19권
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• pp.33-66
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• 2003

This is a comparative and analytical study which comprises of the analysis of the rules of the buyer's remedies where the seller delivers defective goods of four legal systems; Directive, CISG, English law and Korean law. In light of threefold main purposes of this study, it firstly attempts to describe and analyze the remedy provisions of Directive in a comparative way in order to provide legal advice to the sellers who plans to enter into English consumer markets. It shows that the two tier remedial system under Directive is not much different from the other jurisdictions, except where the right of rescission under Directive is absolute in a sense that it does not require a certain degree of seriousness of defect. Secondly, the study compares the rules of one jurisdiction with those of other jurisdictions and evaluates the rules in light of the discipline of comparative law the basic question of which is whether a solution from one jurisdiction may facilitate the systematic development and reform of another jurisdiction. It proves the followings; (1) the reluctance and uncertainty in English law of ordering specific performance based on the discretionary power does not reflect the parties' preference because the order is either uncertain or rather negative where the purchase of substitute goods elsewhere is not a satisfactory solution in many cases; (2) the position in Korean law which has no limitation on the right to require substitute goods is likely unfair in commercial sales, but justified in consumer sales; (3) the right of termination or reduction under Directive which is subject to the applicability of the right to require repair or substitute goods seems to be contrary to the consumer's preference where the defective delivery destroys the basis of trust in the quality of the seller's performance; (4) the absolute right of termination under Directive and English law seems crucial in consumer sales because they are often inferior to commercial sellers in terms of information and bargaining power; (5) the right of reduction as a self-help remedy which is absent in English law emphasizes its usefulness. Thirdly, it finds that, where CISG is deemed to fail to unify different rules on the right to require specific performance between Civil and Common law, it is attempted once again in Directive and notwithstanding their hostility to awarding the right to require specific performance in English law, Regulations 2002 expressively stipulates such right.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

본 연구는 가축분뇨의 자원순환 및 Zero emission 개념에서 강원도내에서 발생되는 가축분뇨의 퇴비화 가능성을 검토하였다. 현재 우리나라 가축사육가구의 대규모화 추세를 고려할 때, 적용 대상에 따라 축종별로 차이가 크므로 법규제 대상을 가축사육두수 외에도 가축사육가구를 기준으로 하는 법적 검토가 필요하다. 미신고대상에 해당되는 강원도 가축분뇨 발생량의 비율은 한육우가 가장 높았으며, 이에 대한 처리기술로는 퇴비화기술이 적합하였다. 돼지는 분뇨 특성상 액비화기술이 적합할 것으로 사료된다. 오염물질 발생량은 돼지, 한육우, 젖소, 닭 순으로 많았으며, 오염물질 중 비료로써 대체 가능한 T-N과 T-P의양은 각각 13천톤과 2천톤이었다. 법 규제대상에 따른 강원도의 가축분뇨내 BOD 발생량은 돼지가 가장 많고, 미신고대상의 BOD 발생량은 한육우가 가장 많았다. 또한, 강원도의 가축분뇨내 연간 비료성분량은 질소가 10,149톤으로 가장 많았고, 산화칼륨($K_2O$)과 인산($P_2O_5$)은 각각 4,894톤과 3,098톤이었다. 비료성분별로는 질소는 돼지, 인산은 한육우, 산화칼륨은 닭과 돼지에서 가장 많은 것으로 나타났다. 가축분뇨의 비료로써 대체비율은 질소 51%, 산화칼륨 38%, 인산 34%로 나타났다. 따라서, 가축분뇨를 퇴비화나 액비화 할 경우 비료로써의 대체효과가 클 것으로 예상된다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제58호
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• pp.195-213
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• 2019

경비업의 육성 및 발전과 그 체계적 관리에 관하여 필요한 사항을 정해 경비업의 건전한 운영에 이바지함을 목적으로 1976년에 만들어진 「경비업법」은 법의 제정 이후 「경비업법」이 26차례의 제·개정을 거치면서 현재에 이르고 있다. 「경비업법」의 제·개정을 통한 민간 경비의 시대적 구분은 크게 3가지 시기로 나눠볼 수 있다. 첫 번째 정착기이다. 1976년~2001년까지 지금의 5가지 업무영역이 완성되는 시기이다. 1976년에 시설경비와 호송경비를 시작으로 1996년 신변보호, 2001년에 기계경비와 특수경비업무가 추가되면서 지금의 5가지 업무형태로 갖추게 되었다. 두 번째 성장기(양적)이다. 2002년~2013년까지 제도적인 기반 위에 양적인 발전을 이루는 시기이다. 국민의 안전의식 증가로 안전서비스의 수요를 바탕으로 각종 문화·체육·예술 행사가 증가하면서 양적인 발전이 일어났고, 더불어 개정을 통한 자본금 하양과 겸업의 가능이 영향을 미쳤다. 세 번째 성장기(질적)이다. 2013년~현재까지 양적인 성장이 둔해지고 질적인 성장을 이루는 시기이다. 양적인 성장기 이후에 성장세는 둔화하였지만, 집단민원현장에 대한 규정을 두고, 자본금의 상향으로 경비업 허가기준을 높이고, 각종 처벌규정의 제도적인 보완, 경비원 신임교육시간의 현실화와 개인 교육 허용 등으로 경비원 직업의 신뢰와 전문성을 회복하려고 하였다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.301-313
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develop the frame for standardized manual for Sanhujoriwon by finding out the status of the management of women & newborn in Sanhujoriwon, like postpartum care center. The subjects were 95 staffs of 22 Sanhujoriwon agreed on oral consent, in Seoul and Bundang, Korea. Data were collected from Sep. 15 to Oct. 24, 2001. The instrument used for this study was a structured questionnaire consisted of 16 items of general characteristics & educational characteristics about postpartum care, 31 items of degree of management of women's postpartum care (Cronbach's $\alpha$.93 ), 24 items of degree of management of newborn's care(Cronbach's $\alpha$.94 ), 10 items of methods of management of women's postpartum care, 8 items of methods management of newborn's care. The data were analyzed by the SPSS/PC+ program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. The mean of the degree of management for postpartum women was 4.1. The mean score for the degree of management of general postpartum care for women was 4.00 & traditional postpartum care(Sanhujori) was 4.20. The degree of management of traditional postpartum care was higher than general postpartum care for women. 2. The degree of management for newborn : The mean score for the degree of management of newborn was 4.37. 3.There was a strong positive correlation between general postpartum care and traditional postpartum care($r=.744^{**}$), and postpartum mother care and newborn care($r=.798^{**}$). 4.The basic frame for the management of the women and newborn in Sanhujoriwon. 1) For women: Integrated postpartal care Physical management : Vital sign & BP check, contraction of uterus, form and amount of lochia, management of personal hygiene, management of breast & breast-feeding, management of postpartum exercise, prevention of infection, symptom & sign of high risk and prevention & management of high risk condition; Emotional-psychological management: assessment and management of mother-baby attachment, emotional state; Educational management : education of vaccination schedule, urinary incontinence, rearing infant, breast-feeding ; and Environmental management : temperature, humidity, disinfection, cleaning, light, infection control integrated with 6 principles of Sanhujori. 2) For newborn Physical management : check of vital sign, management of umbilical cord, jaundice, prevention of infection, management of diaper rash; Emotional-psychological management : assessment of sleep, crying, activity, response of mother-baby attachment; and Environmental management : temperature, humidity, disinfection, cleaning, light, infection control integrated with 6 principles of Sanhujori. In conclusion Sanhujoriwon must be health care center for the postpartum women and newborn. Therefore, the establishment of various laws and regulations in such a way to meet the realistic needs of Sanhujoriwon as a health care center for women and infants future health should be done. The standardized management manual based on the results is absolutely required above all.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2002

생활폐기물의 소각으로 발생되는 바닥재(bottom ash)로 calcium-chloroaluminate($l1CaOㆍ7Al_2$$O_3$ㆍ$CaCl_2$)가 함유된 클링커를 제조한 후 이들 클링커의 수화반응성 및 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트와 혼합 사용할 때의 압축강도 및 중금속 용출특성을 연구하였다. 시약으로 calcium-chloroaluminate를 제조한 결과. calcium-chloroaluminate는 80$0^{\circ}C$부터 생성되며, $CaSO_4$ 및 $Ca(OH)_2$ 와의 수화반응에 의해 ettringite($3CaOㆍAl_2$$O_3$ㆍ$3CaSO_4$ㆍ$32H_2$O)가 생성된다. 4 mesh 이하의 바닥재를 분쇄하지 않고 온도별로 1시간 소성한 결과, 80$0^{\circ}C$부터 calcium-chloroaluminate가 30 mesh 이하의 입도에서 합성되었다. $1,000^{\circ}C$에서 소성한 30 mesh 이하의 바닥재에 무수석고($CaSO_4$)를 10 : 6의 중량비로 혼합한 후 이들 혼합물을 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트에 3～13 wt.% 첨가하여 제조한 모르타르의 압축강도를 측정한 결과, 이들 혼합물의 치환량이 11 wt.%까지 증가됨에 따라 보통 포틀랜드 시멘트의 압축강도보다 높았다. 각 모르타르 공시체를 1 mm 이하로 분쇄하여 중금속 용출시험 결과, 용출된 중금속의 농도는 환경규제치보다 낮았다.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2002년도 제3회 최신 분말제품 응용기술 Workshop
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• pp.25-37
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• 2002

The most important industrial application of gamma radiation in characterizing green compacts is the determination of the density. Examples are given where this method is applied in manufacturing technical components in powder metallurgy. The requirements imposed by modern quality management systems and operation by the workforce in industrial production are described. The accuracy of measurement achieved with this method is demonstrated and a comparison is given with other test methods to measure the density. The advantages and limitations of gamma ray densitometry are outlined. The gamma ray densitometer measures the attenuation of gamma radiation penetrating the test parts (Fig. 1). As the capability of compacts to absorb this type of radiation depends on their density, the attenuation of gamma radiation can serve as a measure of the density. The volume of the part being tested is defined by the size of the aperture screeniing out the radiation. It is a channel with the cross section of the aperture whose length is the height of the test part. The intensity of the radiation identified by the detector is the quantity used to determine the material density. Gamma ray densitometry can equally be performed on green compacts as well as on sintered components. Neither special preparation of test parts nor skilled personnel is required to perform the measurement; neither liquids nor other harmful substances are involved. When parts are exhibiting local density variations, which is normally the case in powder compaction, sectional densities can be determined in different parts of the sample without cutting it into pieces. The test is non-destructive, i.e. the parts can still be used after the measurement and do not have to be scrapped. The measurement is controlled by a special PC based software. All results are available for further processing by in-house quality documentation and supervision of measurements. Tool setting for multi-level components can be much improved by using this test method. When a densitometer is installed on the press shop floor, it can be operated by the tool setter himself. Then he can return to the press and immediately implement the corrections. Transfer of sample parts to the lab for density testing can be eliminated and results for the correction of tool settings are more readily available. This helps to reduce the time required for tool setting and clearly improves the productivity of powder presses. The range of materials where this method can be successfully applied covers almost the entire periodic system of the elements. It reaches from the light elements such as graphite via light metals (AI, Mg, Li, Ti) and their alloys, ceramics ($AI_20_3$, SiC, Si_3N_4, $Zr0_2$, ...), magnetic materials (hard and soft ferrites, AlNiCo, Nd-Fe-B, ...), metals including iron and alloy steels, Cu, Ni and Co based alloys to refractory and heavy metals (W, Mo, ...) as well as hardmetals. The gamma radiation required for the measurement is generated by radioactive sources which are produced by nuclear technology. These nuclear materials are safely encapsulated in stainless steel capsules so that no radioactive material can escape from the protective shielding container. The gamma ray densitometer is subject to the strict regulations for the use of radioactive materials. The radiation shield is so effective that there is no elevation of the natural radiation level outside the instrument. Personal dosimetry by the operating personnel is not required. Even in case of malfunction, loss of power and incorrect operation, the escape of gamma radiation from the instrument is positively prevented.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.127-153
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• 2010

본 연구는 지난 10년간 급격하게 변화하여 온 온라인 쇼핑산업에 대해 성장의 동력을 이론적으로 확인하고, 이들에 의한 이론적 설명을 시도한 탐색적 연구이다. 이러한 과정에서 이론적으로 선점이론에 대한 검토를 통해 이 이론이 유통구조에서 온라인 유통산업에서 발생하고 있는 재중간상화와 배치됨을 확인하였고, 이에 따라서 동적 역량이론을 활용한 온라인 산업에 대한 이론적 적용모델인 NEBIC에 대한 검토를 통해 동적성장이론인 이중나선구조 모형을 제안하였다. 또한 이론의 현실적합성을 확인하기 위해 2000년에서 2008년 한국 온라인 쇼핑산업의 발전과정을 재구성하고 각 기업의 매출자료 및 총매출액을 검토하여 현재 진행 중인 온라인 유통업의 동적 성장과정에서 각 기업의 역량이 시장에 적용되어지는 과정을 확인하고 새로운 진화방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 이러한 과정을 통해 보았을 때, 오픈마켓의 주도를 통한 시장 발전은 한계에 봉착한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 향후 온라인 쇼핑몰은 자기 기반 역량 위에서 유통경로 구조 전반에 걸친 유통기능의 개발과 상품개발을 통해 경로구조를 통합하는 방향으로 발전할 것으로 잠정적 결론을 내릴 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 결론에 기반하여 오픈마켓에서 육성된 대형 판매자들의 전문몰화, 상장기업화를 유도하는 한편, 상품취급범위를 제한하는 다양한 정책 및 규제를 통합운영하고 조정하는 컨트롤 타워의 구축, 그리고 오픈마켓의 중소 상인육성기능을 강화하기 위한 인센티브의 구성과 같은 정책적 제안이 제시되었다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제18권
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• pp.27-62
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• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.